Dysplasia

April 22, 2012

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Dysplasia - A common name for a condition in which a person takes the wrong development of body parts, tissues, organs. When dysplasia in humans incorrectly formed some organs or tissues during fetal development, as well as after birth. For dysplasia is a characteristic change in shape, size, structure, cells, organs, tissues. As a rule, dysplasia is a congenital, but sometimes the disease occurs after birth and into adulthood. This term is taken to apply to various diseases, which becomes the basis for the anomaly of a cell, tissue or organ.

Cervical dysplasia

Cervical dysplasia   a precancerous condition: women with this diagnosis occurs many times the probability of cervical cancer . However, cervical dysplasia is not yet evidence of an absolute probability of such an outcome. In the development of cervical dysplasia occur in women hyperplasia   (ie, thickening) proliferation   (ie sprawl), and there is disruption of differentiation, maturation and aging and the subsequent rejection of the epithelial cells. Depending on how pronounced these pathological disorders, we can talk about three different degrees of cervical dysplasia: light . moderate   and heavy . To determine the current degree of the disease, it is taken into consideration the depth of penetration of the pathology.

Today, there are studies showing that the pathological processes of the cervix occur in every fourth woman.

Cervical dysplasia develops symptoms due to some reasons. This can be exogenous factors (I.e. derived from the external environment): herpes A number of diseases that are sexually transmitted infection human papilloma viruses . That human papillomaviruses play a leading role in the issue of provocation of cervical dysplasia.

As endogenous factors   (ie coming from the internal environment) determine the hormonal imbalance, reduced immunity . In addition, the development of dysplasia and provoke confounding factors.

To carry out a full diagnosis, it is necessary to apply a number of studies, appropriate in each individual case. In the process of diagnosis used colposcopy . This study involves a survey of cervical patient on the gynecological chair by a special device. During this inspection, the image is increased 10-30 times. During the colposcopy, a woman does not feel pain.

To obtain more accurate data used in the diagnosis extended colposcopy, in which the doctor examines the epithelium, as well as diagnostic tests applied. Holding control colposcopy accurately take tests to determine pockets of cervical dysplasia. Do not feel sick any discomfort and pap smears for Cytology . To do this with the help of special brushes are derived epithelial cells from the cervical canal and the surface of the cervix. Also, epithelial cells taken from an outbreak of dysplasia.

If the patient was detected cervical dysplasia, and there is a pattern of pathological cytology specialist assigns conduct Biopsy   cervix. Typically, this procedure is performed using a local anesthesia . During the colposcopy biopsy under the control of the altered tissue is removed from the source of the disease. After that the histological examination of the sample. This method of diagnosis accurately determine the appropriate approach to the treatment of the disease.

If cervical dysplasia was found in the cervical canal, sometimes carried out endocervical curettage and analysis of tissue that has been removed.

Treatment of cervical dysplasia

Method of treatment of cervical dysplasia, having a high effect is considered to be the destruction of the hearth dysplasia, laser photocoagulation, radio wave coagulation, cauterization by liquid nitrogen. If necessary, use one of these methods combined with antiviral treatment or therapy of diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact.

It is important for the treatment of cervical dysplasia women who did not give birth, conducted the most gentle methods. After the process of cauterization of the cervix may appear tripe Which subsequently can affect the course of delivery. Scar neck revealed a lot worse, so often in such a situation, recourse to   caesarean section .

Today is actively used for the treatment of cervical dysplasia fundamentally new techniques. Progressive methods considered argon-ablation   cervix. This method involves the action of the plasma, which generates an ionized argon. This tool does not touch the tissue, and the penetration depth is precisely controlled. A similar technique is used to treat both parous and nulliparous women.

As methods for preventing cervical dysplasia and recurrence of the disease is important to ensure adequate nutrition, which includes foods high in selenium, vitamin A , B vitamins and other trace elements and vitamins. Women are advised to give up smoking completely, mandatory use barrier contraception during casual sexual contacts, and at least once a year to visit the gynecologist.

Hip dysplasia

The disease is currently diagnosed frequently. It is characterized by incorrect placement of elements of the hip joint. All tissues of the hip joint are underdeveloped, resulting in pathology such acetabulum, the femoral head and the surrounding ligaments and muscles located correctly. In young children hip dysplasia   called congenital predvyvih . subluxation . dislocation . immature hip joint .

The cause of this disease is considered to delay the development of the hip joint during the prenatal period as a consequence of a bad heredity, infections in the mother, her older toxemia , Breech presentation, and a number of other factors.

In this case, extremely important as early as possible to diagnose the problem, because a newborn baby continues to be formed joint. Therefore, the use of the correct approach to the treatment after the timely diagnosis allows to restore the correct ratio in the hip before the age of three children. At the same time, in the absence of treatment the patient's condition worsens child each month.

Congenital dislocation of the hip diagnosed even in the maternity hospital. Then he re-examines the orthopedic baby in the first weeks of life and in the age of three months. The most common hip dysplasia detected due to the presence of some characteristic symptoms.

In a sick child from the defeat of a limitation of passive hip abduction in varying degrees depending on the particular pathology. With time limit diversion becomes more pronounced.

Also, your child has a so-called symptom "click" : During the abduction reduce a dislocated leg and arm at the same time feel a click. If the baby legs lead to the middle line, the dislocation of the femoral head occurs again, and again hear a click. This symptom generally disappears within a week after the birth of the baby, but sometimes with muscle hypotonia it lasts longer.

A child with dysplasia asymmetrical folds of skin on the thighs. On the side, where a dysplasia, there is more of the folds. They are located deeper and higher.

When the baby sleeps, his leg is set to external rotation, that is, there is a rotation of the foot. Lower limb dysplasia can be shortened. Such symptoms may also appear in combination, or separately. It is important to contact a podiatrist at the slightest suspicion.

Early diagnosis of the disease can be carried out through the use of ultrasound. This method does not harm the child and allows you to monitor its status over time.

At the time of diagnosis of hip dysplasia in newborns is actively used radiological methods. X-ray is performed for children who have turned three months. X-ray shows the degree of dislocation that allows you to assign the correct therapy.

If hip dysplasia is assigned a complex treatment that involves the use of multiple therapies. First of all, the treatment position requires broad and imposing swaddling baby buses . Carrying out of therapeutic massage Which comprises from ten to fifteen sessions, while necessary to repeat the course of about a month. Also good effect physiotherapy, which is carried out several times a day, doing all the exercise ten times. The method of treatment of the disease is selected depending on the severity of disease and the age of the sick child. Ideally, treatment of hip dysplasia should start even in the maternity hospital.

To cure a congenital predvyvih practiced the use of special diverting tires Vilna. To be in the bus the child must continuously for four months. There are many other buses, which are also often used in the treatment process on doctor.

If the child's treatment was started early, it can be put on the legs at the age of 8-11 months. Yet conservative method of treatment does not always give the desired result. Sometimes the child is shown holding a surgery. A similar operation is carried out when the child is a year, and it is applied at the irreducible dislocation, reduction in complications of early dislocations.

When the child grows up, it is recommended to ride a bicycle, legs wide apart, doing gymnastics in warm water, to swim, to carry out regular exercises therapeutic exercises.

Connective tissue dysplasia

Connective tissue dysplasia   develops in children, both in utero and after birth. Thus the development of connective tissue is broken. The tissue cells comprise fibers and extracellular matrix. It is widespread in humans and equipped in the skin, bone, cartilage, vascular wall and in the blood. The most important role in the structure of the fiber fabrics play. It collagen Which is responsible for maintaining the shape and elastin Who is responsible for the ability to relax and reduce.

Connective tissue dysplasia is a genetically determined disease, because the basis for the development of the disease is mutation of genes that are responsible for the synthesis of fibers. These mutations occur in different genes, and as a result holds malformation chains of collagen and elastin. Those structures were formed under their influence, they can not withstand strong mechanical loads.

Connective tissue disease hereditary nature are usually subdivided into differentiated   and undifferentiated .

As a rule, people with connective tissue dysplasia, tall, thin and stooped, they are the scapula and clavicle. However, patients may have a small stature and very fragile body composition.

Connective tissue dysplasia appears very diverse symptoms while patients tend to have a lot of different complaints. Accordingly, the diagnosis is not always easy.

However, in most cases, people are turning to specialists with complaints of cardiac nature. They also present vegetative symptoms : Can manifest hypotension . feeling of general weakness . headache   etc. Moreover, in patients with connective tissue dysplasia often occur various dyspeptic symptoms . constipation . flatulence , Abdominal pain uncertain.

Also, patients with this disease may develop respiratory problems - namely, repetitive bronchitis . pneumonia That causes congenital weakness of the walls of the alveoli and bronchi. In addition, a history of such patients tend to appear Hernia . flatfoot . weakness . hypomyotonia . kyphoscoliosis . poor appetite . Doctors are the following warning signs that a person has developed connective tissue dysplasia too low body weight, the presence of chest deformation, the presence of various pathologies of the spine (this can be scoliosis . hyperkyphosis . hyperlordosis ). In addition, evidence of this illness dolichostenomelia (too long limbs, hands and feet, which generally makes the body asymmetrical), hypermobility of joints, deformed limbs, skin, through which lurks vascular grid, the ears are very soft.

To properly diagnose, requires a very thorough examination of the patient and further study. For the examination of the patient he carried ultrasound and analysis dysbiosis . In the process of examination of the patient is also necessary to check the status of view, the presence of ENT pathologies.

People with connective tissue dysplasia is very important to take seriously the issue of family planning, because this pathology parents with children are born with the same disease. Parents must realize that the most difficult task is to fight the already established dysplasia, so the treatment of dysplasia of the baby have to deal with immediately after diagnosis. With early treatment may prevent its progression.

In the treatment of connective tissue dysplasia integrated approach, which uses both non-drug and medication therapies.

For the treatment of necessary medication used drugs that stimulate the production of collagen in the body. In this case, the treatment is applied ascorbic acid . drugs mucopolysaccharide nature , Reception B vitamins   and trace elements ( zinc . copper . magnesium ).

As a non-drug therapy is used the correction mode of the day, psychological support, massage, physiotherapy, acupuncture , Physical therapy exercises. People who suffer from connective tissue dysplasia, can not play sports, implying severe stress. So in this case it is a therapeutic exercise. It is also important to adjust the power of the patient, so that he gets enough proteins . amino acids   and microelements .

It is important to take into account that the positive effect of the treatment is possible only in case of an early diagnosis and a comprehensive approach to therapy.

Rickets in children and adults

March 9, 2013

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Rickets   - A disease that mainly develops in a person's childhood and infancy. This disease is known to mankind for a long time. Thus, the mention of this illness have been found in the manuscripts of the ancient physicians. The first clear symptoms of rickets were described in the seventeenth century in England. By the way, British doctors call this disease " misty disease ", As rickets is most often seen in children of working people who constantly live in the smog, it arises from the smoking factories. Yet the real cause of the disease has been identified only 1980s .

The term " rickets "Comes from the Greek word" spine ". The disease is relatively common among children. When rickets broken bone formation. This is due to the deficiency in the body calcium-phosphorus metabolism . Signs of rickets in children are found in all countries of the world. However, most developing rickets in infants in the Nordic countries, where very little sunlight. Some modern scholars argue that rickets varying severity sick more than half of the children. In most cases the disease is diagnosed in infants who were born in the fall and winter.

In countries with well-developed medicine, being clear prevention of this disease, and children receive adequate treatment as soon as the first signs of rickets. However, after a radiographic examination in children may reveal the hidden signs of rickets, which is difficult to notice during the inspection or on the photo.

If a person suffered rickets in infancy, the consequences of the disease remain for life. Rickets had been ill person remains   incorrect posture . flatfoot Present deformation of the pelvic bones . myopia . Also in adulthood develop dental disease, in particular, caries . But if a person has a child there was only mild rickets, that such effects are not observed.

Causes of rickets

It means a lot in the formation of bone tissue Vitamin D Since without it the body can not absorb calcium. Accordingly, the mineral, which is the main material for the structure of the bone tissue does not enter the bone. Consequently, a lack of vitamin D in the body is considered the main cause of rickets. But recently, it has become possible to determine the concentration of vitamin D metabolites in the blood. As a consequence, it was found that vitamin D deficiency is just one of the causes of rickets. Today experts say that the main reason is the lack of rickets Phosphates   and calcium While priority is hypophosphatemia .

In infants and children at an early age is determined by a number of reasons for which the body can be observed a lack of calcium and phosphate. First of all, the birth of a baby is premature, as the phosphorus and calcium most active is delivered to the child is in the last trimester pregnancy .

After the birth of a lack of calcium and phosphorus in the body can occur due to improper feeding baby. Due to the fact that rickets considered a disease organism that grows higher need for minerals is, when there is a period of intense growth of the child.

The reason for shortage of these minerals are also sometimes becomes a violation of their transport in the kidney, liver, gastrointestinal tract, bones. This is due to either of these diseases because of the immaturity of enzyme systems. In addition, the cause of rickets could be a bad environmental situation, disruptions to the endocrine system and the genetic predisposition to the disease. Rickets smuglokozhih often ill children, those with blood group II (A), rickets diagnosed in boys more often than girls.

Symptoms of rickets

Symptoms of rickets first become noticeable in children aged two to three months. If the parents are closely watching the baby, they can disturb the fact that the child began to show anxiety, afraid of bright lights and loud noises. Rickets in infants manifest sleep disturbance: a baby is sleeping very anxious and restless. There is a constant sweating: the child's head is sweating face. This pot has a distinct sour smell. Rickets in children under one year is shown by the fact that at the head of the child gradually appears bald, because baby constantly rubbing against the neck pillow. This is an important feature, which can be determined by inspection and even a photo.

In the development of the disease symptoms of rickets in infants become more varied and severe. The kid is poor appetite, muscle tone decreases. The edges of a large fontanelle, which remains open in newborns, become soft. On the edges of infants suffering from rickets, observed thickening. Parents important not to miss this period and to consult with your doctor about how to treat rickets. Typically, an expert assigns the necessary preparations. Otherwise, a six-month age the disease progresses to a more serious degree. Then it is already marked neuromuscular disorders show signs of delays in physical and mental development. The bones of the skull in a sick child are softened and flattened back of the head.

Sometimes the bone grows in the forehead and crown appear bumps and wrists and ribs appear noticeable thickening. Severe cases of rickets in infants expresses the change in the chest: it is deformed and pressed or bulges. There is bending the legs, narrow pelvis.

Rickets in adults as in children has multiple periods. It is also determined by three degrees of severity of rickets - hidden . the average degree . severe degree . By the nature of the disease stands sharp . subacute   and palindromic   rickets.

Diagnosis of rickets

To diagnose rickets expert can after detailed examination with a clinical picture of the disease. Furthermore, blood tests to determine the levels of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase activity. If the activity is increased, then this is the earliest sign of the disease. Moreover, it can be detected before symptoms manifest visible disease. Also sometimes it appointed a urine test to determine the concentration of calcium in it. The study also assigned to conduct X-ray examination of bones of the child.

Treatment of rickets

To effectively cure the disease, action should be taken immediately after diagnosis. The most important point is the saturation of the body of a sick child or adult fluorine . calcium   and Vitamin D . Since the treatment of rickets in children, parents should be aware that one of the important points of therapy is to stay regular kid on the street, when the sun is high. Note, however, that if there are signs of rickets in a child who is not yet one year old, in the summer this kid can not be exposed to direct sunlight. Artificial ultraviolet irradiation is also contraindicated. But the child after a year, you can occasionally take a sun bath, but only a limited amount of time. During the summer, to get a sufficient dose of vitamin child enough to walk on the street about 20 minutes to dress with short sleeves. But in the autumn and winter babies can be taken out into the street for an indefinite period.

Parents who note signs of rickets in children, should be taken very carefully to the organization of the diet. Foods rich in the vitamin D, is cod liver, halibut. Calcium is contained in a variety of dairy products, green vegetables.

Every day, the child should receive Vitamin D   dose 400 IU . Without sufficient amounts of this vitamin, calcium is not absorbed in the intestine. Therefore, treatment and prevention of rickets provides its reception. In the treatment of the disease, experts recommend taking preparations containing Vitamin D3 , so how vitamin D2   digested worse. The aqueous solution of vitamin D3 - is a medical drug " Akvadetrim ". It is given to children who have attained 3-4 weeks. Take the drug 1-2 drops per day. However, finding the symptoms of rickets in children whose parents do not have to make a decision about taking the drug with vitamin D, since an overdose can have negative consequences for the organism. To determine how to treat rickets, in each case it can only be a specialist after diagnosis and examination of the child. Neither the stories of parents or photo to pinpoint features of the disease is impossible.

An important part of treatment is a non-specific treatment. First of all, breast feeding the baby, the correct mode of the day, a massage, gymnastics, hardening, etc. If the treatment of rickets started on time and at the same time carried out correctly, the symptoms gradually disappear, and the consequences of the disease do not manifest themselves later.

Prevention of rickets

The fact that the baby can get sick rickets, the expectant mother should think about it during pregnancy. Therefore, prevention of rickets begins during fetal development. A pregnant woman should have a balanced diet. Every day you need to eat vegetables, meat, dairy products. For a pregnant woman is important the correct mode of the day, gymnastics, treatment toxemia Anemia. Throughout the period of gestation of the child must take vitamin complexes, which picks up a doctor. Expectant mother should do everything to ensure that the fetus develops harmoniously.

Young mother must continue to take vitamins, but choose them only after consulting your doctor. It is important that, at least up to six months old child received breast milk, as trace elements that it contains, are well absorbed. Breastfeeding fully satisfies the need of the child in trace elements and vitamins. Sometimes, if necessary, the pediatrician may prescribe reception Multivitamins   directly to the kid.

When it comes to foods, as the introduction of new products periodically to give the child meals with foods that contain large amounts of vitamin D. This eggs . fish . butter . greens . From about 7 months, the child can be given cheese, meat. A month later, it can be gradually introduced into the diet of fish. It is particularly important to ensure a sufficient amount of vitamin D and trace children who reside on the artificial and mixed feeding. We should pay careful attention to the selection of compounds for feeding. It is important that they contained a delivery and a balanced amount of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. With the right approach to the prevention of the disease can be avoided.

Dysbacteriosis children

May 4, 2012

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Dysbacteriosis kishechnika- is a condition in which a child is a violation of the ratio of Representatives gut Which should be observable in a normal state. If guided by the criteria of the World Health Organization, the goiter do not carry disease. For example, many scientists believe that dysbiosis - a consequence of the presence in humans of other pathologies. However, goiter in children yavletsya a serious problem and a threat to health.

For the normal functioning of the body as a whole it is very important the role of the human intestinal microflora. It is responsible for the normal microflora in the intestines of gas exchange, synthesize vitamins, stimulates cell regeneration of the intestinal mucosa, cleanses the body of harmful toxins   etc.

The kid is born, with a sterile intestine, and the microorganisms colonize it immediately after birth. In the first hours and days of the life of the body and adapted microflora, thus there is a formation of the body of the ecosystem, which becomes unsuitable for colonization with new microorganisms. Children who are fed breast milk and artificial, in every case, there are particular microflora. If the child remains in full-fed breast milk, then he has more in the intestine bifidobacteria Which actively proliferate under the action of substance present in breast milk.

Stages of dysbiosis in children

Dysbacteriosis children manifested by changing the number and composition of microorganisms in the intestine, at which drastically reduced the amount of beneficial bacteria, thus increasing the number of harmful microorganisms.

The symptoms of dysbiosis manifest more or less depending on what stage of the disorder occurs in a child. The first stage of dysbiosis in infants can be determined only after an analysis of feces child. This pronounced signs of dysbiosis of the child at this stage do not appear. But the results of microbiological studies of feces indicate that the number of bifidobacteria decreased. There may also be a reduced number of lactobacilli   and normal coli bacteria .

In the second stage symptoms manifest constant dysbiosis constipation . This occurs due to the increase in the infant gut of opportunistic pathogens, which include Candida . Proteus   and others. At the same time continuing to cut the beneficial bacteria.

Typically, if the baby is healthy, aged 0 to 6 months of its stool frequency equals the number of feeding and up to seven times a day. If the child suffers constipation, the frequency of his chair, usually decreases, but even this does not always happen.

The signs of dysbiosis have a baby is often denser stool consistency, reducing the number of feces, difficult process of bowel movement. In this case, the child may cry, make an effort, be a strong concern. He may occasionally occur as small abdominal distention . However, these signs may be evidence of other ailments, so the child necessarily need to show the doctor. In the second stage of dysbiosis may also occur at times unstable chair. For this phenomenon is characterized by periodic diarrhea, has an unpleasant smell and some admixture of green. In the third stage of dysbiosis in children, which is called decompensation , Increasing the quantity and variety of pathogenic bacteria in the gut of the baby. This stage is characterized particularly severe symptoms of dysbiosis. Sick child turns pale, he was constantly lethargic, has a poor appetite and thus lose weight. Disbkterioz in infants less than one year of age, can occur atopic dermatitis   ( diathesis ). At the third stage of the disease and unhealthy baby chair: odorous, liquid consistency, it may contain particles of food that is not digested. Similar phenomena - the result of failure enzymes Which manifests itself at this stage. If the child has signs of dysbiosis manifested described, then he may need treatment in a hospital, because such a state shortfall threatens the infant needed nutrients.

The fourth step becomes a manifestation of dysbiosis acute intestinal infections Which require immediate hospitalization or intensive care unit.

Causes of dysbiosis in children

Dysbacteriosis in children occurs due to several different reasons. It can provoke the development of applications antibiotics Too late newborn attachment to the mother's breast, early weaning and transfer to artificial mixture. Furthermore, dysbacteriosis may develop as a result of acute and chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, exposure to environmental factors (pesticides, industrial toxins, radiation, heavy metals), treatment   radiation therapy   and immunosuppressants . Negative impact on the child in this case, and frequent stresses , Regular expression cold, passive smoking, unhealthy diet.

The symptoms of dysbiosis in children

Dysbacteriosis infants manifested frequent regurgitation, recurrent vomiting, the presence of bad breath, sleep disorders. In addition, symptoms of dysbiosis is often a decrease in the rate of increase of weight, constant anxiety nursing infant. The character of stool dysbacteriosis is different, but always unhealthy: it can be a liquid or pasty, frothy, sometimes it contains lumps of white, greenish impurity. The smell of feces putrid or sour.

The child suffers from pain that has the character attacks. It usually appears within a few hours after eating, with distended abdomen, it heard rumbling, you may experience the urge to defecate.

If the child is disturbed intestinal absorption, in this case, the symptoms of dysbiosis manifested diarrhea putrid fermentation, flatulence . Reduced weight baby, symptoms of polyhypovitaminosis . As a result, the child may develop toxic-degenerative condition. Gradually, in the pathological process is activated pancreas and hepatobiliary system. As a result, in the body there is a lack of enzymes and bile acids. Violated the metabolic processes in the body is an accumulation of macromolecules is not fully digested food, provokes the development of allergic .

Dysbacteriosis have older children provokes persistent constipation , The occurrence of intestinal colic . unstable chair . dyskinesia   intestines. The child sometimes complains of constant belching, feeling of fullness in the stomach strong. The appetite gradually decreases. If intestinal dysbiosis is continuing a long period, the child is suffering from total intoxication   and body asthenoneurotic syndrome . However, the variant of the disease, when clinical symptoms of disorders of intestinal microflora can not be detected.

The hardest hit among children occurs common disbakterio s In which pathogenic microorganisms from the intestines fall into other organs. This could trigger the development of inflammatory processes in the different organs of the body. But even if for dysbiosis passes without visible signs, yet your child has a low appetite and thus less weight than that of its peers. The child is often sick other ailments. In this case, we are talking about dormant during dysbiosis.

Diagnosis of dysbiosis in children

To determine whether a child dysbiosis, applied microbiological examination of stool (the so-called bacterial culture). The analysis on a dysbacteriosis held for about one week after for its full implementation requires that the colonies of fecal microorganisms grown in a special medium. When the colonies grow, the specialist can determine the ratio of their quantity and quality. It is important that the collected feces was taken for analysis on a dysbacteriosis not later than three hours after collection. This method allows to determine only the content of microorganisms in the final part of the colon, although food is digested predominantly in the small intestine. Therefore, it should be noted that the microorganisms that are in feces, and microorganisms from the intestines are not identical.

In addition, the results of which allows you to get analysis on dysbiosis will not be stable. After all, each laboratory can be estimated only about a dozen species of bacteria in the gut and may be about a hundred of their species.

Treatment of dysbiosis in children

First of all, the treatment of dysbiosis in children involves the creation of the necessary conditions of life for the child. It is proved that dysbiosis often affects children who are in conditions of constant stress and overstrain , Rarely in the open center.

It is equally important to correct the child's eating habits. It is the quality of its supply depends is whether to develop the normal microflora in the gut. If we are talking about a baby, thanks breastfeeds, which contains lactose In the intestine formed a sufficient number of bifidobacteria. They are processed lactose, and eventually produce lactic acid, lowers the pH of the intestine. Therefore, children who are breast-fed, ill dysbiosis less. At the same time the children are fed artificial mixtures multiplication of bifidobacteria either not occur at all, or they are in the intestine only in small quantities. Therefore, if you can not feed the child breast-feeding should select special infant formula, which include vitamins . probiotics . minerals . Supplements . enzymes . It is important that the choice of the mixture for feeding baby endorsed pediatrician. This is especially important if your child is sick or in the use of certain mixtures of manifest health problems.

If it is an older child, it is necessary to take care of the diet, which will include all the vitamins necessary for the growth and harmonious development of the child.

Dining at dysbacteriosis should not include those products that provoke the development of pathogenic microflora in the intestines. It is the product of high-grade flour, sweets, fats   animal preserves, ice cream.

Correction Power can achieve good results in the initial stages of the process of correction of dysbiosis.

To overcome the more serious forms of dysbiosis, applied substitution therapy. In this case, we are talking about the treatment of dysbiosis by administering to the patient a child missing component to it.

When dysbacteriosis used those drugs that contain live bacteria that restore normal levels of microflora - the so-called probiotics. These drugs are not a cure, but rather a functional food. Today, there are a lot of different foods, which contain culture bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. There are also preparations of bacteria ( Linex . Subtitle . bifidoform . laktobakterin   et al.), which help to restore normal intestinal microflora. These preparations contain live bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, goiter, provoked by antibiotics, such treatment is appropriate.

The duration of treatment with these drugs by a doctor. Generally, administration of drugs may last a few weeks or several months. If the treatment of dysbiosis started on time and carried out correctly, the result is possible to prevent the occurrence of a number of diseases of the digestive tract, and diseases that occur due to malnutrition. Most important to the proper treatment of dysbiosis in young children, because this condition can adversely affect the child's development in general.

It is important that the treatment of dysbiosis doctor practicing individual approach, paying attention to all the features of the child's body.

There are some treatments dysbiosis folk remedies that are sometimes recommended to be used in parallel with conventional treatment. So, at a dysbacteriosis in older children it is recommended to drink a third cup three times a day infusion of herbs yarrow, sage, St. John's wort, chamomile. You can also use the infusion of the roots of dandelion and burdock. Children are encouraged to use a decoction of crushed fennel seeds and fennel. Reproduction of artichoke stimulates beneficial bacteria - it can be given to children in small portions.

Prevention of dysbiosis in children

Even during pregnancy   the woman should take care of the future baby's intestinal health and take as little medication as possible, avoiding antibiotic treatment. It is also proper nutrition of the pregnant woman: it is strongly recommended to use fruit, berries and juices. The food that is difficult to digest, from the diet is better to exclude.

To prevent the occurrence of disbkterioza children practiced early attachment of the child to the mother's breast. This is important for an hour after delivery. An equally important measure of prevention of dysbiosis is also prolonged feeding with breast milk (for up to one and a half years).

In the future, parents need to teach a child to a healthy life. Kid important to a lot of walking in the fresh air, do exercises, water procedures. The gradual hardening will help improve the body's defenses, which is the main measure of prevention of dysbiosis.

To prevent problems with the intestines, you should pay special attention to the right approach to feeding the baby. Every day its menu must be available vegetables, fruits, cereals, porridge. Vegetable oils are also useful product. When it comes to nutrition at dysbacteriosis, in this case it will be useful stew of vegetables, berry jelly, broth hips.

Dining at dysbacteriosis must necessarily include milk products, which significantly stimulate the bowels. Cottage cheese, yogurt, yogurt should be included in the diet of the child, which is already one year old. Until that time should not rush with the introduction of similar products. After all, the most appropriate food for infants at a dysbacteriosis - a mother's milk, with the impossibility of breastfeeding substitutes artificial milk mixture.

Enuresis

March 18, 2012

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Enuresis   - A condition in which children older than five years, night or day comes involuntary urination . Enuresis in children spread widely enough, this disease is very often turn to experts. What signs of enuresis clearly expressed, and diagnosis is easy, sometimes gives the impression that the disease can be quickly and easily cured. But in fact such a violation requires an individual approach to treatment, because in each case the disease can trigger other reasons. Therefore, parents and children should be aware that the treatment of enuresis continues sufficiently long period, and for its successful completion requires a lot of effort and patience from all family members. Attempts unsystematic treatment are often unsuccessful.

Types of enuresis

To date, to distinguish between enuresis primary   and secondary , and daily   and night . Primary enuresis   - A condition in which a child born there urinary incontinence . Consequently, if such symptoms occur only during the day, we are talking about the daily primary enuresis. If bedwetting should talk about the night primary enuresis. These states can be combined.

Secondary enuresis   It is diagnosed when a child in a certain period, which shall not be less than six months, was "dry", after which he again began to suffer from urinary incontinence. As in the first case of secondary enuresis in boys and girls is day, night or two of these forms are combined.

At daytime enuresis   become a cause of urinary disturbances in the functioning of the bladder muscles. If these muscles are extremely excited, then the child is determined giperreflektorny   or neurogenic urinary bladder . If the excitation of the muscles is insufficient, then we are talking about giporeflektornom bladder .

At nocturnal enuresis   urinary incontinence during the night is due to delay ripening of certain brain centers that are responsible for control of bladder function. To date, more common among children it is nocturnal enuresis. In the case of primary nocturnal enuresis often occurs spontaneously self-treatment.

Features enuresis

This disease has described Avicenna   in his work " The Canon of Medicine ". Today the disease is quite common: according to statistics, about 15-20% of children under the age of five, about 10% in seven years, a decade of 5% of children and 3% of twelve can not supervise the work of the bladder. Besides enuresis occurs in adults: by different data, the disease suffers from 1% to 3% of adults. Enuresis in boys occurs in about two times more often than girls.

If a child is developing normally, then he gradually acquires the ability to control their bladder, and in 2-3 years, children learn to consciously control urination. However, many children this process may be delayed, which is considered a normal variant. Therefore, parents may not sound the alarm before the child's fifth birthday. However, if the sixth year of the life of a child can not control this process, in this case, you have to visit a doctor.

Causes of enuresis

All of the above types of enuresis in children is caused by the different reasons. The most important factor which affects the appearance and fluorescent secondary enuresis considered emotional stress . At the same time the manifestation of primary nocturnal enuresis, usually occurs due to delay ripening centers of the brain or shortage vasopressin .

Also note that the common factor in the emergence of all kinds of enuresis, is a genetic factor. About seventy percent of patients with this disease have relatives who also suffered from enuresis.

Daytime enuresis and secondary nocturnal enuresis in boys and girls seen as a consequence of specific deregulation of the nervous system. The disease develops under the influence of emotional stress: initially child imbalance in the nervous system, because of which there is a disorder of bladder functioning. There are many things that can be a source for the child severe stress: it is the death of loved ones, and parents' divorce, and the appearance in the family another baby.

Another cause of daytime enuresis experts believe the wrong approach to a child accustomed to the pot. In some cases, this process begins in the family too early may parents show excessive severity or inconsistent approach to the issue.

In addition, the causes of these types of enuresis may be the child's behavioral problems, as well as a small bladder capacity (inherent problem).

Primary nocturnal enuresis in children is manifested as a consequence of the delay in the maturation centers in the brain that are responsible for overseeing the functioning of the bladder. Because of this delay in the child there is a very deep sleep disorders and the ability to wake up to urinate on their own. Before the brain of a sick child not getting impulses from the bladder. As a consequence, the wake up signal does not occur.

Another reason for nocturnal enuresis - insufficient production of vasopressin in the body of the child. Urine is produced in the body all the time, around the clock. To the night the person did not appear the need to get up to the toilet several times, the body produces the hormone of the posterior lobe pituitary   - Vasopressin. Under its influence the production of urine during the night suspended. In children with enuresis sometimes this hormone is not produced in the right quantities. As a consequence, during the night they have to empty the bladder at the same rate as during the day. Most often enuresis in children occurs as a consequence of the presence of several factors.

In more rare cases, the presence of enuresis may indicate the development of a child in the body of organic disease. This can be defects of the lumbar vertebrae . congenital or   acquired lesions of the lower spinal cord . sleep apnea . epilepsy . sugar or   diabetes insipidus . In order to eliminate these diseases, it is necessary to visit a specialist, who will appoint necessary in case of inspection. Find out the cause of enuresis, your doctor will prescribe the correct and effective treatment of the disease.

In addition, the cause of urinary incontinence are sometimes urological disorders character of the disease, and abnormalities in the structure of the urinary system.

Diagnosis enuresis

In the case of nocturnal enuresis diagnosis is mainly guided by the patient's complaints, as well as carried out the study of history, both individual and family. To date, there are studies showing that if the bedwetting episodes occurred in the father or mother, then the risk of developing the disease in a child increases by about three times.

The process of collecting medical history is necessary to understand how to raise children is conducted and how he passes the formation of skills of neatness. In this case, the doctor takes into account what the incidence of urinary incontinence, what type of enuresis, clarifies the nature of urination, checks whether the child moved a urinary tract infection, not whether there is a encopresis   or constipation . Furthermore, it is important to determine the presence or absence of sleep apnea, epilepsy, food allergies or drug, hives . asthma . Allergic rhinitis . All of these diseases affect the condition of the bladder, making it more excitable.

Some medications, mostly tranquilizers   and anticonvulsants May have the side effect of urinary incontinence, so it is important to find out whether their child received before.

It is also in the process of diagnosing doctor conducts a physical examination, paying attention to the structure of the abdominal organs, endocrine glands, urogenital system. It is important to assess the adequacy of the physical development of the child and his psycho-neurological status.

To eliminate the pathology of the genitourinary system conducted laboratory tests of urine, ultrasound of the bladder and kidneys. In some cases, the doctor prescribes any additional investigation.

There are also a number of states, which differentiate enuresis in children. This epileptic seizures, some types of allergies, some endocrine disease, sleep apnea, as a result of side effects of medication.

Enuresis Treatment

To date, the treatment of enuresis is conducted by doctors who work in different fields of medicine. A versatile approach to the treatment of the disease is important in order to effectively eliminate all the causes that lead to enuresis in children

As the day therapies and secondary enuresis usually used methods to exercise the muscles of the bladder, as well as psychological help. Sometimes children prescribed reception preparatov- holinoblokatorov .

For the treatment of nocturnal enuresis is used as a psychologist, and the impact of the special unit "Night Service", which stimulates the brain to wake up to train at night. As of drugs prescribed desmopressin , More rarely used tricyclic antidepressants .

Medications are also versatile effects. Holinoblokatory   lower the tone of the bladder, while the frequency of urination is reduced. Tricyclic antidepressants   have a different effect: they relax the muscles of the bladder and make sleep less deep. Imipramine   should be taken at night, he starts to work after a week. This drug is used for three months, and the amount gradually decreased. But very often after receiving this drug appears enuresis in a child again. In addition, imipramine may negatively affect the state of the child's heart. Therefore, it is important to constantly monitor his condition, conducting an electrocardiogram.

Desmopressin   take those children who have nocturnal enuresis occurs as a result of shortage in the body of vasopressin. This drug is a synthetic analogue. The drug affects about thirty minutes, the action lasts about 8-12 hours. After receiving means the disease is often renewed.

Thus, therapy with medication is often only temporarily removes the symptoms of the disease, it does not lead to complete recovery. Medications recommended situationally, for example, in the days of long-distance travel, and others.

However, very often the doctors, taking into account the large number of cases of arbitrary cure enuresis in children, it is advised never to treat those children who perceive the problem peacefully. To treat nocturnal enuresis is necessary when children are very experienced because of this problem. The treatment of enuresis usually lasts from two to six months, and repeated twice.

Training methods for patients with enuresis are used to train the child to control their bladder. Special exercises that teach longer hold urine, urinating interrupt via Kegel exercises Gradually helping to show the child how to influence this process.

In addition, doctors often recommend a special method to try nighttime awakenings. Throughout the week, the child should wake up at night in the same time - after midnight every hour. Later, the child's need to wake up repeatedly during the night at a certain time, trying to pick up the watch so that the child does not have time to wet oneself. Then if there are repeated cases of enuresis, the course is carried out again.

In addition, some experts prescribing practices of other treatments related to unconventional therapies. This can be acupuncture . magnetotherapy . music therapy   and etc.

In the treatment of the parents should pay attention to the features diet   child. It is important to significantly limit the amount of liquid as well as those products which promote frequent urination. After dinner, before bedtime fluid intake must be limited to the maximum. Also, special attention should be paid to monitoring the use of products that contain caffeine   - They have a diuretic effect.

In addition, it is important to follow some general rules that will help to quickly deal with the problem. Parents and other family members have the most relaxed and tolerant of a sick child. You can not punish children for the failures, it is important to constantly impress upon them the belief that they will be able to cope with the problem.

A child with enuresis should not experience severe stress and situations that exciting from an emotional point of view. No need to avoid strong supercooling child. Before going to bed, the child must go to the toilet.

Prevention of enuresis in children

There are some preventive measures designed to prevent nocturnal enuresis in children. Experts advise in time to give up diapers as reusable and disposable. Usually, the best time to reject the diaper - a two-year age of the child. Given the time of year and the air temperature, the parents need to monitor how much fluid a child consumes. In addition, parents are required to pay special attention to sanitary and hygienic education of children, teaching them the rules of the care of the external genital organs and other.

Child nutrition for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia

July 26, 2011

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Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)   It is one of the most common diseases in infants. It should be remembered that the original iron   part of hemoglobin. Therefore, the deficit necessarily lead to fainting kid, slow psychomotor and physical development, but also reduces the resistance of small infections. It is important to carry out in a timely manner blood test . It should be interested in this criterion every time at the hospital performed the above analysis.

Doctors always recommend necessarily breast-feed your baby . After all, this is a very important condition for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia. Because of the mother's milk is absorbed 50% iron. But Mommy has to adhere to a special diet. Should eat foods rich in iron on. These products include eggs, meat, carrots, beets, pears, apricots, tomatoes, cauliflower.

In the case where the child is transferred to artificial feeding,   It is adapted to use mixtures which are rich in trace elements and vitamins. If you have a baby in the first six months there are signs of anemia, it is recommended to use a mixture with an iron content of 0, 7-0, 8 mg.

In the second half of the iron content should be less than 1, 1 mg. And of course, it should be time to enter lure . This means that solid foods should be introduced at 2-4 weeks earlier than when breastfeeding. We should not push familiarity with the meat dishes.

Often his mother's care and contribute to the development of anemia in children. Many are of the opinion that meat   It is a heavy product to the child's body. Others are deliberately transferred to children Vegetarian meals . And this is the way to two true iron deficiency   in a growing child's body. Around the need to comply with the measure!

In a year the child should be given mashed consisting of lean veal, beef, turkey, rabbit or chicken breasts. And since one and a half years should teach a child to the meatballs, patties, cutlets. Just prepare them to be a couple! Enzymatic systems intestine and stomach in a human small age not ready to digest fried foods. If so unbearable to feed the baby more delicious meat option, you can lightly fry in sunflower or olive oil   before steaming.

Be sure to include in the diet of baby food from the liver. After all, it is very rich in iron. It should be consumed apples   and their derivatives (apple juice, puree).

If we turn to folk remedies, it is to raise the level of hemoglobin can use the following method that is appropriate, and children, and adults. It should be drinking on an empty stomach in the morning 1 cup of infusion of rose hips, previously added to a teaspoon of honey and a little lemon juice. You should only pay attention to the dosage infusion for children - 0, 5 cups. Also during the day it is recommended to drink 500 grams of the next "magic" juice. It includes apple, carrot and beet juices. In percentage terms, it looks like - 1: 2: 1.

It is important to include in the diet porridge Which boiled water. The porridge is very useful to add fresh herbs. Sugar in this case is not recommended. Particular attention should be paid buckwheat   and wheat   porridge.

There is still a secret. In the two months to help restore the hemoglobin plum . It does not matter in what form it will be used. Useful properties of this product preserves and fresh and frozen.

There are plenty of tips. Listen and analyze every need, because every person is different.

Colic in newborns

May 26, 2011

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The problem colic in newborns   - One of the most important in the first year of life and is one of the first reasons for seeking medical help.

Colic may occur for several reasons, which helps to understand the pediatrician. In addition to the treatment medication to relieve the symptoms of colic, as well as for the prevention, pediatricians offer to make a few simple, but yet very effective procedures.

During the day, before a meal is necessary turn baby on his tummy, it helps to normalize bowel function, as well as strengthen the abdominal muscles.

When feeding is necessary to ensure that the child's stomach did not get the excess air. It is necessary to monitor the correctness capture toddler mom breast. At correct feeding   feeding a baby mouth firmly grasps not only the nipple and areola. And if the baby is fed with a mixture, the nipple should be anatomically shaped and in accordance with the age of the baby. Also pay attention to the quality of the bottles, which should prevent the formation of Evacuation.

After the meal, the child should be hold in an upright position or posture "Column"   at least 20 minutes in order to ensure unhindered access for excess air, at the same time the child produces a characteristic whistling sound.

If cramps are felt, ie baby cries, Sucitu legs, in such situations, designed to help massage stomach. Toddler placed on the changing table and spend a warm hand clockwise.

You can also do the following exercise: Carefully bend the baby's legs at the knees, bring them to the tummy and straighten. Exercise needs to be repeated several times.

Spasm   helps relieve intestinal muscles warm diaper, after the pressed iron and folded several times. Before you put it on the baby belly, you need to make sure that the film is not too hot.

All these measures are aimed at facilitating the release of the digestive system of the child from the gases. And if they did not give any result, it will cope with colic and bloating medicines help your child: Espumizan . sab simplex . bobotik , Before use of which you should consult your pediatrician.

Flatulence can also be one of the signs allergies   to lactose, contained in mother's milk. In this case, recourse to a specialist is essential.

And, of course, mothers of infants should stick to certain diet Excluding from the diet the following products: grapes, rye bread, cabbage, dried fruits, beans, milk, soft drinks in general, all that leads to gas and bloating.

On the question of proper nutrition moms have come from all liability, because in addition to the baby colic can occur and allergic diseases such as, for example, atopic dermatitis . Take care of your children, and let your "Hippo" do not hurt tummies!

Kipferon

Description overdue on 05/30/2014

• Latin name: Kipferon
• ATC code: L03AX
• Active substance: Human Normal Immunoglobulin (Human normal Immunoglobulin), interferon-alpha (Interferon Alfa)
• Manufacturer: Alfarm, OOO (Russia)

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• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Instructions for use Kipferon
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• Analogs
• Babies
• With antibiotics
• During pregnancy (and lactation)
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

One candle Kipferon contains: dry complex immunoglobulin preparation   (including immunoglobulin M, A and G ) - 60 mg, recombinant human interferon alpha-2   - 500000 IU.
Other ingredients in the composition of the candle: paraffin, fat, emulsifier T-2 .

Product form

Candles in the amount of 5 pieces enclosed in blisters; 1 or 2 such packages are contained in a cardboard package.

Pharmacological action

Immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Kipferon includes protivohlamidiyny effect specific antibody which is contained in complex immunoglobulin preparation And anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects interferon alpha-2 .

AT complex immunoglobulin preparation   contains specific antibodies Acting against rotaviruses, herpes viruses, staphylococcus, chlamydia, enterobacteria   and several other pathogens. This substance produces immunomodulatory effect.

Recombinant interferon alfa-2   It inhibits the intracellular growth and development Chlamydia Viruses, rickettsia, and also has anti-cancer properties and immunokorregirujushchej activates antiviral, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal protection.

Indications

• Therapy urogenital Chlamydia infection   in women (including complicated dysbiosis vagina , Inflammation and / or cervical erosion . vulvovaginal ) As part of a treatment.
• Herpes , Bacterial ( dysentery . salmonellosis . Collie infection ) And viral ( retroviral ) Infections of the digestive tract in children and adults.
• Frequent inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system, pneumonia , Relapsing bronchitis .
• Viral hepatitis A, B,   and C   children.
• Intestinal dysbiosis   and vagina of different origin.
• Preparation for elective surgery, including gynecological (to prevent infection).

Contraindications

Individual sensitivity to the drug or any of its components.

Side effects

No data on the occurrence of side effects.

Instructions for use Kipferon

Candles are used rectally or vaginally (enter before reaching the cervix and posterior vaginal vault). Instructions on candles Kipferon children prescribes mostly rectal administration.

Use candle 1-2 (children of one candle) 2 times a day. If present, cervical erosion , The drug continues to be used to epithelialization . The course of treatment for 7 to 10 days. The issue of repeated courses of therapy solves the doctor. Treatment is recommended to start immediately after the monthly cycle. Before the introduction of isolation must be removed from the mucous of the cervix and vagina.

Schemes of treatment Kipferon

Chlamydial infection

Babies - candle one time per day (10 days). Girls with latent chlamydial vulvovaginitis and the absence of symptoms of inflammation in the uterus and appendages, respiratory chlamydia . chlamydial infection of the urinary tract   therapy is only against the backdrop of oral and vaginal use eubiotics . In other cases, treatment of child Chlamydia infection   combined with the methods eubiotics   and antibiotics .

Adults - one or two candles twice a day (the course - 1-2 weeks) as part of therapy complexon antibiotics   and eubiotics . Saving clinical symptoms Chlamydia   Kipferon after treatment is an indication for re-treat drug.

Viral hepatitis C, B and A in children

In this case, the candles are strictly applied rectally. For children under the age of seven prescribed 50,000 IU per kilogram of body weight divided into 2 admission (but not more than 1 million IU per day); children 8-11 years appoint 3 candles in a day; children 12 years and older - 4 candles in a day. Duration of the course at acute viral hepatitis   It is 2 weeks. The first week of the drug is used every day, and then - with an interval of 3 days. With chronic course course duration can be up to 4 weeks.

With recurrent respiratory diseases   inflammatory, frequent bronchitis   (including those with obstructive events) pneumonia   children.

The drug is administered rectally one suppository twice daily for 5 days, and then - with an interval of 3 days for 20 days. The application of both in the form of self-therapy, or as part of an integrated treatment antibiotics .

When genital herpes

Adults 2-4 candles per day for two weeks; children - one spark per day for 10 days.
Combined treatment antibiotics   at genital herpes   It recommended when joining a bacterial component. Adolescent girls and women, drug therapy should be started immediately after the end of the menstrual cycle. Before the introduction of the drug vaginally, you must remove the selection from the mucous of the cervix and vagina.

With infections of the digestive tract in children

The drug is administered rectally after defecation or enema. Children under 12 years of age, you must use the drug at the rate of 50,000 IU per kilogram of body weight, but no more than two candles a day, children from 12 years - no more than 4 candles in the night. If the use of the drug in the first 3 days after infection, the therapeutic effect will be higher. A course of treatment diarrhea viral origins   - Up to 5 days; in severe cases - up to a week.

Premedication planned surgeries (including gynecological) to prevent infection.

Kipferon used rectally 1 suppository 2 times a day (with an exhibition of 12 hours) during and prior to surgery for 3-4 days and can be used after surgery. Duration of treatment - up to two weeks.

Overdose

No reported cases of overdose.

Cooperation

Interferon alfa for sharing:

• from Amphotericin B   increases the risk of kidney damage;
• from Dikarbazinom   increases the risk of liver damage;
• from Doxorubicin   and Pegaspargazoy   It may mutually enhance each other toxic effects.

Terms of sale

In Ukraine, is released strictly on prescription, in Russia - without a prescription.

Storage conditions

Store in original container at a temperature between 2 and 8 degrees of the reach of children.

Shelf life

12 months.

Analogs Kipferon

Match code ATC 4th level:

• Timalin
• TSikloferon
• Uro-Vaks
• Engistol
• Imunofan
• Imunoriks
• Tsitovir 3
• Imudon
• Lavomax
• Amiksin
• Immunomax
• Immunal

Known analogs preparation in suppository form: Genferon . Genferon Light . Vitaferon . Viferon . Ruferon . Laferobion   and others.

Is it better or Viferon Kipferon?

Many wonder: what is the difference between with interferon and Kipferon? Unlike Kipferon Viferon   It contains, in addition Interferon   More complex and immunoglobulins   has a direct anti-viral and anti-bacterial effect (y Interferon   mediated effect) - so the expected therapeutic effect from taking Kipferon will be higher.

Babies

The Regulations provide for the possibility to apply the anti-spark Kipferon for children.

With antibiotics

When combined with drug treatment antibiotics   may enhance the therapeutic effect of both.

During pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy and lactation are contraindications for the use of the drug.

Reviews Kipferon

Reviews Kipferon candles are the most striking example of reflection high therapeutic effect of the drug in a non-professional environment. When used in children reviews candles Kipferon suggest ways for the convenience of taking the drug, and the absence of side effects.

Price Kipferon

360 hryvnia - this is the price of candles in Ukraine Kipferon for children and adults №10. Buy identical rectal suppositories and vaginal use in Russia will cost from 580 to 650 rubles.

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Mikrazim

Description overdue on 11/30/2014

• Latin name: Micrasim
• ATC code: A09AA02
• Active substance: Pancreatin (Pancreatin)
• Manufacturer: ABBA RUS, JSC (Russia)

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• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Instructions for use (method and dosage)
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• Cautions
• Analogs
• Babies
• During pregnancy (and lactation)
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

As part of the means contains the active substance pancreatin   in microgranules soluble in the intestine.

As additional substances in a preparation contains: triethyl citrate, eudragit (butyl methacrylate-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer), simethicone emulsion, gelatin, talc, H2O, methyl parahydroxybenzoate, sodium lauryl sulfate, propylparaben, coloring agents, Titanium Dioxide.

Product form

Mikrazim available in capsule form. Solid gelatine capsules have a brown cap and transparent body. Inside the capsule contains spherical or cylindrical pellets of brown or light brown. They have a characteristic smell.

As capsules 10,000 IU and 25,000 IU capsules contained in blister packs 10, 20, 30 pieces.

Pharmacological action

Mikrazim   - Is a drug belonging to a new generation of enzymatic means. It contains the active component pancreatin . This is a complex of digestive enzymes that are involved in digestion. As part of the pancreatin contained amylase . lipase . Protease . These pancreatic enzymes contribute to the process of assimilation in the body of carbohydrates, fats, proteins. As part of the capsule contains pancreatin pellets that look like minimicrospheres that are gastro-resistant. This effect is provided by a special coating to prevent exposure to gastric acid content. Consequently, the enzymes involved in the digestion of the drug during passage through the intestinal tract of food on gastric level these processes are not affected.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Enzymes are released in the small intestine and contribute to active digestion, the normalization of these processes. After oral administration for several minutes, the capsule dissolves in the stomach and released minimicrospheres pancreatin. The effect after ingestion of capsules occurs in about 30-40 minutes. There is only the local effects of the drug in the gut it is not absorbed. Excreted in the feces.

Indications

Mikrazim appropriate to take in the following cases:

• As a substitution therapy for patients with pancreatic insufficiency   (chronic inflammation of the pancreas, in cystic fibrosis, in tumors of the pancreas, after removal of the prostate).
• For the symptomatic treatment of disorders of the digestive processes ( gastritis   with reduced acidity in the chronic form, function dyspepsia , Diseases of liver and biliary tract, and diseases of the colon or small intestine, where the broken evacuation function, after the removal of the gall bladder, stomach, intestines).
• In order to ensure the most active digestion process in sufficient GI function (overeating, eating high-fat foods, chewing dysfunction, prolonged immobilization).
• In the process of preparation for the integrated ultrasound or x-ray of the abdomen.

Contraindications

Do not take the drug if the patient says:

• intolerance pancreatin or its components;
• acute form of inflammation of the pancreas;
• acute stage of chronic changes of the pancreas.

Side effects

In most cases, the patients tolerate this remedy, but sometimes manifest some side effects. In such case the preparation needs to cancel or correct the dose.

Possible side effects such (they often develop in excess dosage of the drug)

• allergic reactions   on the skin in the form rash . hives ;
• constipation ;
• diarrhea ;
• epigastric discomfort;
• nausea   and vomiting ;
• elevated levels of uric acid in urine and blood.

There have been rare cases of fixed narrowing of the lumen of the intestine in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Instructions for use (method and dosage)

If the patient needs to take Mikrazim, instructions for use must be strictly observed them.

As the instructions for use, Mikrazim 10,000 should be in the process of eating or after eating. To wash down the capsule to be more fluid. You can not chew the capsule. If necessary, the contents of the granules can be mixed with food or liquid. This mixture should be swallowed without chewing.

Patients with cystic fibrosis   children under 4 years of age is shown for each kilogram of 1000 U lipase. After four years of age, children should receive 500 IU of lipase per kilogram of body weight. Maximum tolerated dose - 10,000 U per kilogram body weight per 24 hours.

Diarrhea e   and steatorrhoea   whenever the use of food to be taken at 25,000 IU. Maximum permissible dose - 35,000 Units at one meal.

The highest tolerated dose for children 1 to 5 years - 50,000 lipase units per day. Those children who are over 1, 5 years, you can not take a day more than 100,000 units of lipase.

Overdose

If the dosage was significantly exceeded, possibly a manifestation of a tendency to constipation in children and hyperuricosuria and hyperuricemia. When such symptoms should be abolished drug use plenty of fluids and symptomatic treatment.

Cooperation

When you receive may decrease the absorption of Mikrazima folic acid Iron. The bioavailability of the drug is reduced if Mikrazim taken concurrently with antacids, which is composed of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide.

Terms of sale

Mikrazim sold in pharmacies without a prescription.

Storage conditions

Keep capsules should be in the original packaging at a temperature not higher than 25 degrees.

Shelf life

You can store Mikrazim 2 years.

Cautions

It is necessary to closely monitor the health of a patient with a long reception Mikrazima.

Notes the decrease in the pharmacological effectiveness of the drug dysbiosis , Acidification of the contents of the small intestine, parasitic infestations . duodenostasis . Also, the effectiveness of tools is reduced if the drug is taken after the expiration date has expired.

If the drug is stored at high temperature, the activity decreases relatively rapidly minimicrospheres.

On the ability to focus, work with the precise mechanism to drive the medication has no effect.

When treating Mikrazimom need to drink plenty of fluids. You can not drink the capsule with alkaline liquids.

Analogs Mikrazima

Match code ATC 4th level:

• Enzistal P
• Pancreatin
• Penzital
• Pangrol
• Ermital
• Creon
• Abomin
• Festal
• Mezim

Analogs of the drug Mikrazim - a drug that contains a similar active substance. This drug Likreaza . Gastenorm . Pankrenorm . Panzinorm . Pankreal . Pancrelipase . Pancreatin . Enzistal . Panzi   and others. interchanged drugs only after consulting your doctor.

Babies

It is used to treat children in the appropriate dosage and only after the appointment of a specialist.

During pregnancy and lactation

During pregnancy   means may be used if the benefit of treatment exceeds the probable risk. No data on the penetration of pancreatin into breast milk. During Lactation   This tool can be used only after a doctor's appointment.

Reviews Mikrazime

Reviews Mikrazime often left those who noted a marked improvement when using this medication. It is noted that this tool not only helps in diseases of the pancreas and the digestive system, but also allows you to effectively overcome the unpleasant symptoms of overeating. Reviews of doctors indicate that Mikrazim should be used according to indications, as its uncontrolled intake may not produce the desired effect.

Price Mikrazima where to buy

Price Mikrazim 100,000 units on average of 150 rubles per 20 pieces. Price Mikrazim 250,000 units - 350-400 rubles per pack of 20 pieces.

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With Lorinden

Description overdue on 07/09/2014

• Latin name: Lorinden C
• ATC code: D07BB01
• Active substance: Clioquinol + flumethasone (Clioquinol + Flumetasone)
• Manufacturer: Jelfa S.A., Poland "VALEANT" LLC, Russia

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• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Indications for use of the drug
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Ointment Lorinden C, instructions for use (method and dosage)
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• Analogs
• With alcohol
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

The preparation comprises active ingredients:   flumethasone pivalate   and clioquinol As well as petrolatum and white wax.

Product form

Produced Lorinden C in an ointment in 15 g tubes.

Pharmacological action

This medicine has Antimicrobial . antipruritic . antiallergic   and anti-inflammatory   action.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

The active ingredient of the drug - Flumethasone , It is a synthetic dvuftorirovannym GCS designed for outdoor use. The substance is antiphlogistic .   antiallergenic . antipruritic . antiedematous   and vasoconstrictive   effect. Acting on the skin, the drug can prevent the boundary accumulation neutrophil Reducing inflammatory exudate and produce lymphokines inhibits macrophage migration, reduces infiltration and granulation processes, and so on.

Clioquinol   or yodhloroksihinolin relates to derivatives of 8-hydroxyquinoline. Its activity has been reported for yeast, dermatophytes, Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, enhanced anti-exudative effect Flumethasone .

Combined exposure   Flumethasone and   Clioquinol   It inhibits the development of various inflammatory and allergic reactions on the skin surface, which can be complicated by bacterial or fungal infections.

Due to the fatty ointment based emollient and water-repellent effect, which provides a protective film that protects the skin from moisture. This preparation is suitable for patients having dry skin and thinning.

After application to the skin it means active substances penetrate through the stratum corneum. Wherein flumethasone pivalate   is not absorbed into the bloodstream, it has no systemic action. Increased absorption is due to the frequent use of ointments or applied to extensive areas of skin. It can be expected during the use of funds for the face, skin folds in the ground damages the epidermis, under occlusive dressing. It should be noted that in children the active ingredient is particularly pronounced. Clioquinol in the composition is absorbed through the skin ointments binding to plasma proteins.

Actives negligible metabolized in the skin structure. Advantageously, this process occurs in the liver. Then the components are excreted in bile or urine composition.

Indications for use of the drug

Ointment Lorinden C is prescribed for a variety of skin lesions caused by:

• Gram-positive bacteria;
• dermatophytes;
• yeasts.

Contraindications

This drug is not prescribed for:

• tuberculosis   leather;
• viral skin lesions, for example, varicella   or Herpes ;
• syphilis   with manifestations on the skin;
• precancerous states, and tumors of the skin;
• perioral dermatitis ;
• period after vaccination;
• acne ;
• trophic ulcers Induced varicose ;
• the age of 10;
• hypersensitivity.

Side effects

Use of the drug Lorinden C can cause: burning, striae, folliculitis , Itching and dry skin. Prolonged use leads to the development of: purple, skin atrophy , Telangiectasia, pigmentation disorders,   Local hirsutism . When the vehicle is applied to vast areas for a long time, can be shown side effects inherent to the SCS.

Ointment Lorinden C, instructions for use (method and dosage)

According to the instruction in the ointment Lorinden C, it must be applied to the surface of the skin with a thin layer is sufficient. At the initial stage of treatment, daily multiplicity should not exceed 2-3 times. After the relief of acute symptoms is reduced to 1-2 times. The course of treatment an average of 2 weeks.

Overdose

Excessive use of the drug can cause a variety of adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids, such as:   Cushing's syndrome . erosive lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, muscle weakness , Suppression of the adrenal cortex, osteoporosis . Such cases call for the elimination of external means and further treatment, depending on the symptoms.

Cooperation

Concomitant use Lorinden C and other external agents is not allowed. When the preparation is applied to large areas of skin, the absorption Flumethasone   It can reduce the effect of insulin , Other hypoglycemic agents, antihypertensive drugs, and anticoagulants. In addition, it increases the risk of negative effects of anticholinergics, anabolic steroids, oral contraceptives, androgens, estrogens, antipsychotics, azathioprine, bucarban, diuretics, nitrates, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, cardiac glycosides. Immunosuppressive effect of the drug required to refrain from performing Vaccines and Immunization.

Terms of sale

The pharmacies of prescription ointment.

Storage conditions

The drug should be stored at temperatures up to 25 degrees, in a dark place.

Shelf life

3 years.

Analogs

In modern pharmacology there are analogues of this drug: Flumethasone, Lorinden, Lorinden A.   By such means of action include: Dexamethasone, prednisolone, Diprospan, Methylprednisolone etc.

Alcohol

It was found that alcohol consumption does not have any particular influence on the action Lorinden C.

Reviews On Lorinden

As the reviews of Lorinden C - it is an external agent is one of the most popular. It is administered in a wide variety of lesions of the skin, and in most cases, it is very effective.

However, some patients have reported that the positive effect of the drug is stored only for a while, that is simply inhibits the development of undesirable symptoms. After the cessation of the use Lorinden With patients again start to disturb the same violation.

According to experts, such a treatment outcome marked the appointment of external funds without sufficient examination by experts, since often people do not even know exactly what the ointment Lorinden C. Also, many reviews of ointments contain information that patients often use the drug on their own without resorting to the doctor. Therefore, in such cases, it should not be excluded as soon as the temporary cessation of symptoms and development of all kinds of side effects.

Price Lorinden From where to buy

In Moscow pharmacies price ointment Lorinden C for the topical use varies 242-308 rubles.

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