Ischemia

February 20, 2012

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Ischemia   - Anemia is a condition that most commonly occurs as a result of vascular factor . Ischemia is manifested as a result of narrowing or complete obstruction of the lumen of the artery. This phenomenon leads to damage to or temporary or body tissue dysfunction. Depending on how strongly and quickly reduced blood flow parameters are manifested effects of ischemia. The most severe sensitivity to myocardial ischemia exhibit and CNS.

Ischemia is substantially different from that of hypoxia . When hypoxia occurs anoxia due to respiratory disorders. For ischemia is characterized by insufficient blood supply to the state, relative or absolute. As a result, there is the local nature of tissue hypoxia and other metabolic disorders. Ischemia is in most cases, reversible.

Coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease   is a chronic disease that occurs as a result of insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle. Ischemia of the heart is shown, if the demand of the heart muscle of oxygen does not correspond to the number of delivery for the coronary arteries.

The occurrence of coronary heart disease is directly related to atherosclerosis coronary artery . spasm of the arteries Which sometimes provoke some drugs and biologically active substances. Also cardiac ischemia can occur due to increased blood viscosity and education blood clots   in the coronary arteries.

But still the main cause of ischemic heart becomes coronary atherosclerosis. Vasoconstriction occurs due to the formation of plaque on their interior walls.

Mainly ischemic heart disease manifests itself in males of working age. Clinically, cardiac ischemia can occur in different ways. The most frequently for this disease is characterized by the appearance of the patient angina . In such case, the patient may feel pain in the chest area. Pain generally occurs during strong stress Or as a result of physical activity and have contractive nature. In the development of cardiac ischemia such attacks become more frequent over time. In fact at the heart of the load requires that he receives more oxygen. If insufficient oxygen, may attack ischemia infarction Manifesting compressive pain behind the breastbone. It can also manifest cardiac arrhythmia. Such attacks retreats after drinking nitroglycerin . If the attack lasts about an hour, then it is considered to be critical, because some time later dies of the cells in the myocardium, and as a result, a person may develop a serious complication - myocardial infarction . Another form of cardiac ischemia - myocardial infarction . It is a consequence of previous myocardial infarction.

Complication of coronary heart disease could be heart failure. In this condition, the heart can not function normally.

The diagnosis of "coronary heart disease" can be placed by using the ECG data, as well as studies using radionuclide methods of investigation of the heart, echocardiography, daily ECG monitoring, and others. For the detection of atherosclerotic plaques the method of coronary angiography.

Treatment of ischemic heart always primarily aimed at bringing to the normal blood flow through the coronary arteries. It is important to warn all the obstacles that hinder the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.

Therefore, it is important to treat atherosclerosis, pre-empt the formation of blood clots and restore adequate blood supply of the heart muscle to correct metabolic processes in the body.

For this it is necessary to take into account a number of factors that affect degradation. First of all, you need to deal with obesity , Lead an active life, to observe diet By abandoning harmful products.

Usually, the doctor prescribes a comprehensive treatment, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient and the disease. In the treatment of cardiac ischemia applied drugs that reduce myocardial oxygen demand, agents which inhibit platelet aggregation heparin , Thrombolytics and other drugs.

Currently, surgical treatment of ischemia of the heart are used more often. Especially strongly recommended surgery for patients with severe angina. The most tangible effect bring surgery to restore normal blood flow in the coronary artery. Among these operations, - the creation of mammary coronary bypass and coronary artery bypass grafting. Also used angioplasty procedure: the coronary artery catheter with an inflatable balloon allowing the vessel to expand later.

Doctors prescribe surgical intervention as in cardiac aneurysm Which developed as a result of myocardial infarction. Such operation prevents heart failure in the future. Sometimes, during surgery removes thrombotic mass in the aneurysm cavity. All surgical procedures are carried out cardiac ischemia only in special hospitals used with cardiopulmonary bypass.

The most favorable prognosis in the treatment of this disease is subject to the availability of rare strokes. If the patient holds reinfarction and heart failure, the prognosis is less favorable.

As methods of prevention, it is important to eliminate all factors that contribute to the development of coronary heart disease. It should follow a special diet, which limited the use of foods high in animal fat, too sweet and salty food. A very important step is and the complete cessation of smoking. Should always exercise, and if the patient has a place arterial hypertension   or diabetes , The data of the disease need to be treated properly and in time. Patients with ischemic heart disease should be monitored regularly at the attending physician.

Cerebral ischemia in the newborn

In newborn infants, cerebral ischemia   It manifested as a result of cerebral hypoxia, ie lack of oxygen to the brain during gestation baby either during childbirth.

Guided by the symptoms and the results of ultrasound examination of the brain is divided into three degrees of cerebral ischemia. With mild   cerebral ischemia might appear too strong excitation or inhibition in the first week of life. With moderate degree   diseases such violations last longer, while seizures may occasionally occur. Children   severe   cerebral ischemia is an urgent need to put in the intensive care unit. Mild ischemia prognosis is favorable: as a rule, a child, a few weeks already fully recovers. In more severe forms of the disease therapeutic measures should be determined by the doctor.

Cerebral ischemia

Chronic cerebral ischemia   called progressive brain dysfunction, which manifests itself as a result of damage to brain tissue under conditions of prolonged failure of cerebral blood supply.

Typically, this condition arises because of the atherosclerosis   and hypertension . Often, a patient with cerebral ischemia such combined state. However, other illnesses of the cardiovascular system may eventually trigger cerebral ischemia. Also of decisive importance is the presence of human vascular anomalies, venous disease, compression of arterial and venous vessels, cerebral amyloidosis. However, as the main cause of chronic cerebral ischemia determined yet the presence of atherosclerosis and hypertension.

As the clinical manifestations of cerebral ischemia occur poliformnye movement disorders, and the patient is significantly reduced memory and qualitative study, the emotional background of the person suffering the violation. For this disease is characterized by the progression, staging.

There are three stages of coronary artery disease of the brain. In   first stage   the symptoms described above are combined with anizorefleksiey, lint reflexes of oral automatism. The patient may change slightly gait, reduced coordination and stability. A person can often be irritated, to fall into depression. It is also possible manifestation of mild cognitive impairment: a delayed reaction, inertia intelligence.

In second stage   neurological symptoms of the disease the disease becomes more severe. However, the patient is reduced due to the lower number of complaints to the criticism of their own. Emotional disorders are becoming more important, one can not fully plan the action and keep them under control. At this stage can already show some signs of reduction of social and professional adaptation.

In third step   disease specific neurological syndromes are manifested most clearly: impaired balance and deteriorating walking, may occur urinary incontinence . There may be psychotic disorders, thinking, memory, speech. As a result, sometimes degenerated into disorder dementia . Often, these patients lose efficiency, and later - and the opportunity to take care of themselves.

Diagnosis of cerebral ischemia

First of all, the doctor examines the patient's medical history, paying attention to the presence of specific components: myocardial infarction, cardiac ischemia, angina pectoris, hypertension, and others. It is mandatory physical examination is performed, in which the pathology detected in the cardiovascular system. During laboratory testing determined the causes of the disease. It is also recommended a series of instrumental studies. Thus, the patient must pass an electrocardiogram, echocardiography, ophthalmoscopy and a number of other specific studies that prescribed by the physician. Angiography of the brain is performed only rarely.

It is important to distinguish between cerebral ischemia with a number of physical diseases, oncological illnesses, mental disorders. It is especially difficult sometimes make a differential diagnosis of ischemia with neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by cognitive disorders.

Treatment of cerebral ischemia

In the treatment of chronic cerebral ischemia is important to stabilize the destructive processes that occur as a result of ischemia of the brain, prevent ischemic stroke . If the disease is not always hospitalization, because if the patient's cognitive deficits occur, it would more appropriately treated in his familiar surroundings.

Medications used in cerebral ischemia in order to optimize blood flow to the brain. To stabilize ischemia, it is important to focus efforts on maintaining a normal blood pressure. Consequently, during the treatment with the drugs used antihypertensive action.

Those who have the atherosclerotic vascular lesions of the brain, is appointed as receiving lipid-lowering drugs. They, inter alia, to improve endothelial function, reducing blood viscosity. Furthermore, in the treatment of cerebral ischemia assigned receiving antiplatelet agents.

Given the diversity of mechanisms which are the basis of brain ischemia, the complex can receive drugs that normalize microcirculation, venous outflow. Courses of treatment are appointed twice a year and last for several months.

In severe cases, surgery is indicated. However, the operation is suitable in the case of occlusive-stenotic lesions in the cerebral arteries.

With proper and timely approach to the treatment of this disease it can effectively slow down the progression.

As preventive measures for the prevention of cerebral ischemia is important to have a very early age to avoid hypodynamia , Obesity, avoid stress, do not abuse alcohol and do not smoke. No less important is quality and the right approach to the issue of treatment of related diseases: Diabetes . hypertension . atherosclerosis .