Listeria

November 30, 2011

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Listeria   is an infectious zoonotic diseases, for which the flow characteristic of the pre-emptive defeat nerve tissue . mononuclear phagocyte system . It can also occur in anginal-septic form . The first agent of this disease was described in 1911. His calls Listeria   - Nonsporeforming gram-positive motile rod. It is able to form a capsule and parasite cells. At the same time the body is slowly developing infection. The main feature of listeria is their simplicity, because they are able to live in a normal environment at room temperature. They did not die at relatively low temperatures, and the reproduction process of Listeria can occur even at 4-6 ° C. Wand multiplies in different environments - in the water, on the ground, on food products, etc. When the boiling point Listeria die after 5-10 minutes long can withstand a 20% concentration of sodium salts. Listeria mostly sensitive to broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, today there are strains that are resistant to antibiotics.

Humans can be infected by a variety of rodent infection, both wild and commensal. Infection can also occur in different environmental objects. The most favorable place for the reproduction of Listeria is a silo, namely its layers on the surface. In animals, the period of infectiousness is very long, but a man of infection, become a source of perinatal and neonatal pathology. So, the agent is released from postpartum women and infants after birth for 10-12 days.

The infection can be transmitted in different ways: contact . fecal-oral . droplets . transplacental . However, the most common infection is ingested fecal-oral route. Thus, infection in animals occurs through contaminated water and food Listeria, as they infect rodents or infection occurs through their bodies. People infected with Listeria mainly through contaminated water and food, having an animal origin. The risk of infection is increased if there is no heat treatment of water and food as well, if the products are stored prior to use at an inappropriate high temperature. Listeria can enter the human body during the use of fresh vegetables. There is also the possibility aerogenic infection while working with animal raw materials: wool, leather, down etc. By contact infection enters the body through Abrasions   and injured   on the skin after exposure to these particles damage secretions from infected animals. There is also the possibility of transferring Listeria from one person to another. But the most serious threat is listeriosis in pregnant women due to the fact that there is a transfer of the pathogen infection from mother to child.

Most often the disease manifests itself in older people, newborns, as well as in patients with immunocompromised . The disease is spreading everywhere, it has all the characteristics saprozoonoznoy infection. The incidence may be either spodaricheskoy and group. Among workers in livestock farming, as well as enterprises, leading meat processing listeroz a professional. Usually, symptoms of the disease recorded in the spring and summer.

Symptoms and forms of listeriosis

The infection enters the body through mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract . eye . respiratory tract , across Damage to the skin . If Listeria get into the human body and lymphogenous hematogenous route, then a state of infected person acute fever And Listeria are fixed in lymph nodes . light . tonsils . liver . spleen   and other organs. Then begins the process of bacterial growth. In the event of subsequent inflammation lymph nodes   an increase of nodes, but it does not appear fester. In the most severe stage of the disease has symptoms listerioznogo sepsis . In this case, the internal organs and lymph nodes appear multiple small necrotic nodules called listeriomami. Pregnant women listeromy appear in the placenta, after which there is infection of the fetus. Those who are ill with listeriosis appears stable immunity to infection. Course of the disease can be sharp . subacute . chronic   and abortifacient . To distinguish several clinical forms of listeriosis: anginal-septic . Nervous . septic granulomatous . eye-glandular . mixed . Also documented cases of asymptomatic carriage of listeriosis for a long period. The incubation period of the disease can last from a few days up to six months.

The most common form of the disease is considered anginal-septic. In this case, the main clinical sign is Bluetongue   or follicular sore throat . Typically, in this case suitable for disease, the patient recovers approximately a week. If there is ulcerative plёnchataya listerioznaya angina, the patient's body temperature rises sharply, reaching 39 ° C, may occur sore throat . cough   and running nose . Tonsils enlarged and friable, they observed plёnchatye raids or coated film or ulcers, increase and become painful regional lymph nodes. Blood test shows that there is an increase in a patient ESR . leukocytosis Significantly increasing the number of mononuclear cells. Assuming a favorable course of the disease lasts 12-14 days.

When the nervous form of the disease manifests itself listeriozny meningitis . meningoencephalitis   or brain abscess . In the first period nervously form in the blood of the patient notes monocytosis Later found leukocytosis   and granulocytosis . In this form may be varied disorders of the peripheral nervous system   as paralysis   and paresis . Quite a rare eye-glandular disease. Usually, it is the result of contamination from animal pathogen. For this form of characteristic   blurred vision . high body temperature . conjunctiva . swelling of eyelids . narrowing of the optic fissure , Increasing the parotid and cervical lymph nodes. This disease takes a long time - 1-3 months.

For fetuses and newborns is typical septic granulomatous form of listeriosis. In pregnant women, the disease can occur without any symptoms or atypical or obliterated. If the fetus is infected early in pregnancy, it may die or have abnormalities in development.

Neonatal listeriosis runs hard. Thus, there fever . circulatory disorders   and breath . cyanosis Problems in hearts May occur mucous stools . vomiting . If developing purulent meningitis , The likely death. Listeriosis of newborns difficult to recognize because of the similarity with other infectious diseases. Start of listeriosis in infants is accompanied SARS and characteristic symptoms. Later, the child is diagnosed melkoochagovogo bronchopneumonia   or   purulent pleurisy . Some patients also noted jaundice . enlargement of the liver . meningeal symptoms . After recovering about one-fifth of children recover from the disorder occur in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. In chronic clinical manifestations of listeriosis quite hidden, but if the disease is acute, the person has a fever with catarrhal symptoms, diarrhea disorders.

Diagnosis Listeriosis

In view of the clinical polymorphism of listeriosis to establish such a diagnosis is difficult. It is important to carefully study the symptoms of the disease and differentiate angina coccal etiology . infectious mononucleosis . acute respiratory viral infections First, blood disease and purulent meningitis . For the different forms of the disease is characterized by loss of mononuclear phagocytes, which is taken into account in the process of diagnosis. If there is a suspicion of listeriosis, particularly in anginal-septic form of the disease, in the peripheral blood in the presence of a large number of monocytes . For diagnosis, depending on the form of the disease is necessary to conduct a bacteriological study of blood, mucus, taken from the nose and throat, which separates the conjunctiva, cerebrospinal fluid, placenta, amniotic fluid, punctate lymph nodes.

Complications of Listeriosis

In the presence of anginal-septic forms of the disease may develop endocarditis. Complications of chronic listeriosis may be worsening of the disease in people with weak immune systems, and the presence of immunodeficiency. As a result, it may appear heavy generalized septic process.

Treatment of listeriosis

Therapy assigned physician depending on which form of the disease occurs in a patient. Because the treatment uses drugs tetracycline . Doxycycline . Erythromycin . Benzilpenitsillina   sodium is indicated for meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Also used clarithromycin . Ciprofloxacin   as an alternative drugs. It should be prescribing antibiotics for febrile period. If diagnosed with eye-glandular form of listeriosis is applied 1% hydrocortisone emulsion . 20% solution of sodium sulfacyl (Albucidum) .

Preventing Listeriosis

In order to forestall the spread of the infection, the complex of veterinary, sanitary and hygienic measures. As a precaution applied rodent control, measures to protect water sources, and companies working in the field of catering, from rodents. In areas that are considered dysfunctional by listeriosis, polls inspect animals and isolate those that can potentially be a source of infection. To protect against infection with the disease in pregnant women, they are not recommended to eat soft cheeses such as Roquefort, Camembert, feta cheese, and all the products are so-called fast food due to their insufficient heat treatment.