Help with fever and overheating in children

March 8, 2013

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Fever   - A reaction of the human organism to a pathogenic effect of infection, viruses, and other factors. When a person develops fever, impaired thermoregulation and body temperature passes 37 ° C mark. At high temperature, organisms proliferate more slowly in the body. And if the temperature rises to 38 ° C, it begins to develop more intense interferons Able to deconstruct pathogenic viruses. Thus, a fever is a kind of defensive reaction.

Fever in children

In children, the body temperature rises in a variety of diseases. It is a symptom of this is one of the most important in a number of ailments. The fact that fever is a protective and adaptive response of the body, which appears as a response to the action of a variety of pathogenic stimuli. In such situations, in the body there is a reorganization of thermoregulation. Fever will activate immune protection Because at the high temperature increases the synthesis of interferon antibody response is stimulated, differentiated lymphocytes . At elevated temperatures, there is no fast multiplication of viruses and microorganisms.

It should be noted that fever and fever Overtemperature - two fundamentally different phenomena. Overheating of the child can occur when significantly increases the ambient temperature, where it is, if there is an active work of muscles, etc. If the child is overheated, in his organism is still present on the thermoregulatory center of the installation is to normalize the temperature. At the same time the center of thermoregulation at a fever set out to deliberately restructure the body to maintain a higher temperature. Therefore, the symptoms that are observed when overheating occurs in children, may differ from fevers.

Fever occurs in a child due to a variety of reasons. In most cases, the temperature is increased during the development of infectious diseases, particularly when SARS . Fever, which has infectious origin, as designated above, developed under the influence of bacteria, viruses, and their decay products. Fever, which is non-infectious character can be shown as a consequence of a variety of reasons. It can be central   (with hemorrhage, trauma, brain tumors) reflexive   (pain at urolithiasis ) psychogenic   (a manifestation of mental disorders and emotional stress) resorptive   (the development of necrosis, bruises, aseptic inflammation); endocrine   (hyperthyroidism) origin. In addition, this reaction can occur as a response to the intake of medicinal drugs.

Fever in children is different for at one and the same level of hyperthermia. If heat production corresponds to heat transfer, it is possible to say that the child has a fever occurs on the adequacy and it feels relatively normal. If the skin feels warm, moist and pink, in this case it appears the so-called pink fever. At the same time accept funds that have the effect of antipyretic, is not necessary. This baby fever cease with the termination of the acute period of the underlying disease.

If there is increased heat production, and thus the heat transfer due to the inadequacy of circulatory disorders, the prognosis in this case is unfavorable. When this condition is marked pale skin, shivering, acrocyanosis, a child grow cold feet and hands. So appears the white fever in children. This requires urgent treatment of children's fever using antipyretics, and antihistamines and vasodilators.

Other types of fever

Separately determined rheumatic fever , Is a systemic disease that affects the heart. Acute rheumatic fever affects children between the ages of 3 and 15 years.

Hemorrhagic fever   It is a viral disease in which manifested toxemia, fever, hemorrhagic syndrome. Infection disease occurs during a tick bite, and people in contact with rodents and dirty objects. Symptoms of the disease are fever, weakness, dizziness, muscle pain, subcutaneous and internal bleeding.

Another type of hemorrhagic fever - Mouse fever At which a renal syndrome. It is a viral disease that can be contracted by inhalation of dust. The name appeared in connection with the fact that the original product, through which consumption and infected people infected secretions rodents. In this state, the child's body temperature rises to 40 ° C and above. Other symptoms of the disease - a fever, vomiting, nausea, headache, bleeding from the gums and nose. Symptoms disappear after 4 days, but after that a person develops renal failure . This is the most formidable symptom as kidney disease can lead to death.

If the increase in temperature of the patient is the only or the main symptom, and thus it is impossible to determine a diagnosis, it is a fever of unknown origin a. In this state, the patient noted the temperature of 38 ° C and above, and the fever there is a long - lasting more than three weeks, and the body temperature rises periodically. In this case, more research is needed to determine features of the human condition as a fever of unknown origin is a diagnosis of exclusion.

Fever often occurs as a consequence of a child Vaccination . After the vaccine is produced in the body of the baby a certain amount antibodies . And fever - it is a normal reaction to the active work of the immune system.

Pharmaceutical care for fever

As a rule, parents raises the question whether it makes sense to shoot down the temperature rise in the child, and when it should be done. It is important to remember that the body temperature that does not exceed 38 ° C, with infectious diseases should not shoot down, because in this state the child's body will cope with the attack of viruses and bacteria. Receiving antipyretic drugs recommended by the physician is needed in cases where the temperature of the child overcomes mark 38 is 5 degrees. When this state has seen too much pressure on human organs and systems.

But regardless of which body temperature is observed in a child antipyretic medicines should not be taken rates, several times a day as this can complicate diagnosis. Therefore, the dose of the drug must be taken when the temperature of the child rises again to the critical point. The basis for the treatment of fever in children still must always be the treatment of the underlying disease, which provoked an increase in temperature.

Choosing antipyretic drug that can be used to treat a child, be sure to consider how safe a vehicle, as well as whether it is convenient to use for young children.

The most effective and commonly used are analgesics, antipyretics. However, for children such drugs are not always safe. For example, there are studies that suggest that treatment acetylsalicylic acid   may cause Reye's syndrome . Also aspirin   It increases the probability of gastrointestinal inflammation, blood clotting, and also has a negative impact on the body of newborn children. Therefore, aspirin is not recommended for use To treat children who are under 12 years old. Also, the side effects observed with the use of medicines to treat children Nimesulide   (Nise and NIMULID) analgene .

Doctors say that the most safe for the treatment of fever in children are drugs paracetamol   and Ibuprofen . These tools can be used with babies of the first months of life.

Typically, in infectious diseases child temperature rises 3-4 times a day for the first day or two of illness. Then it happens rarely. The duration of the total febrile period can sometimes last for about a week, if a child is sick flu . adenovirus . enterovirus fever .

If your child is showing signs of white fever need not delay, call an ambulance. Furthermore antipyretic in case the child should be given drugs having a vasodilating effect. It Nospanum . papaverine . droperidol .

Non-pharmacological care

If a child has a fever rose and the body temperature does not exceed 39, 0 degrees, it is possible to knock, without using medicaments. Be sure to provide your child drink plenty of liquids. It is important to maintain the indoor air temperature is not more than 20 degrees. The child should wear a light and loose clothing. Also useful waterbath whose temperature two degrees lower than body temperature of children.

As a physical cooling methods used wet wiping. A sick child should be open and wiping water having room temperature. It is also practiced by sponging with vodka (40% alcohol), vinegar (9% vinegar, half diluted with water). It must be remembered that the vodka and vinegar, you can not wipe the area of ​​the face, genitals, nipples, as well as the places where there are wounds, pimples. If the skin of the child's injuries and no diaper rash, you can make Acetic wrap. The vinegar solution moistened diaper and it turns into a baby's body. In this neck of the child need to wrap a dry diaper to prevent the inhalation of fumes of vinegar, and genital and nipple cover napkins. Wrapping repeated if necessary in half an hour.

To remove the temperature can also apply a cold, where there are large vessels - in the armpits, hollows under the collarbone, in the groin, and on the forehead and neck. This may be a damp cold compress, cold water bottle. Thus it is necessary to drink a liquid at room temperature. However, using all the methods described above, it is imperative to see to it that the child does not supercool.

But keep in mind that when a child chill cold can not be applied strictly. A sick child need a good shelter, the feet can make a hot water bottle, a baby should drink only heated liquid.

If the child's body temperature does not exceed 38 C, and at the same time he feels relatively well, it is limited only to the abundant drinking. It may be acidic fruit drinks, fruit drinks, warm water. It is desirable to limit the physical activity. If the evening temperature of the child rises sharply, it is advisable to give it antipyretic drugs.

The temperature is not necessary to force the child to eat much. The menu should be liquid soups, low-fat boiled dishes. If the child is asleep, it is not recommended to wake up to give the medicine. It was a dream of his body the most intense fighting the disease.

Overheating of the child

Strong overheating of the child may cause development heatstroke In which there is an increase in body temperature, sweating stops.

The first signs of heat stroke is high anxiety, vomiting, severe headaches. Further, increased body temperature, pale skin, it gets hot and dry to the touch. Sometimes a child can lose consciousness. In severe heat stroke the body temperature may rise to 41-42 degrees.

In direct sunlight the child can get sunstroke Whose symptoms are nausea, weakness, shortness of breath, facial redness. In this state, the body temperature also increases. Later, the child may appear hallucinations, delusions, he might lose consciousness. If assistance is not provided on time, could stop breathing and heart.

Furthermore, the child overheating can occur due to other factors that disturb sweating. This is a long stay in a warm humid place, sleep in a bed that is close near the heat source, the clothes out of season, and others.

If overheating is first necessary to terminate the heat on the child's body, moving it in the shade or in a cool place. The injured child should be put in a horizontal position, cover his head with a cloth dampened with cold water. Tight clothing should be unbutton and undress to the waist of the child victim.

If the consciousness of a child is preserved, and there are only the initial symptoms of heat stroke, it should be given plenty of drink. For this purpose glucose-saline solution . To cook it, you need to be dissolved in one liter of water half a teaspoon of salt and soda and two tablespoons of sugar.

To reduce high body temperature which has arisen due to overheating, it is necessary to wipe the baby's skin to cold water until the body temperature drops to 3 8, 5 ° C .

It is important to avoid prolonged exposure to heat in the body of the baby. Therefore, it is not recommended to walk with your child during the peak heat of summer baby need to wear a panama hat or clothing should be light and natural. The heat necessary to give the child about twice more fluid than in ordinary days.

Viral Hepatitis B

September 16th, 2011

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Viral hepatitis B   - A viral infection of the group transfusion hepatitis. This disease occurs in various clinical forms and characterized by lesions of hepatocyte . Long hepatitis B called parenteral, serum, iatrogenic, post-transfusion, syringe. This title emphasizes that infection occurs through mucous membranes or open skin. B. Blumberg in 1963, first identified in the blood of the Australian aborigines have not seen before " Australia antigen "Which then became known as a marker of serum hepatitis. D. A Dane in 1970 first proved the existence of another variety hepatitis - hepatitis B.

People who are sick with viral hepatitis B, there are three types of particles. The most common - spherical particles , not so often - filamentous forms . Infectious properties of viral particles do not show. Only 7% of the particles are presented in the form of complex formation with complete structure which exhibits pronounced infectivity. The upper layer is formed superkapsid . Genome is double-stranded DNA molecule and its associated DNA polymerase. Main antigens - is HBsAg   and HBcAg . Antibodies are produced in the course of the disease.

Hepatitis B virus is highly resistant to the negative impacts of the environment on it. In the blood, it may be active for years. The antigen of the virus can be found on the needles, bedding, medical and dental instruments. The virus can be inactivate the by autoclaving   at 120 ° C for 45 min dry-heat sterilized at 180 ° C for 60 min. also gives a positive result. Formalin . hydrogen peroxide . chloramine   and neutralize the virus.

Sources of infection can be both already sick with hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver and "healthy" virus carriers. Virus appears in the blood of a patient long before the detection of the disease, and is most acute during the period of illness. On our planet, there are about 350 million virus carriers, and all of them can pose a real threat. Active pathological process, and the concentration of antigens in identifying infectious disease infection sources.

Possible routes of transmission can be elimination of the virus from the biological secrets   - Saliva, blood, urine, tears, bile, semen, breast milk, and others. But the real epidemiological risk may be only the sperm, blood and possibly saliva. There is so because the rest of the liquid concentration of the virus is very low.

The virus is transmitted primarily through blood transfusions and the use of medical instruments without sterilization. Most patients infected with the passage of medical and diagnostic procedures, which are accompanied by minor violation of the unity of the skin or mucous membranes. This can be a gynecologic exam, dental procedures, injection, etc.

A natural mechanism of transmission disease is the sexual route . Quite often, the infection is carried out with the simultaneous use by several people some everyday items items - toothbrushes, towels, razors, etc. This happens during when the hepatitis B virus enters the human body through the mucous membranes microtrauma and skin.

You can become infected and puncture earlobes, tattooing and other manipulations. There is also the risk of getting and living conditions of transmission - infection within families, in organized collectives of children and adults. There is also a vertical transmission of the virus - infection is possible during childbirth. If special preventive measures are not carried out, hepatitis B can infect up to 90% of children born to mothers-virus carriers.

In communities where children are around the clock - at home baby, orphanages, children's homes, they are often subjected to medical procedures and therefore the spread of viral hepatitis is very dangerous and can cause an outbreak.

Infected with the virus and health workers can house a child, who take care of children. Transfusion of blood that contains HBsAg It leads to hepatitis in 50-90% of recipients. The percentage is dependent on the dose received infection.

But post-infectious immune system long enough, maybe even a lifetime. Relapses are very rare.

The main symptoms of viral hepatitis B

Viral hepatitis B is a common infectious disease. Today, about 2 billion people are infected with the virus each year kills about 2 million patients. Economic damage that causes the disease in the CIS countries is 100 million dollars annually. In the later stages of the disease can develop into a tumor or cirrhosis of the liver . This is particularly evident in people who were infected during childhood. Half of all clinical hepatitis occur in viral hepatitis B. Mortality from it is about 1%.

Of viral hepatitis In get sick mainly in the countries with low socio-economic conditions life. The whole planet can be divided into regions with high, medium and low endemicity.

The so-called "healthy" carriers of the virus there is a very high percentage of latent forms of infection, in which there are no symptoms of hepatitis B. And, then it can be argued that the hidden epidemic process in intensity and growth rates exceeding symptomatic.

In recent years, the beginning of the epidemic process intensively involved young population of the planet. Among patients with predominantly persons aged 15 to 30 years, and about 90% of those infected with the virus. This situation is due to the fact that the main sources of infection are sexual and "addict" pathway. 80% of deaths in patients up to age 30 who use drugs. Most of the deaths - about 42% - is a result of simultaneous infection with several forms of viral hepatitis - B, C, D.

Medical workers   and addicts   are at risk of disease. The first - because part of health workers, a daily basis works with the the blood of patients, the latter - in connection with the using one syringe or infection of sexual by. Often there is a familial disease, when implemented pin and genital tract infection.

The infection penetrates the human body through the mucous membranes or skin. Then the virus is fixed to liver hepatocytes. But the causative agent of does not render immediate impact on the cells of the liver. A huge role in the pathogenesis of otygryvayut immune complexes Which settle in the lymph nodes and visceral vascular endothelium. As a consequence, there are autoimmune reactions that lead not only to damage to healthy cells, but also leads to the death of these fragments, which entail complications of hepatitis B.

Morphological changes are dystrophic   and necrobiotic   processes and periportal areas tsentrolobulyarnyh liver lobules. Later, it may form cholestasia   and other complications.

Symptoms of hepatitis B

The duration of the incubation period of the disease can vary from 30 to 200 days or more.

Preicteric   or the initial period   characterized by common symptoms. Patients having complaints of joint pain; although outwardly joints in most cases are not changed. During the night and morning hours are arthralgia, and when moving briefly disappear. They can be accompanied by a rash on the skin by type hives . Availability arthralgia   and exanthema   foretells more heavy and for a long course of the disease. The body temperature of the patients in this period is often increased. During this period, there dizziness , Persistent drowsiness And sometimes bleeding   from the gums and nose.

As a rule, the health of patients in the period of worsening jaundice. Rash and arthralgia are, but increasing dyspeptic symptoms   viral hepatitis B.

More often jaundice   proceeds rapidly and is accompanied by pruritus. It often happens when skin hemorrhages are a bruises   or petechiae. If the disease is severe, can occur bleeding gums, nosebleeds, women - early heavy menstruation . The urine becomes dark in color, feces, usually aholichen.

Liver tenderness, it increases in size; Whilst this may be soft in consistency. Sometimes intense jaundice and liver can not be increased, which is a sign of a more severe course of hepatitis. In half of the cases observed splenomegaly .

Typically, the pulse becomes more scarce relative to the healthy state, but if the disease is difficult, there is tachycardia . Heart sounds are muffled, there is a small hypotension . Patients, as a rule, apathetic, sometimes may experience dizziness, sleep disorder. Jaundice period may last longer than a month. It same can be said and about the changes in sizes the liver. If cholestatic component is added, the disease may become torpid course. In such cases, characterized by unexpressed intoxication . dark urine , Prolonged cholestatic symptoms, enlarged liver, aholichny chair subfebrilitet . Along with the acute form of the disease, there are viral cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis.

Complications of hepatitis B

The most severe and serious complication of the disease is hepatic encephalopathy . It is characterized by a profound inhibition of the liver, progressive psychoneurological symptoms expressed hemorrhagic manifestations. Acute hepatic encephalopathy has three stages.

Stage I (predkomatoznoe state I)

The patient's condition is steadily deteriorating, increasing jaundice and dyspeptic syndrome observed Breath , Is the development of hemorrhagic manifestations. Coordination of movements is broken, lost orientation in space and time. May slow thinking, dizziness, sleep disturbances, feeling of failure into the abyss on closing the eyes. It may be the emotional instability - slackness . apathy , A sense of of longing, anxiety, which is replaced by excitation of, euphoria . Often, pain in the region of the liver, the body temperature rises. Tachycardia or bradycardia replaced normokardiey . Disturbances of consciousness - a rare case, but in some patients it happens.

Stage II (predkomatoznoe state II)

For this step, some characteristic disturbances of consciousness ; quite often it is confused. Infected people are disoriented in space and time, are aggressive or euphoric. But the excitement and momentarily replace it quickly comes apathy, intoxication is amplified to the limit. Appears tremor   tip of the tongue and hands, strengthened hemorrhagic syndrome. Blood pressure is reduced, increasing tachycardia. The liver may become inaccessible to palpation, poskol it shrinks. Predkomatoznoe condition may last up to several of day.

Stage III (coma)

Characterized loss of consciousness First shallow in most cases. On palpation of the liver, patients react primarily groan. Reserved corneal and swallowing reflexes. Appears involuntary urination, defecation, appear abnormal reflexes . Unless coma   deep reaction to any stimulus is lost, comes arefleksiya. The cause of deaths becomes acute heart failure .

Very fast for hepatitis B is common in young people, especially the combination of a number of clinical hepatitis. In such patients is evolving rapidly an acute enterohepatic encephalopathy with a high percentage of lethal outcomes (up to 90%).

Acute hepatic encephalopathy leads to deterioration of renal function with a decreasing rate of renal blood flow, attaching a secondary infection and sepsis, reducing the concentration of sodium in the urine, increasing its density and can decrease diuresis , Other complications occur.

Diagnosis of viral hepatitis B

Diagnosis Hepatitis B is carried out as hepatitis A and C. But the form of the disease hepatitis B more severe, with a pronounced intoxication of the body, jaundice plentiful and often with subcutaneous hemorrhage, epistaxis. For the the differential diagnosis of of great value have the knowledge addition, that the patient in during the last a floor of year suffered a operations with violation of monolithicity of integuments, have taken place sexual contacts with persons, who have suffered hepatitis B. The final diagnosis is installed with the help of of reactions PCR   and IFA .

Laboratory diagnostics of hepatitis B virus

Patients in serum   on different stages of illness exhibit peculiar only for this spell antibody. Such a timely diagnosis of viral hepatitis In as possible should be carried out often enough, to constantly monitor the functional activity of the liver. The great importance the possibility of determining prothrombin index . If this figure falls more than 40%, it indicates heavy and often critically ill patient. Ultrasound also provides important data that indicate violations of the structure of the liver.

Treatment of hepatitis B

If the patient has a severe form of viral hepatitis B, it is hospitalized. In such cases, prescribe prednisolone . Reduce the dose gradually after cessation of symptoms of intoxication. In parallel, the complex of measures to restore the water and electrolyte balance, intensify the detoxication therapy, prescribe antibiotics   with reduced resorption from the intestine, are used lactulose   antispasmodic preparations . If cholestasis is expressed brightly, it recommended to appoint a preparations ursodeoxycholic acid . In acute hepatic encephalopathy are recommended to eat glucocorticoids Although their effectiveness has not been proved. Fully disease is not curable, it remains a high probability of relapse.

Prevention of hepatitis B

In carrying out preventive activities the main task - to prevent infection with HBV during treatment and diagnostic procedures and blood transfusions.

Donors are examined for the presence of hepatitis B antigens donors can not be people who have had hepatitis B, no matter how long ago it was, as well as those who have communicated with the patients in the last six months. People suffering chronic hepatitis as well as those, who is behind recent years, was subjected to Blood Transfusion To give blood are not allowed. In recent years, it began implementation autotransfusion   - When the patient prepares their own blood in advance of the planned operation.

Prevention of hepatitis B use disposable instruments, thorough sterilization of medical instruments, as well as strict control on the detection of viral antibodies in the donor.

Of great importance is the sterilization of medical products, to ensure sanitary measures, separate use and storage of personal hygiene, prevention of all types of injuries, the need to follow the rules of personal hygiene. Prevention of sexual transmission is the elimination of non-permanent, casual sex, the use of mechanical contraceptives. For the prevention of occupational of infections in curative and prophylactic establishments being watched over the observance of antiepidemic rules. This is especially significant for the surgery, hemodialysis, laboratory and other departments where the staff has access to a patient's blood. Rubber gloves necessarily use the when performing of parenteral interventions.

If we consider that the ways of transmission and sources of infection very much, it becomes clear that the most promising prevention is vaccination of viral hepatitis B. Only she can help newborns infected with the disease. This vaccine prevents many diseases of the liver. Today, viral hepatitis B refers to infections, which are controlled by means of specific preventive maintenance. Over the past few years the world has been vaccinated about 100 million people. This made it possible in some countries dramatically reduce the percentage of hepatitis B, a significant impact negatively on the level of virus carriers, and in a few countries is the question of the complete eradication of hepatitis B.

Too many countries are beginning to immunization programs against hepatitis B virus in infants and adolescents. Today, in many countries of the world are doing hepatitis B vaccination in children .

All hepatitis B vaccines are interchangeable. That is is possible to begin course of vaccination the one vaccine, as well to finish - another.  

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How fast to lose weight after giving birth

July 3rd, 2012

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Almost every young mother after some time after the birth of the baby starts to think about how to lose weight after giving birth. However, to regain those forms that are pleasing before the baby is actually quite easy. After all, to conduct a correct way of life, actively engaged in sports and stick diet   it is very difficult because of the need to take care of the baby all the time. As a consequence, a lot of mothers of newborns over a period of notice that the indicators of body weight rises steeply. But we should not despair, as there are many methods of losing weight after childbirth, proven by many generations of women.

Pregnancy and weight

Under existing rules, the period of carrying a child pregnant woman should gain no more than 12 additional kilograms. If this figure is not exceeded, the extra weight will disappear during delivery And in the first few weeks after their recovery. However, those women who are too recovered during pregnancy , Gaining more than 20 kilograms, as a rule, is much more difficult to return the same, familiar forms for them. Therefore, the coming recovery, you need to think in the period of gestation of the child, not trying to eat too much. There is at the root of misconception that pregnant woman should eat for yourselves, and for your baby, that is a double portion. Psychologically, this statement sets the future mother of the fact that the excesses of the period of gestation the baby is quite acceptable.

At the same time, eating a lot more calories, the woman moves less because of his position. As a consequence, the power consumption obtained with food, does not occur.

In addition, during pregnancy the female body is undergoing tremendous stress due to major restructuring. In the body, run special mechanisms to protect the unborn child. It is for this purpose an active layer of accumulated fat on the abdomen and thighs, and on the sides. Features figures and, in particular, its changes during pregnancy depend on genetic predisposition. Consequently, if excess weight   Parents have a woman, then she has his appearance more likely. Besides the distribution of fat in pregnancy there is something like it was her mother.

A strong increase in weight occurs during the development of a woman preeclampsia   and other pathologies precipitating fluid retention.

As a result, statistics show that obesity is at 40% of women who are over 30 years old. And after the age of forty have half of women have excess weight.

Thus, if a woman gained during pregnancy more than 13 kg overweight and saved her for six months after the birth of a baby, in this case we are talking about long-term obesity   and possible follow-up endocrine disorders .

Factors influencing the weight loss after childbirth

Experts identified a number of important factors that affect the process of losing weight women after childbirth. First of all, motivation is important: the young mother should clearly define its purpose and to facilitate the path to it using some of the important attitudes. Psychologists are advised not to set sky-high goals, such as losing weight by tens of kilograms. It is best to plan the loss of several kilograms in a given time or opportunity to try to achieve a certain thing to put that woman wore before pregnancy. There are simple methods of motivation, for example, to record your goal on a piece of paper and hang the sheet on the refrigerator, to constantly introduce this idea into the subconscious.

Mental attitude is crucial to losing weight after childbirth, since at this time the young mother can suffer from symptoms postpartum depression . Her mood changes dramatically, appears self-pity, and against this background the food often becomes a kind of "consolation" factor. Such desirable to avoid, as in the forms of postpartum depressive state, it is desirable to consult a doctor who will help to overcome the problems and come to the fight against excess weight with the right attitude.

Two main factors - proper nutrition and sports. A balanced diet - a key factor in the process of getting rid of excess weight. Performing simple exercises a few days after birth to help get in shape faster and, moreover, will help women overcome postnatal depression. Later, you can move on to more serious training.

Experts also recommend that women wear a postpartum bandage To help pull the stretched skin on the abdomen and to overcome recurrent back pain.

In addition, passive way of parting with excess weight is dialed long period of lactation.

Features weight loss after childbirth

Lose weight after delivery is possible if to take into account some features of the period of breastfeeding and recovery after labor. It is important that during the breastfeeding mother does not apply to radical methods of losing weight. Consequently, neither medication drugs nor compliance various strict diets, neither surgery at this time should not be practiced. Furthermore, such methods generally adversely affect the body, the skin condition. In addition, over time, once the weight comes back.

Do not during lactation drink tea with laxative effect, which promote excretion of fluid. Therefore, every new mother should realize that losing weight after childbirth should take place smoothly and gradually. The best option - a loss of 250 to 400 g per week. Thus, the weight will come away with the same speed with which and gain during pregnancy. It should be noted that the stabilization hormonal   It occurs about two years after the birth of the child, so the process of losing weight can be difficult.

Slimming process presupposes respect for two basic principles: the need to eat less food and at the same time to move actively. But a nursing mother is too strong exercise is not suitable as exhausting charging may adversely affect the process of feeding the baby.

The very first load after childbirth, which can be used as a kind of daily exercise is walking with a stroller. In order to feel the effect of these walks, need to move quite rapidly, going every day for several kilometers. Walking on the clean fresh air not only contribute to the training of the muscles, but also have a positive effect on the production of breast milk. Effective weight loss occurs when the heart rate increases to 120 beats per minute, and this can be achieved, if you go fast enough pace. Walking with your baby should last at least two hours every day. So a quick walk with a straight back will ensure burning the same amount of calories as when jogging or training on the simulator.

A kind of "charge" can be performed with the smallest child. For example, if you carry a baby in a kangaroo pouch, you can improve your posture, strengthen your abdominals and back. To make such a charging more diverse, wearing a baby in a backpack should be the front, then from behind. Weight of the child will be gradually increased, and the load on the muscles will also increase.

At a time when the baby is resting after feeding, mom can do a little exercise, aimed at strengthening the muscle tone. There are special videotrenirovki for employment after childbirth. However, you can choose some suitable exercises and independently. First day is enough to make two fifteen-minute training session, later, a month after the birth of a baby, the lessons can be increased twice. If the birth went without complications, then after 5-6 weeks you can gradually begin training on simulators. But weight training is used sooner is better to use an exercise bike, treadmill, elliptical trainer. At this time, it is already possible to carry out complex and activities of yoga. Perfect for a young mother is a regular swimming, which is a positive influence on the general condition, and the process of losing weight.

Any exercise should be carried out with an empty stomach, so after the meal must pass at least two hours. By the way, after exercise, you should not eat, because in the course of the mechanism of resistive loads starts burning fat, which lasts about two hours.

Incidentally, after caesarean section And after a very difficult and complicated deliveries before training woman should undergo a pelvic exam to make sure that the recovery process is going well. However, before a month, even light exercise should not be done.

Catching up on sports, the young mother does not have to wait for the first results within a short period of time. Therefore, to control the process of losing weight after childbirth is best once a month by measuring the volume and Weighing

Food for weight loss after childbirth

Relatively quickly lose weight after giving birth is possible only in the event that from the first days after returning from the hospital food, and women would be the most balanced. A nursing mother should not think that the characteristics of its power affect the way the quantity of milk produced. And approval of the misconceptions is that a large number of tea with cream and fat, satisfying foods contributes to the quality of the milk. In fact, the young nursing mother just need to drink a lot, using the liquid before each feeding a child. The total amount of fluid intake per day should be at least two liters.

And for the stability of lactation, and for growing thin woman should split the daily ration of five to six servings. In one meal should be consumed no more than 200 grams of food. Before going to bed should not be there, it is better to eat the last time for 3-4 hours before bedtime. On the night enough to drink low-fat yogurt or fermented baked milk. But skipping breakfast is not desirable: morning nutrition ensures that the body will process food consumed more intensively.

Food fried in a skillet, and a very fatty foods like contraindicated during breast-feeding, and in the process of active shedding of excess weight. It is best to cook in a double boiler: so it retains the nutrients, and the dish is not absorb the excess fat. The most suitable for the "post-natal diet" dishes are steamed and boiled vegetables. They should be about half of the total daily diet. Young mother, which is difficult to take the time to cook a meal, can use frozen mixed vegetables, vitamins and nutrients that are stored at freezing. However, in the first months breastfeeding   do not need to have those mixed vegetables, legumes which have, as it is fraught with the manifestation of the gassing of the baby. But over time, they can be gradually introduced into the diet.

Fruit - a lovely dessert option for nursing moms losing weight. However, to get involved with bananas and grapes still not worth it, since calorie these fruits is very high.

And the process of lactation and proper weight loss after giving birth does not exclude the daily consumption of dairy products. Some of them, however, is very high in calories. But if in the process of slimming cream is best not to drink, it without cheese, which provides the body with calcium during lactation can not do. It is desirable to choose milk products with low fat content. In this case, suitable cheese varieties Cecilia, Adygei, camembert.

But meat for nursing mothers wanting to bring back to normal shape, you can only eat once a day. Thus it should be lean. Frankfurters and sausages are a source of fat, so it is better to exclude in general, preferring poultry, rabbit beef,

Porridge - the product sufficiently nutritious, but still eat porridge from cereals, it is important for the full feeding a baby: it significantly reduces the risk of developing allergies .

Particular attention should be paid to ensure that the habit of mothers are not logged in constant snacking. If there is still very much want to satisfy hunger better fruit, and sometimes help and a glass of green tea.

Slimming postpartum woman should clearly know the entire list of banned products, which are not conducive to dropping the weight and thus can hurt and nourishes the baby in breast milk. Thus, in the diet of the young mother has no place fried and smoked foods, canned foods, spicy and salty dishes, alcohol, chocolate. Useful seemingly seeds and nuts - products are also treacherous: they are high-calorie, very fatty and thus can trigger allergic reactions in children.

Flour muffin - food that is better to use a little, and very rarely. But treat yourself to a small bun every few days nursing mother may still. It is better to eat in the morning.

Experts advise mother properly adapt to the daily routine of the child, without missing at the same time meal. By the way, many women eats delicious mashed potatoes and other food for the baby, making a serious mistake. After all, without noticing it, a young mother constantly consume extra calories, which ultimately can only add a few kilos.

Total caloric intake of young mothers should not go beyond 2,000 calories a day. Significant limitations - less than 1,300 calories a day - could have a negative impact not only on the process of lactation, but also on metabolism As its speed can slow down.

Track the process of losing weight is important because in the absence of weight loss in a woman, exercise and limiting power, possible endocrine disruption. In such a case, you should immediately visit an endocrinologist.

Breastfeeding and weight loss after childbirth

According to the observations of nutritionists, those women who for a long time to feed your baby breast milk is much easier to part with the accumulated during the period of pregnancy weight. After all, during breastfeeding uterus contracts more active and soon comes to the norm. The main thing - to eat with the no-frills, not sitting on a diet, but not abused, and especially oily nutritious food. Slimming nursing mothers need to replenish iron stores, as during childbirth and postpartum hemorrhage its level is significantly reduced. This trace mineral is actively involved in developing an enzyme that affects the fat burning process. Therefore, the young mother must replenish iron by eating eggs, liver, fish, carrots, bread from wheat flour.

Nimesulide

Description overdue on 04.01.2013

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Non-steroidal, prostivovospalitelnoe means . The drug has antiplatelet, antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The principle impact is directed to the inhibition of the process of synthesizing prostaglandins   in inflammatory foci for the selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Nimesulide issued in the form granules, suspensions, in tabletirovannoj dosage form.

Indications:

Instructions for use recommends that to appoint Nimesulide at an osteoarthrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, when bursitis, tendinitis, arthritises of different genesis. The drug is prescribed for the relief of acute pain in myalgia, algodismenoree , Toothache arthralgia , Headache, in the postoperative period. The drug has no effect on the progression of the disease, it is effectively used to reduce the severity of inflammation, to reduce pain, and as a symptomatic therapy.

Contraindications:

Nimesulide is not indicated in patients with erosive and ulcerative diseases of the digestive tract, bronchial asthma, intolerance to drugs of NSAIDs, and other cerebrovascular bleeding at ulcerative colitis , Inflammatory bowel diseases, Hemophilia Crohn's disease, relapsing forms of polyposis and paranasal sinuses of the nose, with active bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, in blood coagulation disorder. The drug does not apply to progressive renal pathology system in the form of severe renal insufficiency, with hepatotoxic reactions during treatment with nimesulide in history, with active liver disease system in the form of chronic decompensated Heart Failure At gestation pregnancy, hyperkalemia , Children until 12 years old, while the use of other drugs gapatotoksicheskih, since coronary artery bypass grafting .

Side effect:

Use of the drug Nimesulide may cause some side effects. Central nervous system: Reye's syndrome Headache, "nightmarish" dreams, fear, anxiety, dizziness, nervousness. Skin:   increased sweating, itching, rash, dermatitis, erythema, angioedema , Toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme exudative, hives , Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Urinary system: interstitial nephritis , Renal failure, hematuria, dysuria, urinary retention, oliguria . The digestive tract:   cholestasis, gastritis, flatulence, constipation, increased levels of liver enzymes, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea syndrome, jaundice, fulminant hepatitis, epigastric pain, perforation, and ulcerative lesions of the stomach wall. Bodies of blood:   increase in bleeding time, hemorrhage , Purpura, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia. Respiratory system: bronchospasm , Shortness of breath, possible aggravation of pre-existing asthma. Senses:   violation of visual perception in the form of blurred vision. Cardiovascular system:   "Tides" of blood flow to the facial skin, fall in blood pressure, heart palpitations. It is also noted hypothermia, weakness, increased levels of potassium ions.

Mode of application:

Nimesulide is taken twice a day, 50-100 mg, preferably after the meal. In severe renal pathology of the daily dose is 100 mg. The medicament is recommended as possible to apply the minimally short courses in minimal, but effective doses.

Special instructions:

Patients during treatment with Nimesulide is recommended twice a month to exercise control over the state of the hepatic system. At higher levels of liver enzymes, the emergence of itching, rash, epigastric pain, jaundice, dark urine when treatment ceased. Reviews about the drug Nimesulide disclose a violation of visual perception in patients taking the drug for a long time. When you register any changes in the organs of vision therapy is stopped, there is a compulsory full eye examination . Description of the drug indicates a potential fluid retention in the body that requires caution in patients with hypertension. Do not appoint Nimesulide together with other medicines from the group of NSAIDs. The drug can not replace a preventive effect antiplatelet agents Despite the marked reduction in the rate of aggregation of platelets. The drug is not prescribed to women planning pregnancy because of the negative impact on the fertility . Nimesulide can have an impact on the management of transport.

Drug Interactions:

Risk hepatotoxic effects   significantly increased, while the use of hepatotoxic drugs. The medicament raises efficiency anticoagulants. When receiving furosemide there is a decrease of severity of its diuretic effect. Nimesulide displaces salicylic acid , Fenofibrate and furosemide of the links with proteins. The preparation increases the concentration of lithium ions in the blood plasma. The drug is able to increase the toxicity of methotrexate, enhance nephrotoxic effects of cyclosporine. The risk of gastrointestinal bleeding increases with concurrent therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, corticosteroids.

Paracetamol

Description overdue on 23.09.2011

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The preparation paracetamol   It has antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory (moderately) properties. After receiving his depression occurs excitability thermoregulation center. In addition, the tool depressing synthesis prostaglandins Which are mediators of inflammation with a strong organic effect. Drug absorption takes place in the upper intestine. The process is quick, and wherein the active substance in the body throughout all tissues. Its metabolization in the liver, thus formed glyukorangid   and Sulfate of paracetamol That are excreted through the kidneys. After the use of the highest drug concentration in the body takes place after 30-40 minutes. Within half an hour the drug begins to act zharoponizhayusche.

Indications and methods of use of the drug:

The drug is used to assign patients with pain syndromes of diverse backgrounds who have light or medium intensity. Treatment takes place symptomatically. Indications for paracetamol are toothache and headache, myalgia   and neuralgia . algomenorrhea , Pain in the back, arthralgia . Also, paracetamol is effective in conditions involving hyperthermic reaction in patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Adults can use a single dose of paracetamol 0, 35-0, 5 g three to four times daily, the highest single dose in this case is 1, z is 5, the maximum daily dose - 3-4 g of the drug. Paracetamol should be taken after a meal, drink plenty of pills needed. Children aged 9 to 12 a day can take no more than 2 grams of the drug. Children aged 3 to 6 years, a day can take no more than 1-2 grams of the drug.

Rectal suppositories   Paracetamol for children from one month to three years is prescribed at a dose of 15 mg per 1 kg of body weight of the child. At night you can take no more than 60 mg per 1 kg of body weight of the child. Taking the drug divided by 3-4 times. Adults and adolescents, weight exceeding 60 kg, One can take 0, 35-0, 5 g paracetamol, while in reception is allowed one day, 5 g, divided dose 3-4 times. Children from 6 to 12 years are allowed per day dose of 2 g, divided into 4 doses. Children from 3 to 6 years old, the dose per day is allowed 1-2 grams of paracetamol, divided into 3-4 receptions. Children paracetamol syrup for children from 3 to 12 months, take 2, 5-5 ml. Children from 1 year to 5 years are designated 5-10 ml syrup. Children from 5 to 12 years - 10-20 ml of paracetamol syrup. Adult patients and children whose weight exceeds 60 kg, appoint 20-40 ml syrup. Receive data divided doses 3-4 times per day.

Contraindications and possible side effects:

Do not use the drug to patients having a high sensitivity to the paracetamol. Also this drug is contraindicated in patients with hepatic and renal failure. Rectal suppositories of paracetamol should not be used in patients with inflammation of the rectal mucosa .

Very carefully appointed paracetamol during pregnancy and during breastfeeding. As a side effect may be a manifestation of a number of reactions. The work of the blood may be a manifestation anemia . agranulocytosis . leukopenia , Thrombocytopenia. The work allocation system may experience renal colic, glomerulonephritis . aseptic pyuria . In the nervous system can occur sleepiness or irritability. In the cardiovascular system may decrease the contractility of the heart muscle. In the gastrointestinal tract may occur epigastric pain and nausea. If you use the drug sufficiently long period and in high doses, it can manifest hepatotoxicity. It is also possible expression of a variety of allergic reactions. With an overdose of the drug can have toxic effects on the liver. For this condition characterized by drowsiness, pale skin, dizziness, vomiting and nausea. If you have these symptoms need urgent professional help.

Specific recommendations:

Paracetamol can greatly increase the impact on the body caffeine . salicylic acid . codeine And antispasmodic action. Paracetamol should be stored in a place protected from the reach of children. The temperature should not exceed 25 degrees Celsius.

Adiposity

February 24, 2012

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Obesity   - A chronic disease of the metabolism, which is characterized by a progressive development of excess fat tissue, which leads to complications and recurrence after treatment.

The disease is highly prevalent. Thus, for example, only 50% among Europeans have symptoms of obesity - overweight And 30% for a long time suffering from obesity. Every decade patients become 10% more. The spread of the disease contribute to several factors. Demographic factors : Increased life expectancy, race, ethnicity, female. Socio-cultural factors : Lower educational level, low income, marital status. Biological factors Influencing the occurrence of obesity, it is believed the number of births. But the main factors which have influenced this past behavioral   - Poor diet, alcohol and smoking, reduced physical activity.

The weight of the body is constantly monitored nejrogumoralnoj. The expression food motivation, that is the feeling of hunger and satiety answers hypothalamus In his supraoptic nuclei are the main centers of these feelings and the center of the regulation of metabolism in the body. This center meets basic cancer - thyroid . pancreas   and adrenals . This center is subordinated and autonomic system .

To date, there is no uniform system of classification of obesity. Conventionally distinguish four degrees of obesity. The most common the primary form of the disease It is 75% of cases. The cause of obesity is a primary violation of the ratio of energy produced and burned. Violation energy balance leads to increased synthesis triglycerides   adipose tissue, which contributes to its accumulation. In a large percentage of cases, the primary cause of obesity is a genetic predisposition.

No less common symptomatic obesity , It is treated as complex as a form of the disease cerebral obesity   and various syndromes. Cerebral form of obesity is associated with disorders of the central nervous system. The disease occurs on the basis of brain damage due to trauma, infectious diseases. Syndrome Gelineau   characterized by obesity and coma. Also, obesity is a characteristic symptom of syndromes: Prader-Willi . syndrome Tsondeka . disease Babinski-Fröhlich . Endocrine obesity occurs as a symptom of disease of the endocrine system. There is this degree of disease in hypothyroidism . diabetes . secreting insuliome   and other violations.

There are also local obesity , Refers to it   lipophilic alimentary dystrophy . liposis   and syndrome dercum . When the lipophilic dystrophy obesity manifested by edema of the subcutaneous adipose tissue, elephantiasis of the limbs. Lipomatosis is benign fatty tissue. It occurs more often in men, characterized by the appearance of painless lipomas on the limbs. Painful lipomas are a sign of the syndrome dercum. With such local obesity lipomas are located symmetrically on the trunk and extremities, characterized by generalized itching.

Symptoms of obesity

With obesity patients often complain of general malaise, shortness of breath , headache. There hyperdipsia , Increased appetite, drowsiness . Sudden bouts of hunger accompanied by weakness and dizziness . Symptoms of obesity are mainly related comorbidities. In case of violation of the digestive system are observed abdominal pain, nausea, heartburn , Intestinal disorders. Disorders of the cardiovascular system characterized by edema of the lower limbs, pain in infarction , Shortness of breath.

Obesity in women aged 30-60 occur twice as often than men. In the history of life are marked occupational factors, particularly food borne diseases and stress. In a study of obese patients there is an even distribution of fat tissue exchange-alimentary form   and fat deposition at the chest, abdomen, face, with hypothalamic-pituitary form of obesity . Gipoovarialnaya form of the disease is characterized by fatty deposits in the pelvis and thighs, often in the neck fat pad is formed - withers .

With obesity normal skin. But in the case of the disease in puberty in the chest, abdomen, hips and shoulders are formed reddish neatrofichnye striae . Symptoms of obesity hypothalamic form   as striae tsianichnye but also on the skin is observed pigmentation . Black acanthosis . Patients usually increased function of the sebaceous and sweat glands, the skin is often exposed to moist acne . pyoderma   and other skin diseases.

Diagnosis of obesity

In the diagnosis of obesity is an important point value normal body weight Which is determined by the table with the growth, body type, gender and age. These tables are average normal rate. The excess of these indicators is the degree of obesity. To determine the severity of the disease is not enough to determine excess weight It is important to know the excess fat mass. This figure may differ from people with the same weight and height indicators. For this purpose a system methods for determining the body composition, in this case, the percentage of fat mass.

In addition to the concept of a normal body weight, there is a Ideal Body Weight As a rule, the last 10% less. The ideal body weight is calculated according to Brock formula The excess of the ideal figure of 15-20% is considered the first degree of obesity, 30-49% - the second degree, 50-99% excess is the third, and more than 100% the fourth degree obesity. These indicators there are a number of amendments, depending on age and gender.

Diagnosis of obesity also includes such a thing as BMI   - Value body mass index . For the calculation used Quetelet formula Where the weight divided by height, in the normal weight BMI shall be 18, 5-24, 9 kg / m2. Following this lack of body mass index, the index of 30 to 40 kg / m2 or higher is considered obese.

For successful treatment it is important not only to the degree of obesity, but where are the fat deposits. Complications of obesity is not primarily dependent on the amount of fat, and from where it is located. For quality diagnostics are used a series of measurements. Measure the circumference of the hips and waist makes it possible to determine the location of body fat and to calculate the risk of complications.

Complications of obesity

Obesity increases the risk of various diseases. Observed metabolic disorders and related diseases, such as diabetes   second type giperinsulemiya , Fat degeneration of the liver . hyperuricemia . cholelithiasis . Develop and diseases of the cardiovascular system hypertension . ventricular hypertrophy . coronary artery disease . heart failure . Excess weight leads to obesity pathologies of the musculoskeletal system . Most all the complications of obesity appear arthrosis   and degenerative diseases of the joints.

Obesity provokes tumors, this is due to the failure release of hormones in the body. For the same reason, and sexual dysfunction are observed - amenorrhea . decreased libido . Fertility .

The increase in BMI above 30 kg / m2 is a risk of developing heart disease bystrotekushih fatal. Severe obesity leads to the development pikvinskogo syndrome   - apnea   in a dream, pulmonary hypertension .

Treatment of obesity

The main principle of treatment of obesity - weight loss and the prevention of re-increase it. For this purpose appointed diet therapy   and physical exercise . Used hypocaloric diet in which umenshaetsya daily amount of fats and carbohydrates, and protein foods with increased fiber content. Excluded fried, spicy, alcohol. It is important to adhere to proper diet, low-calorie diets provide short-term temporary unstable effect, and correct mode makes it possible to support the weight of the same level. Fasting should be performed only in a hospital, under the supervision of the attending physician.

Along with diet and exercise is used drug treatment of obesity . Begin treatment at a BMI over 30 kg / m2 or ineffective diets over 12 weeks. There are two directions in the treatment of obesity drugs. The first group of drugs intended to block the centers of hunger and control centers nasysheniya. Second grupa is assigned to block absorption of fat from food, increased lipolysis.

As part of medical therapy are appointed amphetamines   - Fepranon . dezopimon . rehydron . These drugs act on the central nervous system and inhibit hunger. Appointment mazindol   anoreticheskoe exerts an action affecting brain serotoenergicheskuyu system, wherein the need for food is reduced.

To burn excess fat in the body appointed adipozin . However, this drug has a number of side effects. Therefore, it is advisable to prescribe it in combination with diuretics and antidepressants.

Treatment of obesity also requires Psychotherapy Because it requires a fundamental change in lifestyle, getting rid of stereotypes and habits in diet. This often applies hypnosis, this technique helps not only to change habits, but umenshaetsya hunger.

When obese than 40 kg / m2 medication and diet therapy could be ineffective. In such a case applicable surgical treatment of obesity . The recommended method beauticians Liposuction   It provides short-term effect and has nothing to do with the surgical treatment of obesity.

Prevention of obesity

For the prevention of obesity should follow the mode of the day. Physical activity should be maintained constantly. Properly organized diet is not only the prevention of obesity, but also a warning diseases of the digestive system   and cardiovascular disorders.

Swollen glands

April 1, 2014

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Swollen glands   - A symptom, which is often seen in both adults and children and may be associated with the development of a number of Viral . bacterial . fungal infections As well as a consequence of allergic reactions . In children, this symptom occurs in about two times more likely than adults.

How does the inflamed tonsils?

Tonsils   ( tonsils ) - Is one of the organs of the human immune system. They consist of lymphoid tissue   and are located between the palatine arches. In the body, they function as a kind of filter, protecting it from the penetration of pathogens. Thus, the amygdala can neutralize infection which enters the body with air, food, water. But in some cases, if the body is weakened, while the throat gets a large number of micro-organisms, the glands can not function effectively and inflamed.

As a rule, the inflammatory process in the tonsils begins acutely. The patient has severe pain in the tonsils in swallowing, feeling of general weakness, chills, aches can occur in the joints. Man worried headache can very quickly rise in body temperature. The lymph nodes Which are located under the jaw, often increase, while their palpation, tenderness. There may be, and inflammation of the front wall of the pharynx, sometimes marked hoarseness . On the surface of the tonsils appears white bloom. Purulent inflammation of the tonsils indicate the development of purulent tonsillitis . In that case, a specialist should be contacted immediately.

Sometimes there is severe pain in the left or the right tonsils. Inflammation of the tonsils are almost never without pain. With infectious diseases for some time it has pain after the removal of tonsils.

If your child has increased sharply glands and body temperature, parents should not leave these symptoms are ignored. However, the use of the available home remedy for sore throats without consultation with a physician is not necessary, since the state can only get worse. In the absence of proper treatment of inflammation of the tonsils can cause serious complications - myocarditis . rheumatic heart disease . pyelonephritis   and etc.

When follicular sore throat sore throat is often so pronounced that gives your ears. In the acute phase in children is possible diarrhea and vomiting.

At tonsillitis   symptoms of the disease are expressed individually. Sometimes they are sharp and clearly defined, sometimes - relatively blurred. But if one understands how to look much swollen glands (this is sufficient to consider photos with images of enlarged tonsils), it expressed the inflammation can be seen with the naked eye. Even if the sore throat is not too strong, how to cure the disease than to gargle to relieve symptoms, be sure to consult with your doctor. In parallel with the main purpose of treatment specialist will tell you how to treat glands of folk remedies, and whether to do it.

Why appear swollen glands?

Swollen glands   - A sign of diseases related to infectious and allergic diseases. The main causes of these diseases - infecting organism viruses   or bacteria . Infectious agents can be staphylococci . streptococci . viruses . fungi . As a result of the action of microorganisms and their metabolic products are increased and inflamed tonsils.

Inflammatory processes in the tonsils often develop in people immunity is significantly reduced. Factors contributing to the development of inflammation, is the general hypothermia, contact with carriers of infection. Usually, the infection enters the body as a result of coughing and sneezing of others who are already infected. You can also become infected by sharing utensils, hygiene items. The source of infection could be an internal infection that a person is not cured in a timely manner. Inflammation of the tonsils often seen in people suffering caries . inflammation of the gums . chronic sinusitis . Glands over time can overcome this infection, but, sooner or later, they began to develop the inflammatory process.

Thus, inflamed tonsils may be associated with bacterial . lacunar . monocytic . karatalnoy   and follicular sore throat . tonsillitis . acute pharyngitis . Tonsils inflamed and sore throat, having fungal origin. In this case, they appear distinct white patches.

How to treat swollen glands?

About how to treat swollen glands on one side   or Bilateral inflammation , Tell the doctor after survey and the establishment of an accurate diagnosis. Tighten with a visit to the doctor should not be, since even swollen glands photos of people engaged in self-treatment, often indicative of the severity of the disease.

Treatment depends on what symptoms of inflammation of glands present in the patient which causes led to the development of the inflammatory process. Depending on the final diagnosis doctor prescribes a comprehensive treatment and explains in detail what to do with the disease, the symptoms of which are associated with inflammation of the tonsils. Sometimes you want to spend laboratory tests Take scraping for determining the presence of a fungal infection.

The main treatment for children and adults, tonsillitis and sore throats is to conduct an effective antibiotic therapy. What to do with any disease of the throat, and the cure if sore tonsils, decides physician. After all antibiotics   They have side effects and weaken the body's defenses. Antibiotics are prescribed depending on the characteristics of the bacterial microflora. Commonly prescribed antibacterials broad spectrum. To determine the sensitivity to antibiotics is recommended to sow the pathogen.

Comprehensive treatment also includes symptomatic anti-inflammatory therapy individually tailored drugs. The tonsils treat an adult, depending on the severity of the disease. So, if you have to treat glands at home while the patient there is a very high body temperature, the physician is required to appoint antipyretic drugs . Children at an elevated temperature on the basis of prescribers acetaminophen   and ibuprofen . But if the thermometer shows no more than 38 degrees, it is best to refrain from taking antipyretics. This rule applies to both children and adults.

If there were ulcers, tonsils swollen and inflamed due to exposure to viral infections during treatment necessarily used antiviral therapy.

Apply sprays and lozenges. However, these drugs need to use correctly: after their application should refrain from eating, drinking, at least for half an hour. The doctor will explain about how to treat enlarged glands of folk remedies so as to have the maximum positive impact. For example, in certain cases shown holding inhalations But in some diseases of the throat, they are contraindicated. As an additional means can be used for rinsing the throat. When traffic and conducted a raid on the tonsils rinse the salt-soda solution   (one glass of water is added to a teaspoon of baking soda, salt and a tablespoon of a few drops Iodine ). Gargle need 7-10 times a day.

Fungal angina treated with antifungal agents. You must also take drugs that normalize the intestinal microflora.

If inflammation of the tonsils associated with allergic reactions, treatment should include antihistamines, calcium gluconate .

Treatment glands in the home is carried out if the patient feels relatively normal, no large throat purulent cork   and white lumps . Home treatment of tonsils in children and adults requires compliance with bed rest, at least in the period when the patient sore tonsils and high fever body. It is important to stick to proper drinking regime : During the day to consume plenty of fluids. Treatment of inflammation of the glands will be more effective if at the time when the tonsils are enlarged, the patient will only eat warm food in small quantities. It is advisable to refrain from and acute . salt . acidic foods . Anything that uses the patient must be easy to digest.

Glands Treatment involves the use of folk remedies for rinsing throat infusions and decoctions of herbs ( camomile . sage . eucalyptus, yarrow . calendula   and others.) But if a person is interested in, than to treat swollen glands, should not be practiced solely folk remedies, as without antibiotic treatment to get rid of a sore throat is difficult.

It should be remembered that protect the body from frequent inflammation of the tonsils can help strengthen the immune system, including tempering , The use of vitamin-containing products, etc..

If treatment is not carried out in due time, the disease can become chronic. In some cases it is necessary to resort to surgery   and to remove the tonsils. Features of the operation and the cost of removing the tonsils in children and adults interested in those enlarged tonsils deliver significant discomfort. Surgery is advisable to carry out if there are difficulty in breathing and speech If over a long period despite treatment, sore tonsils and painful swallowing. After removal of the tonsils or adenoids often a person gets rid of chronic tonsillitis and sore throats. If the parents questioned the appropriateness of such an intervention, and fear that the consequences of the removal of tonsils in children are unexpected, you should ask in detail about everything the doctor and read the reviews after the removal of tonsils those who have already had surgery. Specialist after thorough examination report on the feasibility of such an operation. For more information of interest to all the details are described in many medical resources. If you wish to have the opportunity to see the removal of the glands on the video to see how sick the patients remove tonsils, as well as where the laser removal of tonsils in Minsk, Voronezh and other regions.

It is a mistake to believe that the tonsils cut hurts. The operation can be performed under local anesthesia or under general anesthesia. From the point of view of medicine such intervention is not complicated. Therefore, surgery to remove the tonsils in Moscow carried out in almost any clinic. The price of disposal depends on the choice of medical institutions, anesthesia   and other factors, of which more will tell the doctor. After the procedure, the patient remains in the hospital for 1-2 days, followed by a recovery period he spent at home. A few days in the throat may feel pain. At this time, it is desirable to have frayed food.

However, it should be remembered that in the absence of glands in humans disappearing natural protective barrier. Consequently, the chances of contracting an infection increases. Therefore, to remove the tonsils should be only in the presence of clear indications for such an operation.

Colpitis (nonspecific vaginitis)

August 31, 2012

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Obesity   ( vaginitis ) Include the whole group of diseases in which inflammation occurs in the vaginal mucosa.

Vaginitis occur in modern women very often. According to medical statistics, about 70% of all women who are sexually active, at one time or continue to be ill sick bacterial colpitis , The number of patients is increasing. Such a wide spread of the disease can be explained, first of all, frequent manifestation of a variety of sexually transmitted infections, as well as ignoring the basic rules of personal hygiene, environmental problems and massive deterioration immunity .

Sometimes, the consequence of vaginitis, wherein the inflammation extends to the vaginal mucosa is vulvovaginitis . For this disease is characterized by the involvement in the inflammatory process of the external female genitals.

Types of vaginitis

There are several different classifications of obesity, used by professionals in the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of patients. According to the duration and nature of the inflammatory process is divided into types colpitis acute . subacute   and chronic   form. Given the type of pathogen disease, defined by nonspecific   and specific vaginitis .

The classification process also take into account the age of patients: in this case the distinction of vaginitis girls, women in reproductive and menopausal. In addition, it takes into account the nature of the discharge (it could be a serous vaginitis, purulent vaginitis), the factors that preceded the development of the disease (post-natal, post-abortion disease).

The causative agents of vaginitis

Specific and nonspecific colpites develop due to exposure to different types of bacteria. Specific colpites provoke those bacteria which should not be detected in the vaginal mucosa of a healthy woman. In this case, we are talking about gonokokkov , Which develops as a result of exposure gonorrheal vaginitis ; Trichomonas colpitis   provokes Trichomonas ; Chlamydia   cause Chlamydial vaginitis ; under influence Treponema pallidum   developing syphilitic vaginitis ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis   causes tuberculosis vaginitis ; mycoplasma   and ureaplasma   provokes mycoplasmal   or ureaplazmennogo vaginitis .

Sometimes a woman's vagina noted the mixed nature of the pathogenic flora, that is, there are also viruses, fungi or other bacteria. But if they are combined with agents described above, we are still talking about a specific vaginitis.

The development of non-specific vaginitis is the result of exposure to so-called opportunistic pathogens. In the normal state of women's health such microorganisms are part of the normal vaginal flora. However, under the influence of certain conditions such bacteria are pathogenic.

Depending on the nature of the causative agent of non-specific vaginitis is divided into bacterial vaginitis (they provoke streptococcus, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, gardnerella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); fungal vaginitis . Viral vaginitis   (they provoke herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus ); mixed vaginitis .

Note that if a woman has manifested nonspecific vaginitis, the symptoms are similar to its specific vaginitis. However, the tactics of treatment while different, since the specific form of the disease is very important to examine and treat all her sexual partners.

Besides these forms of the disease are also allocated separately atrophic vaginitis It is a kind of complex of symptoms in older women and in those patients who underwent some surgery that caused premature Menopause .

Features of chronic vaginitis

If timely treatment of vaginitis has not been provided or used ineffective therapy, the inflammation of the vagina gradually becomes chronic. If we estimate the overall structure of the incidence of vaginitis, approximately 40% was observed in women Chronic colpitis . Doctors explain this situation, first of all, the fact that the clinical picture of vaginitis is not always entirely clear. Accordingly, the patient can see a doctor and do not apply for a long time. After the development of some forms of vaginitis symptoms in the patient no notes and reveal the presence of the disease is possible only during a pelvic exam, and screening for genital infections. To some extent, some important ethical component: not every woman can speak openly about such intimate issues.

The course of chronic vaginitis protracted: it could continue for several years, thus bringing the patient concern only in some cases, such as severe hypothermia later, during menstruation or pregnancy .

But this woman must necessarily disturb the fact that chronic vaginitis significantly increases a risk that ascending infection, which in turn becomes a cause of inflammatory diseases of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus. When such serious ailments in women after some time may develop infertility .

Symptoms of vaginitis

Symptoms of vaginitis can significantly degrade the overall quality of life of women. First of all, the patient worries expressed aesthetic inconvenience due abundant selection cables . This, in turn, has a direct impact on her private life: sexual activity of women, the sick vaginitis, sharply reduced accordingly, worsening the level of satisfaction with sex life.

Vaginal discharge   while nonspecific coleitis have a pathological character: they may be relatively unusual to have a non-specific color. The smell of excreta also varies, it is weak, but quite unpleasant. In some cases vaginal become thicker, having a creamy consistency. However, the selection can also be too liquid.

Another characteristic symptom of vaginitis - the constant itching, unpleasant feeling of pressure, a sense of constant irritation in the genital area of ​​women. If the disease only develops, similar symptoms may occur only intermittently. Gradually, however, these symptoms become permanent.

When intercourse women also experience pain that can be pronounced or relatively slightly. Yet these feelings significantly affect the satisfaction of intimacy, so some women, vaginitis patients generally prefer to avoid sex. Sometimes, after sexual intercourse may appear minor bleeding.

The process of urination in patients vaginitis women are also difficult: it can feel pain and discomfort. It is very often the patient, considering that she had developed inflammation in the bladder, it begins to treat this disease. Accordingly, the appeal to a specialist gynecologist again delayed for a long time.

In addition to general non-specific symptoms of vaginitis, there are also some symptoms that occur in some forms of bacterial vaginosis.

Gonorrheal vaginitis   manifested secretions that are yellow-white, thick consistency and Just noticeable odor. To Trichomonas vaginitis characterized by the appearance of yellow-green discharge that may be frothy. At the same time the abdomen sometimes appears significant discomfort and pain. With coccoid bacterial vaginitis   allocation will be particularly abundant, white or yellowish, odor expressed slightly. If there is a Fungal infection of the vagina , Allocation will be cheesy, like white flakes.

Strong odor characteristic of discharge gardnerelleznoy vaginitis While isolation will be transparent.

Acute non-specific vaginitis, moreover, expressed in some common symptoms. The patient may feel certain slackness   and weakness, can greatly increase the body temperature. External genitals blush, there may be edema, pussy plaque. In the acute phase of the disease is almost a woman can be sexually active because of the acute discomfort and pain.

In the chronic phase of the disease symptoms are always expressed lubricated, increasing only at an exacerbation.

Diagnosis of vaginitis

To determine the presence of the patient can be vaginitis during the inspection of the cervix and vagina using a speculum. Gynecologist defines the characteristics of the appearance of the vagina, the presence of plaque erosion. Get a more accurate picture allows a colposcopy, in which the character is determined by changes in the mucous membrane of the cervix and vagina. In addition, a microscopic examination of the vaginal smear, cervix. To accurately identify bacteria that are pathogens practiced by direct microscopic examination of smears and, if necessary, performed sowing. Sometimes nonspecific coleitis diagnosed "colpitis unknown etiology." Very often vaginitis also occur concomitant gynecological diseases, so their definition of patient is often prescribed holding ultrasound.

Treatment of vaginitis

Starting vaginitis treatment, the physician selects therapy technique so as to achieve the result of several different purposes. First of all, it is important to eliminate those factors that are conducive to the development of vaginitis. We are talking about overweight , The wrong approach to the organization of power available hormonal imbalance . chronic foci of infection .

Then apply methods to proper treatment of vaginitis. To choose the right tactics treatment, you should always be aware of what kind of vaginitis - specific or non-specific - has occurred in patients. Furthermore, it is important to determine whether treatment with antibiotics.

The hardest thing to give in a non-specific treatment of bacterial vaginosis, having a chronic form. The illness usually escalates after the woman suffered a viral infection or she aggravated a chronic infection. Thus, can cause aggravation pyelonephritis . chronic sinusitis . caries   and other diseases. In this case, it is very important to use the right approach to the treatment of concomitant disease.

Parallel appointed general and local treatment of vaginitis. As the procedures to topical therapy is conducted with the use of vaginal washing preparations, antiseptics ( dioxidine . nitrofurazone . miramistin ). Also introduced into the vagina sticks containing antibiotics , Candles hexicon . The mandatory patient prescribers that contain bacteria cultures that form the normal flora of the vagina. Also in the treatment of vaginitis is required to be appointed immunomodulators   (in particular, a candle comprising interferon ), Antihistamine drugs with action. The course of basic therapy lasts from ten to fifteen days and produced outside the hospital.

The following are common event, due to which a woman must clearly understand all the rules of personal hygiene, as well as to take measures to strengthen the body's immune system. If a woman has a specific place colpitis, then the need for a systemic antibiotic therapy, as well as mandatory testing of all sexual partners of the patient.

It is important not to take action for the treatment of vaginitis alone: ​​all drugs should appoint a doctor after a diagnosis of the disease.

In addition to traditional methods of treatment, gynecologists often practice the use of certain folk remedies. However, it is important to realize that such methods are effective only in combination with traditional therapy methods.

Traditional methods are to conduct washes douching and using the concoctions of wild cherry, chamomile, calendula. You can take the hip baths with a decoction of celandine, thyme. In the treatment also used tampons soaked in plenty of ginger broth or oak leaves. These swabs are put into the vagina at night. But all these methods can be used only if it is aware physician.

Colpitis and pregnancy

If a woman is diagnosed colpitis during pregnancy, the doctor will necessarily take into account this fact in its custody. Inflammation of the vaginal mucosa in pregnant women occurs quite often. It is very important to apply the correct approach to the therapy as inflammation may not only trigger intrauterine infection, but also eventually cause miscarriage.

There are several factors contributing to the development colpitis during pregnancy. Above all, more important is the fact that the fruit-bearing load on the immune system of women significantly increases. Able Immunodeficiency   a pregnant woman nonspecific bacterial vaginosis is particularly frequent. Moreover, very often in a woman's body there are some genital infections in the latent stage ( ureaplasmosis . Chlamydia ), That it is difficult to recognize. On their background and appears colpitis.

Treatment of vaginitis during pregnancy is quite a challenge for the expert. In view of the negative impact on the child's use of a number of drugs needed for the treatment of vaginitis, it becomes impossible. There are contraindications for certain local treatments.

If a pregnant woman develops nonspecific vaginitis, treatment of the disease is to use creams or suppositories with a high content of bacteria typical of the normal vaginal flora. It is also possible the use of baths with a decoction of calendula and chamomile. Sometimes it is advisable to apply the tactic of waiting. But a mandatory condition of the woman must be constantly supervised by a physician.

Preventing vaginitis

As preventive measures, aimed at the prevention of vaginitis, using both specific and non-specific methods. From a young age girl should pay special attention to compliance with all the rules of personal hygiene. Podmyvanii must necessarily be carried out with the use of soft hygiene products.

Girls should be taught from childhood to wash correctly: in this movement should be from front to back, so that it does not skid infection in the genitals. Considerable effort is necessary hygiene measures during menstruation. If a woman is suspected infection of the vagina, you should immediately renounce the use of menstrual tampons in the days.

No doubt, the necessary measure to prevent a lack of casual sex and using a condom.

To prevent the weakening of immunity, it should be time to treat chronic diseases of internal organs, inflammation of the genital organs.

If a woman is experiencing a chronic long-term stress Or takes a long course of treatment with antibiotics, she should be sure to take some time for the preparations of lactic acid bacteria to prevent changes in the microflora of the vagina toward pathology.

An important measure of prevention is hardening, and the prevention of vitamin deficiency in the body.