Parkinsonism

February 9, 2012

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Parkinsonism   (another name - Parkinson's disease . ballism ) Is a brain disease, which has a progressive chronic. For the first time in detail about this illness I wrote Dr. John English. Parkinson's in 1817, respectively, the name of a specialist, and served as a name for the disease.

The main feature that is seen in patients with Parkinson's is involuntary trembling of the limbs. Also, they are characterized by expression of muscle rigidity, worsening of speech and coordination of movements, difficulty in movement. Generally, these symptoms are clearly manifested in people after the age of sixty, although in rare cases, the development of Parkinson's disease and possibly in people who are under 50 years old.

A special feature of Parkinson's disease is its continuous progression, so over time, its main symptoms are becoming more severe. As a result of Parkinson's disease provokes a disability, the patient can not fully live and work. However, the progress of the disease is slow, so even after a diagnosis of "parkinsonism" people for many more years to fully live and work.

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease

The earliest symptoms of Parkinson's disease is difficult to determine in particular. Such is the immobility of human hands during a walk, a slight tremor that periodically manifested in the fingers, little noticeable irregularities in the process of speech. Patients who develop this disease, feel weakness, fatigue, he was suffering from bouts of depression, he periodically appears insomnia. Besides the previously common and simple steps - shaving, showering, cleaning, etc. require much more effort, they are more complex and take longer period of time.

Tremor   Parkinsonism in most cases begins to show a slight hand tremor may tremble as individual fingers .  When hand tremor may occur uncharacteristic movement thumb and middle finger, which outwardly resemble rolling something between the fingers ("syndrome skating pills") .  Sometimes the emergence of tremor of the lower limbs .  Similar symptoms appear sometimes more pronounced on one side of the body, in other cases tremor symmetrically .  With the development of Parkinson's disease it is combined with a number of symptoms, evidence of damage to the nervous system of humans: it may disrupt the sensitivity, coordination, etc. . P .  Especially pronounced tremor occur when a person is under the influence of stress .  At the same time shaking hands and feet, causing a number of inconveniences, not significantly violates human capacity .  Tremor does not occur during sleep .  Very often, patients with Parkinson's disease occurs only not strong tremors .

Another severe symptom in Parkinson's is a slow-motion (so-called bradykinesia ). Some time later, the patients begin to show new signs. First of all, their movements become slow and clumsy, with marked problems with coordination of movements. There is also a stiff leg muscles, which can greatly hinder the movement and break the gait. In some cases, the manifestation of muscle tension is fraught with pain and movement snare.

When severe parkinsonism man can suddenly lose balance. However, in the process of developing the disease, this manifestation of Parkinson's disease for many years remains low.

The patient has this disease is observed as loss of automatism movements. Under normal conditions a person can inadvertently smile, blink, waving his arms while walking. All these actions are performed unconsciously, but in patients with Parkinson-like automatism often partially or completely terminated. Some patients with facial expression hardens like attention, staring, unblinking stare. In addition to facial expressions, a person with the disease can disappear ability to gesticulate.

Violations of the speech is also a sign of Parkinson's disease. A person may speak unintelligible, poorly modulated. In his speech the pressure disappears, the intonation, the man speaks quietly and monotonously. In this case, a special feeling discomfort elderly, hard of hearing satellites whose life may simply not hear their speech.

During the progression of the disease manifest violation of salivation and swallowing. Basically, these features are characteristic for severe stage of the disease, but in most cases patients can take food without assistance.

A small number of patients with Parkinson's also suffer from symptoms dementia . They can not think straight, do not understand basic things difficult for them to remember. Dementia is a symptom characterized mainly for people with Alzheimer However, in some cases, it is typical for patients with Parkinson's disease.

Causes of Parkinson's disease

To date, it is proved that the symptoms of parkinsonism in humans develop due to certain damage or total destruction of some of the nerve endings in the substantia nigra of the brain. During normal operation, the nerve endings they produce a substance Dopamine That is directly involved in the transmission of impulses, which provide normal movement. In patients with Parkinson's production of dopamine decreases sharply, while there is a failure in the transmission of nerve impulses. As a consequence, the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

With the aging of the human body man loses a certain part neurons Which produce dopamine. However, in the case of Parkinson's patient disappears over half the nerve endings of the substantia nigra. In the process of developing the disease degenerates and other brain cells, but it is becoming a defining loss neurons That produce dopamine.

So far, not exactly set the reasons causing the destruction of these neurons. Thus, it is believed that Parkinson's disease - a consequence of an unfavorable combination of hereditary and environmental factors. The reason for the development and progression of Parkinson's disease may be taking certain drugs, exposure to toxic substances, as well as certain diseases.

Some drugs, if they are too long-term use or when receiving very high doses, can trigger the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The latter refers to haloperidol   and chlorpromazine Which is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders of mental character. The same effect may have some anti-nausea drugs. The preparation valproate Which is prescribed to patients epilepsy Can provoke the appearance of tremor. However, if discontinue these medications, parkinsonian symptoms disappear after some time.

The development of secondary forms of parkinsonism often provoke infection and brain injury, vascular disease and cancer. Parkinsonism may occur and as a consequence atherosclerosis   blood vessels of the brain.

Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease

First of all, in the process of diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, a thorough neurological examination of the patient. In some cases, the diagnosis can be made already under the results of the inspection. Generally, for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease sufficiently detecting the presence of the triad of symptoms which include tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity.

In case of doubt, a specialist the patient should undergo a number of additional studies - namely, ultrasound examination of the brain and neck vessels, MRI and CT cerebral angiography of cerebral vessels.

Treatment of Parkinson's disease

Treatment of Parkinson's disease is not performed for a certain a clear scheme. In each case, an individual approach to the patient. Moreover, if the treatment regimen is chosen rational, correct therapy can not only achieve positive results in treatment, but also to hold them for a long time.

In the treatment of Parkinson's disease experts often prescribe drugs that actively affect acetylcholine, dopamine. Such drugs are some antidepressants . anticholinergics . neuroleptics .

Parkinson's disease is also carried out by administering to a patient missing him substances. So, thanks to the thorough research of Parkinson's disease medications have been created that are in the human body turned into his missing dopamine. In addition, for treatment of a disease means are assigned which mimic dopamine effects in the body, as well as agents that can effectively block degradation substance dopamine.

Used to treat those agents that act on the brain structures nedofaminovye suffering in people with Parkinson's disease. These drugs can have a noticeable effect on the first stages of the disease, but if they take a long time, it may cause unwanted side effects. Such a phenomenon may be unexpected transition from the rules to lethargy and tremors. It is also possible manifestation dyskinesia Which is more characteristic for young patients.

It should be noted that early in the course of treatment of parkinsonism actively used surgical methods, namely operative interventions on the destruction of the brain responsible for tremor and muscle rigidity. But today, these therapies have hardly practiced. Due to the fact that the study of Parkinson's disease is actively carried out in different countries, scientists discover new effective treatments for people with neurological diseases, in particular Parkinson's disease and

For example, for the treatment of this disease are applied to the active bee stings from a biological point of view of the place. Also actively used methods of physical therapy and reflexology, manual therapy . Often, to restore tone and vitality, as well as for the prevention of related diseases of the spine and joints of patients with Parkinson's prescribed exercises therapeutic exercises.

Prevention of Parkinson's disease

To date, no question of direct methods for the prevention of Parkinson's disease because of the reasons for its occurrence is not known for certain. Therefore, as it is important to prevent illness in time to cure all infectious diseases, intoxication. It is important to diagnose Parkinson's disease at an early stage, in time to appoint her treatment.

At the same time, people with Parkinson's should adhere to certain rules that will feel good for a long time.

Patients with Parkinson's have to stick to the rules of a healthy diet, however strict diet   It is not obligatory for them. It is important to limit calorie daily food, to prevent the development of atherosclerosis. Thus, preference should be given fruit, vegetables, vegetable oil, dairy products. Also, do not give up the lean meat and fish.

In no case can not drink alcoholic beverages and smoke. Parkinson's Research suggests that people with this disease it is important to constantly observe the habitual way of life. Any changes will be an additional burden and may have a negative impact.

Patients with this disease need to move as much as possible: as the load approaches everyday walking, morning exercise, swimming. In no event it is impossible to limit the patient's desire to move and live actively. According to studies, which take place at the present time, it is a constant mental and physical activity plan stimulates the production of dopamine in the body.