May 7, 2013
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Hemorrhage - Is the process of loss of blood from the circulatory system of a human, occurring as a consequence of several factors.
Causes and types
Bleeding - the result of violations of the integrity of the blood vessels due to injuries, purulent fusion skyrocketing blood pressure And due to the pressure of the atmosphere. The permeability of the blood vessels and could increase due to the impact on the body of toxins, sharp vitamin imbalances.
Bleeding occurs in some diseases due to changes in blood chemistry. This is observed in jaundice . Hemophilia . scarlet fever . scurvy . sepsis and etc.
Types bleeding determined depending on where the blood falls. If it is internal bleeding in body cavities (uterine bleeding, stomach bleeding, and others.), Tissue (formed hematoma ), And to be hidden (such bleeding is determined only by some research methods). When external bleeding blood, respectively, extends outwardly. If certain causes lead to diffuse bleeding tissue impregnated with blood, then we are talking about the hemorrhage.
Treatment of bleeding depends on the other classifications used in medicine. Given the time factor defines the following types of bleeding. Primary - Takes place immediately after the onset of injury or damage. Early secondary bleeding seen before in the wound developed an infection, that is, for the first time after being injured. Typically, such bleeding occurs due to the ejection of thrombus blood flow when the pressure inside the vessel increases. Later, secondary bleeding begins at any time, but after a wound infection develops. Such bleeding can be a consequence of purulent fusion of thrombus in the vessel that has been damaged, or the vessel wall. They are dangerous for the patient, therefore, require an immediate stop.
Determine the severity of blood loss and anemia occurred, physicians diagnosed four degrees of blood loss. If the first power marked a satisfactory condition and the lack of human blood is not more than 5%, then the fourth degree of blood loss, the human condition has become close to the agonistic, and deficiency of circulating blood is 30% or more.
Symptoms
In humans manifests various symptoms of bleeding, depending on its type. Signs arterial bleeding observed in the damaged artery. Blood from her ejected jet pulsation, while blood is bright red. Please be aware that blood external bleeding is the most powerful and acute anemia when it comes very quickly. The victim in this case is very pale, and he often listens hard pulse, has been a sharp drop in blood pressure. Can dark eyes, there comes a faint, there is vomiting and nausea. As a result of oxygen starvation and disruption of major systems of the body, death can occur.
With phleborrhagia dark blood, it flows continuously and evenly. If there is external bleeding, blood flows from the veins slowly. If damaged large veins, the blood flow due to the difficulty it follows a stream, but not pulsating. Very mild signs pulsations associated with the pulse wave transmitted from the artery is rarely observed. The main danger is damaged large veins - is a manifestation of an air embolism heart or brain vessels.
With capillary bleeding you can not watch certain vessels that bleed and the blood at the same time exudes. Painting her - average between venous and arterial. Stop capillary bleeding man can own, and the danger it is only for people who have observed reduced mean number of blood clotting disorders.
With parenchymal hemorrhage It observed bleeding the entire surface of the wound, so it is particularly difficult to stop. If there is damage to a system of mixed small veins and arteries capillaries and internal organs (spleen, liver, kidneys, lung), the bleeding is particularly long and strong.
The main symptom of all the described types of bleeding - acute anemia in severe blood loss .
But local signs of internal bleeding are different. If the causes of blood loss leads to an accumulation of blood in the cranial cavity, the patient observed symptoms compression of the brain. Symptoms of internal bleeding into the pleural cavity expressed shortness of breath and respiratory noise, as there is a compression of the lung.
If a patient breaks observed subcutaneous parenchymal organs, as well as tears of the fallopian tubes, injured abdominal viscera, the blood accumulates in the peritoneum that causes a number of symptoms associated with irritation of the abdominal cavity. This stomach pain, vomiting, nausea, and others.
What are the signs of intra-articular bleeding, the patient can learn even partially visually. After all, the volume of the affected joint is increased, there is pain limited his mobility.
Symptoms of interstitial hematoma depend on where exactly it was formed, its size and some others. As a rule, there is swelling, there is cyanosis or pale skin, grows cold. Develops severe pain. Often hematoma inside the tissue appear, if there is damage to the main vessels of the hands and feet. Sometimes hematoma compress the veins and arterial trunks. If the treatment was not conducted in a timely manner, in such a case arises ischemic limb gangrene .
In addition, internal bleeding could trigger and other conditions, such as internal hemorrhoids . gastric ulcer et al. Early detection of such conditions is necessary, first of all, to time was provided first aid for internal bleeding. The most important point in this case is to stop the bleeding. What you need to do and what methods to use to stop bleeding depends on its type. After all, if the capillary bleeding enough to use the liquid to stop the blood, blood in the algorithm behavior differs strongly.
Diagnostics
If the external bleeding is easily recognized visually, then the hidden or internal use a number of methods to confirm or rule out bleeding. If the bleeding is a small puncture is used. In addition, the practice endoscopy and X-ray examination. Other research methods are used depending on whether the bleeding on the organ in which it is suspected. Internal bleeding is sometimes determined by radioisotope method. If there is a suspicion of intestinal bleeding, can be used benzidine test, which allows to define as gastric and gastrointestinal bleeding.
Effects
Severe bleeding, which leads to a sharp decrease in blood pressure or a decrease Hemoglobin one third of the standard may lead to bleeding to the brain. But if a person loses blood slowly, that is, for a few weeks, his body has time to adjust to this and the low hemoglobin can function for a long time.
If the blood is poured into the cavity of the body, it can compress organs, as well as becoming a medium for the development of pathogenic micro-organisms in it. Therefore, when the internal hemorrhages likelihood of infection increases significantly.
Therefore, if you have not provided adequate first aid for bleeding, in serious cases may end in the death of all due to anemia and brain dysfunction of the cardiovascular system. First aid for bleeding is especially important for wounds, because sometimes First aid can save the life of a man.
First aid for bleeding
Before assist, it is important to determine which blood vessels are damaged, guided by the symptoms described above. If a person is showing signs of arterial bleeding Then assisting in this case includes clamping vessel That has been damaged, the damaged place above. How to stop the bleeding depends on where injured. Stopping the blood loss will occur only when an artery is pressed against the bone. If there is bleeding from a wound on the hand, forearm, middle or lower third of the shoulder, the first aid for arterial bleeding is by compression of the brachial artery . First aid for bleeding from wounds in the shoulder joint, in the area of the armpits or under the collarbone is by pressing the subclavian or carotid artery. In case of damage on the lower extremities is necessary to press the femoral artery.
It is possible to use different types of stop blood depending on the situation . If necessary, you can immediately stop the bleeding artery with your fingers to press the bone . The femoral artery is better to press the fist . But this method can be used a short time . Next is the tourniquet . Under the wiring is enclosed wool and gauze wipes . It needs to win a few rounds . Note that a weak harness can only increase blood loss . When cross-clamping of the carotid artery by wiring it is necessary to enclose a coil bandage to prevent suffocation . Note that you can harness to keep two hours of the summer and one - in winter . According to the rules, under tow to put a note which indicated the time of its imposition . Next, the patient is urgently taken to the hospital, and the area where the tourniquet should be open . Note that the tourniquet can have unpleasant consequences . If it is not removed in time, can develop paresis and even anaerobic gangrene .
If the victim shows signs of man venous bleeding , The first aid in this case is on the application of cold to the point of defeat, a rearrangement of the affected area of the body in an elevated position, as well as overlaying a pressure bandage. Stop venous bleeding is very important, as long loss of blood leads to an air embolism.
Assistance includes the right way to stop the blood. To do this, following injuries to impose a pressure bandage. Wiring is applied lower, as venous blood goes to the heart of the peripheral vessels.
The bandage is made of a sterile bandage, which made a tourniquet. If the blood is stopped, but the following is saved ripple vein, then dressing is done right. Ways to stop venous bleeding and provide exposure to cold. Ice packs may be put on a bandage. After about half an hour the cold for ten minutes is removed to restore blood flow to the affected area. How to stop the blood in the veins of the defeat should be resolved quickly in order to prevent significant blood loss.
If the victim has signs capillary bleeding , You should not treat lightly the issue of how to stop the bleeding. After all, some people celebrated poor blood clotting than characterized hemophilia . sepsis and other diseases. In this case, stop the blood can be a big problem.
Help with capillary bleeding involves the imposition of a pressure bandage. You can first apply to the wound haemostatic sponge , And the top has to make a pressure bandage. In the absence of a suitable sponge several sterile gauze wipes.
If the injured limb, it must be moved to an elevated position. You can apply a cold. If possible, apply the liquid to stop the bleeding, which is a solution of aluminum chloride with lidocaine.
The methods can be combined to stop bleeding, the symptoms no matter what type of bleeding were observed in humans.
As methods for the final stop blood, four groups of such methods: mechanical . chemical . Thermal . biological . If bleeding is very strong and can be a combination of several methods. At the same time ensured the elimination of acute anemia by blood transfusion or special solutions, blood substitute. Also injected glucose solution, and other solutions. To stop the internal bleeding, sometimes the decision to hold an emergency operation.
Nosebleeds in children
Such a common problem, as the nosebleeds children, also requires the correct action to avoid a large loss of blood.
Sometimes nosebleed spontaneously occurs in children, and in some cases it provoke injuries. The reasons for this phenomenon - any damage to the walls of blood vessels, or bleeding disorders. Most often, the vessels are damaged, if they are very close plexus. Sometimes, as night and day bleeding provokes the presence of a foreign body in the nose. Adults should take great care not whether the baby stuffed nose small items. Frequent bleeding can result from the presence of tumor in the nose. In most cases, these tumors are benign, and their removal and subsequent treatment can get rid of nosebleeds. Sometimes it leads to bleeding deviated septum in the nose or nasal mucosa vascular pathology. Blood from the nose can go and for different diseases.
Doctors determine treatment based on the causes of epistaxis. But parents need to know exactly how to stop the bleeding and to provide first aid for epistaxis. The child initially need to ensure a flow of fresh air: open, unbutton clothes. Stopping the blood happen faster if the child will breathe through the mouth instead of the nose. On top of the nose must be applied cold, with baby feet should be kept warm. If bleeding from the nose in a child is often, he appointed vasodilators drops.
If you suspect the presence of a foreign body in the nose alone can not retrieve it, so as not to cause damage. An urgent need to show the child to a specialist.
If excessive bleeding need urgent cause " ambulance ". It is important to monitor the child's pulse and breathing and be sure to monitor the situation, so that the child drowned in blood.
After the bleeding was stopped, must be lubricated with petroleum jelly in the nose to the mucous membrane does not dry. At least for a day should be to protect the baby from the exercise.
With regular bleeding is important to ensure that the child has not happened exhaustion and did not develop anemia. A comprehensive examination by a doctor is necessary in this case.
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