November 15, 2011
- Menopause in women
- JUnidoks Soljutab, reviews of acne
- Emergency (post-coital) contraception
- Obesity in women increases the risk of breast cancer
Contraception - This is achieved in various ways to prevent unwanted pregnancy .
There are several types of contraception, and the oldest are barrier methods of contraception . At the beginning of XX century. they were the only means to prevent unwanted pregnancy, but in the modern world, their popularity has decreased significantly, due to the advent of more effective contraceptives. However, barrier methods of contraception continue to evolve and improve, as they have much less unwanted complications and contraindications, as well as the growing number of diseases, sexually transmitted diseases.
Diseases that are transmitted sexually huge amount, and their prevalence is unfortunately growing. Such diseases are: candidiasis . bacterial vaginosis . gonorrhea . trichomoniasis . genital herpes . vulvovaginitis . mucopurulent cervicitis . AIDS . cystitis and NGU , and crablouse . genital warts . hepatitis B Various inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, and intestinal infections, and others. In order to prevent contamination of these diseases of the sexual sphere, it is necessary to maintain sexual relations with only one partner's health, or reduce the number of partners to get tested for STDs you and your partner, to exclude sex with those who have a large number of sexual partners, and and lead a healthy lifestyle.
There are several types of barrier contraceptives: Men and Women Who are medication and drug-free barrier . In any case, blocking the penetration of barrier contraceptives semen in the cervical mucus. General advantages of barrier methods of contraception are a small number of side effects, prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, they act only locally and do not cause systemic changes in the body, and have virtually no contraindications. The disadvantages of barrier methods of contraception are the appearance allergic reactions the materials of construction for the data contraceptives ( rubber . latex . polyurethane ), And then can not use them, are less effective than other methods of contraception, for their use need to do some manipulation of the genitals, and keep track of their location at the time of sexual intercourse. Such methods of contraception used in cases where it is impossible to use other means of contraception - IUDs and oral contraceptives During lactation, while taking drugs can not be combined with oral contraceptives.
The most popular is a barrier contraceptive condom . Condom - is the world's only contraceptive that is used by men. They are made of elastic rubber having a thickness of about 1 mm. Usually condoms are 10 cm in length and may be increased depending on the size of penis. Condoms protect against genital disease caused by viruses and bacteria. Furthermore, the use of condoms protects against infection all genital tract, as well as from ectopic pregnancy . Twisted condom put on the penis is erect. The prevalence of this method of barrier contraception is about 30%. The advantages of using a condom: ease of use, protection of diseases, sexually transmitted diseases. Condoms also protect against infection with AIDS. The disadvantages of condoms are: reducing pleasurable sensations during intercourse, the possibility of using this method of contraception is only at a certain stage of sexual intercourse, and the emergence of allergies to the material from which it is made.
In the use of condoms has its contraindications: condom use of natural materials, passable for viruses, if you can catch sexually transmitted diseases, and the inability to maintain an erection while using condom .
Vaginal diaphragm It is a barrier method of contraception, and a dome-shaped cap that is inserted into the vagina before intercourse so that the dome closed cervix. Typically, the aperture range in size from 50 to 150 mm, and are selected individually to each woman, depending on whether she gave birth, her complexion, etc. From the first time the right to set the aperture is difficult, this can help the doctor. There are many advantages of the diaphragm, it protects against sexually transmitted infections, which can be picked up from a sick person from an ectopic pregnancy, as well as ease of use and the fact that it can be used several times. Side effects of the cap is the possibility of infection of urogenital coups because of the pressure on the diaphragm urethra As well as inflammation of the vaginal wall at the contact points with the diaphragm.
Vaginal diaphragm has and contraindications, is allergic to rubber, and various diseases of the genital organs - colpitis . cervical erosion , The omission of the wall of the uterus and vagina, endocervicitis As well as malformations of sexual organs.
Another method of barrier contraception are cervical caps (cervical caps) which are made of rubber latex. There are 3 types of caps: cap Prentifa . cap Vimulya and Dumas Which differ in shape and size. Choose the appropriate option will help the doctor. It should be noted that the cap is properly installed covers the upper part of the vagina and cervix.
Another method is the use of contraception chemical methods of contraception , namely, spermicides . Spermicides inactivate sperm and prevent its penetration into the uterus, as well as neutralize almost all viruses and bacteria. Preparations available as foam aerosols . tablets . jelly . fraught and foaming candles . creams , Applied topically, and protect against some diseases of the sexual sphere, and infections caused by viruses, and from an ectopic pregnancy. Modern spermicidal and consists of a carrier substance, kill sperm, both of which are important for effectiveness. Function support - the implementation of the dispersion of a chemical into the vagina, through the cervix enveloping. A spermoubivayuschim active ingredient is a potent surfactants That degrade the membrane of sperm ( menfegol . oktooktinol . benzalkonium chloride ). Spermicides used both independently and together with barrier contraceptives. In the first case they are inserted into the vagina for 7-15 minutes before sexual intercourse.
The benefits of spermicides are: ease of use, protection against certain infections that can be transmitted sexually. Disadvantages of this type of contraception: the need for manipulation of the genitals, limited period of action, and the frequent use may disrupt the natural vaginal flora, and can develop a local goiter. Also, they can not be used during pregnancy, as well as inflammation of the external genitalia .
Incidentally, to increase the contraceptive effect can be used simultaneously with the application of spermicidal condom, the effectiveness of this method to 98% protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.
Contraceptive Sponge common in some countries - the US, Britain and the Netherlands. The polyurethane sponge with a nylon loop set on the cervix, in the sponge contains a spermicide. The sponge should be administered one day prior to intercourse and leave in the vagina. The contraceptive sponge prevents gonorrhea and Chlamydia .
Today received a special distribution intrauterine contraception , Which was launched at the beginning of the XX century. Initially, this type of contraception was a few silk, twisted into a ring and introduced into the uterus. A little later, instead of silk began to use silver or copper thread, but the design was solid and caused pain and difficulty in insertion and extraction. Flexible plastic spirals were made only in 1960. Today, there are more than 50 types of IUDs, and they differ on rigidity, size, shape, and generations. For the first generation of IUDs are inert Navy, for example, a plastic BMC with the letter S ( Lippes loop ). Today inert Navy banned in most civilized countries, because of their low efficiency compared to the Navy next generations. The second generation of this type of contraceptive are copper IUDs The main advantage of which is quite high contraceptive efficacy, and ease of use. Initially, the Navy made of copper, and validity have been 2-3 years. In order to increase their life to copper wire rod began to include silver, the most popular of this generation are the Navy Koper T Cu 380 A, 150 Multiload Ku and Funkoyd. By the third generation, are gormonosoderzhaschie Navy . They were created as a combined tool, combining the benefits of IUDs and oral contraceptives. This type of intrauterine kontatseptsii includes LNG-IUD Progestasert and 20, which is filled spiral foot progesterone or levonorgestrel. Using these IUDs reduces the incidence of inflammatory diseases, but at the same time may cause discharge between menses .
In the Navy there are contraindications, they are absolutely contraindicated in those who suffer from acute and subacute inflammatory diseases of genitals, various malignant processes in the genital organs, as well as pregnancy, including alleged. Have Navy and relative contraindications, this anomaly of genitals, hysteromyoma , Anemia, and certain other blood disease .
Navy doctor usually administered for 4-6 days of the menstrual cycle (this time a woman may already be sure not pregnant) in the cervical canal, which facilitates manipulation. IUDs can also be administered within a few weeks after the birth or at a remote postpartum period. IUD is removed in a hospital setting by forceps or uterine hook, depending on the form of a spiral.
A few days after the establishment of the spiral be inspected, after which the doctor gives permission for the sexual life without that kind of protection in addition to the Navy. The advantages of IUDs are: they can be used during breastfeeding, the Navy can use older women and those who are not recommended for use other types of contraception . IUDs can be used for several years, which is economically advantageous. In addition, after the establishment of the spiral we need only periodic supervision by a doctor. It should be noted that according to research on the background of the use of spirals generative function of women is not broken, and pregnancy occurs in almost 90% of women during the year after the removal of the IUD.
Adverse reactions of IUD use are low back pain, bloody discharge for several weeks after the establishment of the spiral. Sometimes it can be confusing for uterine bleeding, can occur separation between periods, and the volume of blood during menstruation may increase. In order to reduce blood loss during menstruation appointed prostaglandinsintetazy inhibitors. The risk of inflammatory diseases using the IUD is particularly high during the first three weeks after intrauterine administration. However, if a woman is sexually promiscuous, the risk to catch inflammation increases. The most rare, but the most dangerous type of complication is uterine perforation . When perforation of the first degree when the IUD partly located in the uterine muscle itself, it is removed vaginally, but with second and third degree of perforation when the helix is in the muscle of the uterus or even beyond into the abdominal cavity, then the path is assigned abdominal removing helix.
It is believed that the Navy is the best means of contraception for nulliparous women who have a regular partner, and do not suffer from inflammatory diseases of the genital area.
Intrauterine contraception also has contraindications. IUDs do not enter the women with diseases of the pelvic organs, acute gonorrhea . chlamydia . purulent cervicitis , Postpartum endometritis over the past few months, with the erosion of the cervix, in tumors of the uterus. Also, a spiral is not set to pregnant women, and suspected pregnancy. Additionally, IUDs are not recommended for administration at pathological Vaginal bleeding and suspected cancer of the uterus. However, the Navy is a postcoital contraceptive, which can be used within 5 days after unprotected intercourse.
Relative contraindications to establish a spiral: the presence of ectopic pregnancies in the past, the presence of recurrent vaginal infections, leukorrhea , Diseases that cause immune weakness, cervical stenosis, as well as severe anemia, painful menstruation.
The most common method is the use of contraceptives hormonal contraceptives . They are divided into several types. The most common type of hormonal contraceptives are combined estrogenic drugs . These expectations are relatively inexpensive and are generally well tolerated, and are divided into three types:
- monophasic Which contain a constant dose Estrogen and progestogen ;
- biphasic In which one part of the composition of tablets containing estrogen and the other - and estrogen and progestogen;
- at three-phase oral contraceptives It contains varying the dose of estrogen and gradually increase the dose of progestogen.
Next we come minipill Containing up to 500 mg gestagen component in one tablet. They are taken every day from the first day of the cycle. For hormonal contraceptives also are postcoital preparations, which include those large doses of estrogen or progestogen. Doses of active substance is 50 times higher than in the combination of estrogen formulations. Postcoital drugs are used within 24 hours after intercourse nepredohranennogo. Often they can not accept. Furthermore, it should be noted vaginal rings Containing the progestogen which is administered during one cycle of the day, or 3, and subcutaneous implants ( Norplant ) In the form of capsules, releasing levonorgestrel . They provide contraception for 5 years. Also, not very long ago there was a intrauterine device - Rogestasert , A part of which contains levonorgestrel, which is released during the year.
As already noted, the most common form of contraception modern women, is a combined oral contraceptive. Modern combined oral contraceptives contain far fewer steroids and progestin components, their dosage reduced by more than 5 times. Modern formulations contain 1 mg norethisterone and 125 mg levonorgestrel. Development of oral contraceptives passed three stages, depending on the type of progestogen. In the first generation OK detained norethynodrel acetate , Second-generation instead norethynodrel began to be used more effectively levonorgestrel. By the third generation, are oral contraceptives, which include those contained desogestrel . gestodene . Oral contraceptives do not violate third-generation process lipid metabolism And do not increase the risk of heart and vascular diseases.
Contraceptives block Ovulation Alter the transport of gametes and break function of the corpus luteum.
It is believed that oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy with a probability of 100%, they are simple and easy to use. It must be remembered that the combined oral contraceptives are medicines, and they should be used only with permission of your doctor. In any case, it is assigned to each woman so the lowest dose Steroids Providing the necessary level of protection. Generally, women are advised to oral contraceptives containing no more than 35 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol and 150 mcg of levonorgestrel. And that doctor can determine how women hormonal contraception is contraindicated. It . . . .
and .
Hemoglobin
.
. . abdominal distention etc.
diabetes . .
Depo-Provera . . . . . . . . . . . iron deficiency anemia .
For example, . . . gonorrhea
.
At . .
caesarean section . .
. . . . . . . . .
Diabetes
.
At and
At
At
testosterone .
.
At
HIV infection . . ). .
No comments:
Post a Comment