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Rheumatoid arthritis - A chronic disease that is autoimmune in nature. Its nature is systemic inflammation of the connective tissue, in which mostly affects the joints of the type of progressive erosive and destructive polyarthritis . The etiology of the disease is unclear. Among the population, the disease occurs in about 0.5-1% of the people.
The causes of rheumatoid arthritis
To date, no information on the causes of the disease sharpened. However, laboratory studies of patients with arthritis revmatoitdnym observed an increased number leukocytes blood and sedimentation rate erythrocyte , Indicating that the infectious nature of the disease. There is a theory that the disease develops as a result of disorders of the immune system in people with this hereditary tendency. As a result, people are shown the so-called immune complexes that are deposited in the tissues of the body. This causes damage to the joints. However, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using antibiotics the effect is not observed, so the theory described above, many experts believe is wrong.
The disease is in most cases a person is fraught with disabilities, which manifests itself very early. There is also the risk of death, which occurs as a result of complications of an infectious nature, as well as kidney failure.
The first symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis are manifested mainly after heavy physical exertion, emotional surge, overstrain . It is also possible disease progression during hormonal changes and action on the human body a number of adverse factors.
There are so-called triad rheumatological factors that are predisposing for rheumatoid arthritis.
First of all, we are talking about the genetic predisposition of character: in this case, refers to the tendency to autoimmune reactions.
The next factor - infection. For example, trigger the development of rheumatoid arthritis may paramyxoviruses . hepatovirus . herpesviruses , and retroviruses .
Another important factor - the launcher. This series of states (hypothermia, intoxication, taking certain medications, stress state and so on. D.), Which may be starting for the onset of the disease.
Step rheumatoid arthritis
The development of rheumatoid arthritis occurs gradually. In first stage human disease swollen bursa that provokes the appearance of tumors, pain and heat around the joints. In second stage the development of rheumatoid arthritis begins a very quick process of cell division, which eventually leads to compaction of the synovial membrane. In third step disease is inflamed cells release enzymes, damaging cartilage and bone. As a result, joints, diseased, deformed, a person suffers from intense pain and losing motor functions.
Accepted allocate some types of clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis:
With classic version disease progresses slowly, and thus affects small and large joints.
With mono - Or Oligoarthritis It affects mainly the large joints, most often - the knee.
If a patient develops rheumatoid arthritis psevdosepticheskim syndrome , Then we have fever , Weight loss, chills, hyperhidrosis , Anemia and others. The signs of arthritis are not major.
In addition, there are other types of rheumatoid arthritis: Felty's syndrome . Still's syndrome . allergoseptichesky syndrome . rheumatoid vasculitis ; and etc.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Initially, the disease progresses slowly and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis is increasing gradually. This process can take several months or even years, with the development of an acute disease occurs much less frequently.
In most cases (about two-thirds) is observed polyarthritis, in other cases, the patient holds a mono- or oligoarthritis.
As a rule, the disease begins with inflammation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index and middle fingers. Accordingly, the joints are noticeable swell. In parallel, there is often an inflammation and swelling of the wrist.
Typically, in most cases, affection of joints in rheumatoid arthritis occurs symmetrically. So, with the defeat of the joints on the one hand, they are often affected and on the other leg.
For articular syndrome in this case is characterized by morning stiffness lasting more than one hour. Similar symptoms also occur in the second half of the night. Man suffers from the symptoms of so-called "tight gloves", "corset", it overcomes the spontaneous pain in the joints, which manifests itself constantly. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, articular syndrome is a monotonous and time-consuming. Pain at the same time very similar to a toothache.
Sometimes the patient also arise prodromal clinical manifestations. This may be periodic transient pain, pain that are associated with autonomic disorders weather conditions.
Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis appear as parallel defeat of small joints of the feet, which occurs symmetrically. Defeat large Joints - knee . shoulder . ankle . elbow - It takes place in the later period of the disease. Until such manifestations can take weeks or even months. However, in some types of arthritis revmatodinogo initially affected it is large joints, and inflammation of small joints occurs later. This is characteristic of the disease for the elderly.
Most patients with rheumatoid arthritis appear under the skin rheumatoid nodules Which are very dense. They have the size of a pea and appear slightly below the bend of the elbow. Such nodules may be single or they occur in large numbers.
In addition to the above symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in humans is often a constant weakness, poor sleep and appetite, sometimes periodically beset them chills and slight rise in body temperature. Very often, patients with this disease in a short time can be very slim.
During the development of active disease when rheumatoid arthritis included in the advanced stage, a human finger is shown resistant strain. The most frequently observed so-called ulnar deviation Whereby the fixation of the hands and fingers in a wrong position, departing outwards. Man becomes difficult to bend and unbend his hands at the wrists. In parallel, there is an infringement of blood supply, so that there is a marked pallor of the skin on the hands and wrists. Gradually atrofatsiya arm muscles.
The disease continues to develop, and pathological processes extend to other joints. Thus inflammation shoulder, elbow and ankle joint are mainly happens relatively easy. However, the stiffness of the joints become, and the patient is forced to limit the movement in the joint.
With the defeat of the knee joint cavity sometimes it builds up a lot of pathological fluid, which begins to stretch the joint capsule. Occasionally, severe forms of the disease, due to excess liquid cyst bursts and the liquid enters the tibia tissue. As a result, edema lower leg, the person suffers from a very sharp pain. Over time, these symptoms are, but in the subsequent development of inflammation in the knee joint, they can be repeated.
Sometimes, inflammation also applies to the vertebral joints. Inflammation occurs most often whiplash That is fraught with the appearance of pain in the back of the head and neck. In this case, would be a gross error to treatment of patients with the help of massage, heating, manual therapy - It only exacerbates the situation, as the inflammatory process is only strengthened.
Rheumatoid arthritis occurs in waves. The deterioration of the person alternates with the improvement. If you do not take the proper treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the human suffering can last throughout his life.
Complications of rheumatoid arthritis
In addition to direct rheumatoid arthritis patients often have complications in a number of internal organs - heart liver, kidneys, intestines, blood vessels. It is a serious complication of rheumatoid arthritis is considered to be an inflammatory process in the muscle, which is called polymyalgia . Such complications of rheumatoid arthritis not only significantly impair the quality of the patient's existence, but also could threaten his life.
Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
To establish a diagnosis of "rheumatoid arthritis" is possible through biochemical blood tests, X-ray examination of joints, as well as the study of the clinical picture of the disease.
However, in most cases, due to non-specific early symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis takes place long after the onset of the disease. A doctor in the survey, inspection and study of history determines the presence of common symptoms, morning stiffness, rheumatoid nodules.
There is also a set of diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis, which is used in diagnosis. If the patient takes place four or more of the seven criteria specified, it can be assumed the development of rheumatoid arthritis. This following criteria:
- The presence of stiffness and stiffness of the joints in the morning, which saved more than one hour;
- The presence of arthritis that affects at least three groups of joints;
- Arthritis that affects metacarpophalangeal, wrist or proximal interphalangeal joints;
- The presence of a group of joint damage on both sides;
- The presence of rheumatoid nodules;
- The presence of rheumatoid factor in the serum;
- The typical X-ray results.
During renntgenovskogo study determined the presence of bone erosion and cartilage destruction expressiveness.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis includes the right approach to the process as a whole. If there is an infection in the body, the patient is prescribed receiving antibiotics. If the extra-articular manifestations are not pronounced clearly, for the treatment of (articular syndrome need to pick up non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Also in the joints, where there is pronounced inflammation, corticosteroids are administered funds. Also, patients are often prescribed courses of plasmapheresis.
In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, it is important to focus on prevention osteoporosis . As such prevention measures is necessary to replenish the diet foods rich in calcium, animal protein. At the same time, should be excluded from the diet of food with a high content of salt.
Furthermore, in the treatment of diseases include and exercise therapy, which promotes the mobility of joints.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and is conducted through the use of physical therapy and spa treatment. However, such methods are effective only in mild rheumatoid arthritis.
Cure rheumatoid arthritis occurs in approximately 20% of cases. The correct approach to therapy, and even the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis traditional methods make it possible to greatly simplify the overall condition of the patient.
In this case, it should be noted that the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis folk remedies requires prior approval of the attending physician. In addition, the patient should tune in to a long process: the treatment of this disease sometimes lasts for several years, and maintenance therapy in general can last forever.
Prevention of rheumatoid arthritis
As preventive measures meant fighting overweight Since the additional weight increases the load on the joints. It is important to develop a correct diet, taking into account the recommendations set out above. In addition, experts strongly advised to avoid repetitive stress.
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