Mikardis Plus

Description overdue on 08/24/2014

• Latin name: MicardisPlus
• ATC code: C09DA07
• Active substance: Telmisartan + Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrochlorothiazide + Telmisartan)
• Manufacturer: BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM INTERNATIONAL (Germany)

Photos of the drug

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• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Instructions on Mikardis Plus
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• Cautions
• Analogs
• Babies
• During pregnancy (and lactation)
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

One tablet Micardis Plus contains 40 or 80 mg telmisartan   and 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide .

Excipients: sodium hydroxide, meglumine, povidone, sorbitol, magnesium stearate, lactose monohydrate, iron oxide   red, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl starch, corn starch.

Product form

The drug Micardis Plus is biconvex, oval tablets, double-layer on the cut, on a white surface engraved "H4" and the logo of the manufacturer.

Pharmacological action

Has combined hypotensive action .

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics

Mikardis Plus - a combination telmisartan   (receptor blocker angiotensin   the second type) and hydrochlorothiazide   ( diuretic   thiazide-type). The combined use of these components is stronger antihypertensive effect Than using them individually. The drug 1 per day results in significant gradual reduction of pressure.

Telmisartan   - Selective receptor blocker angiotensin the second type. It has a high affinity for angiotensin II subtype AT1- . He replaces Angiotensin II   from the receptor. The binding is long-lasting. Telmisartan   It does not block other receptors (including AT2-type receptors) angiotensin . Telmisartan It reduces synthesis aldosterone .

In individuals with hypertension   80 mg telmisartan   day completely suppresses effects angiotensin   II . Onset of action occurs within three hours after consumption of the drug inside. The action persists for days. Permanent antihypertensive effect   It recorded a month after the regular use telmisartan .

Hydrochlorothiazide   It is diuretic   thiazide-type. It affects the reabsorption of electrolytes in the renal tubules, directly increasing excretion of sodium and chloride. This causes a decrease in blood volume, an increase in activity Renin , An increase in the synthesis of aldosterone .

After applying hydrochlorothiazide   diuresis increased after two hours, but the maximum effect is achieved after four hours and maintained for 6-12 hours.

Pharmacokinetics

Telmisartan. Rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract. The maximum concentration telmisartan It occurs within hours. Bioavailability is 50%.

Responding to blood proteins - more than 99.5%. It is metabolized by reacting with glucuronic acid . Derivative telmisartan   pharmacologically inactive.

Half-life is about 20 hours. Excreted in the feces in its original form, and kidney - to 2%.

Pharmacokinetics telmisartan in elderly persons are not different from the younger patients. Selection of doses required.

Hydrochlorothiazide.   After oral administration hydrochlorothiazide   maximum concentration reached in 1-2 hours. Bioavailability is 60%.

Responding to plasma proteins - 64%. Do not metabolized and excreted by the kidneys unchanged.

Indications

Hypertension   (if monotherapy telmisartan   or hydrochlorothiazide   ineffective).

Contraindications

The product has the following contraindications:

• violation of patency of the biliary tract;
• severe disorders of the liver or kidneys;
• refractory g iperkaltsiemiya, hypokalemia ;
• intolerance fructose ;
• deficit   Lactase and intolerance galactose   or lactose ;
• age less than 18 years;
• lactation ;
• pregnancy ;
• allergy   to the drug.

Carefully:

• stenosis   both renal arteries, severe kidney damage;
• disorders of liver or progressive liver disease;
• hyperkalemia;
• hypovolemia after treatment diuretics And after limiting salt intake, or vomiting diarrhea ;
• congestive heart failure Functional class III-IV;
• mitral stenosis   and aortic valve ;
• condition after kidney transplantation;
• obstructive cardiomyopathy ;
• primary aldosteronism ;
• diabetes ;
• gout .

Side effects

• From the respiratory system: dyspnea, respiratory distress syndrome .
• From the circulatory system: tachycardia . Arrhythmia . bradycardia , A strong decrease in pressure.
• From the nervous system: syncope, paresthesia , Dizziness, insomnia , Anxiety, depression , Anxiety, headache.
• From the digestive system: bloating, diarrhea, dry mucous membranes of the mouth, abdominal pain, constipation, gastritis, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, pancreatitis, jaundice, dyspepsia.
• Skin: sweating.
• From the musculoskeletal system: muscle cramps, arthralgia . myalgia . arthrosis , chest pain.
• From hemopoiesis system: leucopenia, eosinophilia, anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenia.
• From the urogenital: renal failure, nephritis, glycosuria.
• On the part of the eye: blurred vision, glaucoma, xanthopsia, acute myopia .
• Infections: sepsis , Respiratory tract infections ( pharyngitis, bronchitis, sinusitis ), Inflammation of the salivary glands.
• Metabolic disorders: increasing creatinine, liver enzymes, creatine, uric acid   in blood, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia,   reduction Hemoglobin .
• Allergic reactions : Itching, angioedema , Rash, erythema . anaphylactic reactions . eczema, systemic vasculitis, necrotizing vasculitis .

Instructions on Mikardis Plus

Instructions for use are recommended to take the drug into one tablet once a day, regardless of the meal.

Mikardis Plus can be used by patients who have drug Mikardis   or hydrochlorothiazide   It causes no pressure drop.

In patients with severe Arterial hypertension   the maximum dose   telmisartan is 160 mg per day.

Overdose

Cases of overdose have not been described.

Possible signs of overdose telmisartan : Strong pressure reduction, tachycardia, bradycardia.

Possible signs of overdose hydrochlorothiazide : Violations of water-salt balance of the blood, hypovolemia, arrhythmia.

Treatment: symptomatic.

Cooperation

When used together, telmisartan   from:

• other antihypertensive drugs - may increase strength antihypertensive action ;
• preparations lithium   - Possible temporary elevation of lithium   in blood;
• NSAIDs   - May cause Acute renal failure   in patients with reduced circulating blood volume;
• digoxin   - May increase the concentration Digoxin   levels by 20%.

In an application hydrochlorothiazide   from:

• barbiturates, ethanol   or opioid   painkillers - may develop orthostatic hypotension ;
• metformin   - Possible development lactic acidosis ;
• hypoglycemic agents and insulin   - Require dose adjustment hypoglycemic agents ;
• kolestiraminom   and colestipol - Possible inhibition of absorption hydrochlorothiazide ;
• non-depolarizing mioreklaksantami   - May enhance their effect;
• cardiac glycosides   - Possible development hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia ;
• arthrifuge   - May increase the content Uric acid   in blood.
• calcium supplementation - May increase the concentration Calcium   in the blood due to inhibition of its release by the kidneys.
• amantadine - May increase the risk of adverse effects amantadine ;
• Mr. holinoblokatorami ( atropine . biperidenom ) - May weaken the intestinal motility, increased bioavailability thiazide diuretics ;
• NSAIDs   - May weaken diuretic   and antihypertensive action .

Terms of sale

It sold strictly on prescription.

Storage conditions

Keep away from children. Store at temperatures up to 25 degrees.

Shelf life

Three years.

Cautions

Patients with coronary heart disease   application of any pressure lowering agents, in case of strong pressure reduction may lead to the development of myocardial infarction   or brain.

Mikardis Plus has a weaker therapeutic effect in individuals blacks.

When driving vehicles should be aware of the possibility of dizziness and drowsiness of the drug field.

Analogs Mikardis Plus

Match code ATC 4th level:

• Atacand Plus
• Co-Diovan
• Vasari H
• Valz H
• Lorista N / ND

Known analogues of the drug: Atacand Plus . Valzap Plus . Valsacor . Gizaar Forte . Co-Diovan . Teveten Plus and others.

Babies

It prohibited the use of funds from persons under 18 years of age.

During pregnancy (and lactation)

State or lactation pregnancy   a contraindication to treatment.

Reviews Mikardis Plus

Reviews show more pronounced therapeutic effect compared with just Mikardisom Especially when the latter ineffective.

Price Mikardis Plus

In Ukraine, the price of the drug at a dose of 80 mg / 12 mg 5 №28 on average 450 hryvnia, in Russia such a package will cost 855-1000 rubles.

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People with a fourth blood group are more prone to dementia

September 12, 2014

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The connection between memory loss in the future and the fourth blood group has recently managed to find scientists from United States . Total on our planet, there are about 4% of people with this rare blood. After analyzing the data about 30 thousands of volunteers who are over 45 years old, the researchers concluded that people with a fourth blood group is really more likely to suffer dementia . During the study, researchers found that in the three years from 95 volunteers and is a violation of cognitive nature. Then they compared the data with information on 587 people who had impaired cognitive nature.

During the experiment, scientists have determined that 6% of people with memory impairment was just the fourth group of blood . The researchers also noted that those people who have the blood of the first group is less at risk of cardiovascular diseases That increase the risk of deterioration of memory.

However, while the majority of experts believe that the talk about the clear communication of the memory and the fourth group is still too early. To finally make such a conclusion, there should be a number of additional studies. However, people with any blood is desirable to do everything to keep the brain healthy, you have to stick to proper diet, do not smoke and lead active lives as possible.

By the way, there are special dietary advice for people with different blood. People with the first group should limit the amount of milk and eggs, bread and pasta. But fish, meat, vegetables can be consumed in any quantity. Those who have the second group, it is advisable to eat as many vegetables in your diet and reduce the amount of protein and carbohydrates. Representatives of the third group of blood should eat less beef products from wheat and rye, corn and tomato. Representatives from the rare blood fourth, should not drink too much coffee and alcohol, as well as abuse of river fish and smoked. It is necessary to lean on yogurt, yogurt, eat sea fish. However, adherents of proper nutrition still recommend that all people just to balance your diet and eat only healthy food.

Depigmentation of the skin

March 12, 2014

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Depigmentation of the skin - A change in the pigmentation of the human skin, which is associated with a reduced amount of pigment, with either its absence.

How does the depigmentation of the skin?

If a reduced amount of skin pigment, a patient diagnosed hypochromia . If it do not, then we are talking about achromia . When depigmentation occurs in human skin certain morphochemical changes. As a consequence, there is a lack or absence Melanin   - A pigment which is produced by cells melanocytes . Most of the cells located in the skin. However, they are also in the hair, the iris of the eye, the inner ear.

White spots on the skin of the face and body occur due to certain pathological processes in the body. This phenomenon can be full   (in a particular area of ​​the body skin is completely white), or Partial (leather lighter shade alternating with areas of normal color).

Depending on the determined loss of melanin resistant   and temporary   depigmentation. When resistant form of the disease melanocytes function can not be restored.

There are also congenital and acquired form of the disease. Congenital depigmentation, in particular, is albinism . Loss of pigmentation in this case occurs, since the body is completely absent enzyme tyrosinase . As a consequence, the synthesis of melanin is impaired.

People with albinism have very pale skin, having a pinkish hue. Rayed vessels, the pupils have a red hue. At the very delicate albino skin, hair or white, or are not strong yellowish tint. Most people with albinism notes strabismus . photophobia .

For such people adversely affected by ultraviolet light, so the sun without protection they can not all be as skin burns very rapidly. Albinism is total . incomplete . Partial .

An example is the persistent form of the disease vitiligo . If you look at photos of depigmentation of the skin in this disease, it is clearly evident that the skin pigment is lost only in certain areas of the skin. As a rule, initially in vitiligo appear small spots, which gradually increase and spread. This disease gives a person a serious cosmetic discomfort. Most often, the first spots occur on areas of the body that are constantly under direct sunlight.

When a person has vitiligo can be formed foci of depigmentation of any size: possible depigmentation of the nose, parts of the face, arms, legs, and others. The pigment is lost as hair growing on the discolored areas, so when there may be vitiligo depigmentation of hair. This disease affects people of any age, but usually occurs in young women. Stains can be increased to merge. At the same time there is no subjective sensations.

Giprohromiya   - A condition in which hemoglobin   not saturated erythrocytes . Relatively rare phenomenon considered hypochromia in infants. Often this condition is diagnosed in girls. Hypochromia blood - a characteristic feature of the development anemia . Reasons for developing hypochromia red blood cells and, as a consequence, anemia associated with metal poisoning, thalassemia, as well as damage to red blood cells. A slight, moderate hypochromia seen against the background of reduced hemoglobin in the blood. Severe hypochromia that can be easily diagnosed if a blood test for hypochromia, patients often causes headaches, lack of appetite, upset the digestive system, general weakness. A person with such symptoms usually pale skin.

Hypochromia in the blood is determined by examining the level of peripheral blood erythrocytes, hemoglobin, color index study.

Why appears depigmentation of the skin?

Causes of depigmentation of the skin associated with a lack of pigment in a certain area of ​​the skin or in the skin in general. This phenomenon is due to the influence of certain factors. Thus, albinism - a hereditary achromia, which is associated with a mutation genetically transmitted.

Acquired achromia primary type (vitiligo) occurs for no apparent reason on the areas of skin where pigment used to be normal. Vitiligo often develops in people with dysfunctions of the endocrine glands, those that suffered severe emotional trauma and shock. It is believed that vitiligo may be a result of autoimmune processes And with chronic diseases.

Secondary achromia - is a consequence of the pathological process that occurs in the body. For example, peeling bright spots on the skin are observed in people suffering from psoriasis . leprosy . People suffering from these diseases, often say that they were round bleached spots. Their appearance comes with active disease progression.

Moreover, depigmentation reasons may be associated with some illness. Change the color of the skin is often marked on the ground, who were amazed lichen . seborrheic eczema . streptoderma , Other skin infectious diseases. However, in this case, the treatment of white spots on the skin is not required, since over time they gradually disappear on their own. Persistent pigment loss occurs only when seborrheic dermatitis.

The pigment is lost as a result of inflammatory processes on the skin after burns, injuries. Sometimes the side effects observed with long-term topical treatment of glucocorticoid hormones with drugs.

Hypochromia develops as a result of chronic or severe bleeding, malabsorption of iron, with the increased need for iron ( lactation . pregnancy ), With malnutrition, low protein content.

How to get rid of depigmentation of the skin?

Treatment of depigmentation of the skin is assigned depending on the disease and causes provoke him. In some cases, the depigmentation is possible to heal if it is carried out effective treatment of the underlying disease.

However, in patients with vitiligo and albinism effective treatment of white spots on the body, it is usually impossible. Therefore, experts symptomatic treatment, but also pay special attention to the implementation of measures to prevent burns that these patients can receive direct sunlight.

Doctors can assign complex treatment aimed at slowing the progress of depigmentation. Also, perform the procedure that allow the skin tone to bring the lost to former pigmentation shade. For example, in vitiligo skin initially smeared with tincture of iodine, and then irradiated with ultraviolet light in doses clearly established by your doctor.

It should be taken into account that the development of vitiligo is often seen in people who have certain disorders the functions of the immune system . Therefore, the treatment must take into account and this point. Therefore, dermatologists strongly urged to consult a dermatologist as soon as the first person to note the appearance of white spots on the body. If a patient afflicted with vitiligo more than 80% of the body surface, and repigmentation not possible, depigmentation can be performed to reduce the difference of the skin colors. In this case, often administered Laser depigmentation. Note, however, that such a procedure leads to a constant increased photosensitivity.

There is to date and effective methods of treatment of albinism. However, the physician should pay special attention to the condition of the patient's eye and provide vision correction and eye muscles, if a person has developed a squint. People with albinism should be very attentive to his own vision, as well as to protect the skin from sunlight, using high-quality protective cosmetics. People with albinism have to visit a neurologist, dermatologist, ophthalmologist. If you plan on having a baby, you need to go through genetic counseling, because albinism is inherited.

Treatment hypochromia erythrocytes is carried out by long-term therapy with iron preparations. To make up for iron deficiency, it will need at least three weeks of regular intake of medicines. It is necessary to enrich the child's diet foods high in vitamin C , Meat dishes. If diagnosed malabsorption of iron in the intestine, such drugs are administered to the patient by intramuscular injection.

Tsipraleks

Description overdue on 05/06/2014

• Latin name: Cipralex
• ATC code: N06AB10
• Active substance: Escitalopram (Escitalopram)
• Manufacturer: H. Laundbek A / S (Denmark)

Photos of the drug

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• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Instructions for use Tsipraleksa (method and dosage)
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• Cautions
• Analogs
• Synonyms
• With alcohol
• During pregnancy (and lactation)
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

Formulation is an equivalent to the three main forms of release (see. The following paragraph) of the mass per tablet active substance escitalopram oxalate   - 6.39 / 12.77 / 25.54 mg:

• fine crystalline cellulose (MCC) - 72.49 / 97.49 / 195 mg;
• talc ordinary 5.04 / 7/14 mg;
• sodium Valium - 3.24 / 4.5 / 9 mg;
• magnesium stearate - 0.9 / 1.25 / 2.5 mg.

Film-coated tablets is an important component of the drug Tsipraleks. It consists of:

• Valium 5sR - 1.58 / 2.19 / 3.51 mg;
• titanium dioxide (E171) - 0.526 / 0.73 / 1.17 mg;
• macrogol 400 - 0.146 / 0.2 / 0.325 mg.

Product form

The drug comes in the form of round or oval biconvex white tablets, film-coated with different dosages:

• 5 mg of active substance (labeled " European Commission ') - In blisters (typically made of aluminum foil, or PVC) of 14 tablets, in a cardboard box 2 packaging.
• Cipralex 10 mg (symmetric mark " E "And" L "Relative risks on one surface) - 14 tablets in a blister, 1, 2 or 4 units per box.
• 20 mg of the active ingredient (labeled " E "And" N "On both sides of the lines on one side of the tablet) - 2 blisters in a box filled with 14 cells.

Pharmacological action

Tsipraleks refers to a group of potent pharmacological Antidepressants . Thanks to a biologically active substance that has an affinity to the allosteric site of the enzyme-carrier Serotonin , The drug inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitter in synaptic structures   (drug increasingly affects serotonin pathways, than any other messengers). Accordingly physiological impulse transmitter is in contact neuronal synaptic cleft longer period of time, which causes increased, a prolonged effect on postsynaptic membrane .

It should be noted that the preparation is strong and long-acting, as bound in two places to an enzyme-serotonin transporter. First of all, the main active component has High affinity to the primary amino acid sequence of the protein transporter. Also components Tsipraleksa bind to an allosteric center of the molecule that enhances the action of a second drug, i.e. results in a more complete inhibition of neurotransmitter reuptake.

Tsipraleks exhibits weak activity such receptors , as:

• serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2;
• dopamine D1 and D2;
• alpha- and beta-adrenergic synapses;
• histamine H1 receptor cells;
• opioid and benzodiazepine;
• m-cholinergic receptors.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Absorption of the active ingredients is independent of food intake, since the drug is extremely strong pharmaceuticals. Absolute bioavailability   of about 80 percent, and the average   half life   - 4 hours (although the parameter can vary depending on the individual state of the organism and the environmental conditions).

Tsipraleks metabolized in the liver . Components of the drug even after oxidation remain biologically active and undergoing some changes in metabolic processes are allocated in the form glucuronide . Further metabolites are sent to the kidneys, which excrete   waste residue of the drug through the urine. The clearance of the drug when administered orally is 0.6 l / min.

Kinetics escitalopram oxalate   described linearly. The equilibrium concentration in the systemic circulation, at a daily dose of 10 mg (optimum amount of the active ingredient for an adult) is achieved after one week of treatment Tsipraleksom conservative.

In elderly patients   (over 65 years), pharmacological drug appears somewhat slower. Clinical trials have shown that during therapeutic bite after a single dose Tsipraleksa amount of active ingredient into the systemic circulation of elderly people by 50 percent more than in young volunteers.

Indications

Tsipraleks recommended for inclusion in the scheme of medical treatment, if there are neurological disorders such as:

• prolonged periods depression   any severity;
• panic disorders   (which may be due to agoraphobia - fear of open spaces);
• depressive stage manic-depressive psychosis ;
• Various types of social phobias   or just anxiety among the people;
• obsessive compulsive disorder   (medical explanation " obsession ");
• neurosis   obsessive-compulsive disorder;
• generalized anxiety syndrome.

Contraindications

From pharmacological treatment is to give Tsipraleksom at:

• hypersensitivity   or intolerance   to the constituent components of the drug;
• childhood and adolescence (therapeutic course is not recommended to spend up to 18 years);
• simultaneous rehabilitation inhibitors monoamine oxidase   (antidepressant) or P imozidom   (antipsychotic medicinal products);
• acute or chronic renal failure   with lower creatine clearance of 30 mL / min;
• epilepsy Which is not controlled by pharmacological means.

Take Tsipraleks only under the supervision of qualified medical personnel should be one of the following situations:

• non-insulin diabetes   (at I necessarily show the type of consultation with an endocrinologist);
• old age;
• cirrhosis , Acute or chronic liver failure ;
• propensity to frequent hemorrhage   due to lack of blood coagulation;
• hereditary and acquired metabolic diseases .

Side effects

Tsipraleks - a strong drug, because its effect may be characterized by a large number of adverse reactions on the part of the body. Thus, for example, says:

• dyspepsia   ( nausea . vomiting . diarrhea , stomach ache);
• asthenic syndrome ( insomnia   or drowsiness , Headaches, constant fatigue, dizziness );
• metabolic disorders in the form of sweating . Hyperthermia   and hyponatremia ;
• thrombocytopenia and as a consequence of failure of blood coagulation;
• Orthostatic hypotension   or hypotension ;
• reduce reproductive function ( decreased libido   and potency In both men and women);
• allergic reactions (range of undesirable effects affect manifestations of angioneurotic angioedema , up to anaphylactic shock );
• arthralgia   and myalgia idiopathic origin That are not associated with the load on the joints or muscles;
• skin rash . purpura . ecchymosis .

It should be noted that the adverse effects of treatment usually appear on the first or second week of conservative therapy and significantly slow down the course in the forms, if we continue to reorganize for a given plan.

Since the drug is to list B of pharmaceutical products, the discontinuation of the sudden Tsipraleksa after a long drug treatment, it is possible withdrawal . That is, the body lacks the existing active substance. This is manifested in the form of a severe headache, irritability, nausea and frequent dizziness.

Instructions for use Tsipraleksa (method and dosage)

Using Tsipraleksa independent of meals during the day. The duration and intensity of the course of conservative treatment depends largely on the initial disease:

• So in order to achieve antidepressant effect   used shock doses for 2-4 weeks (Tsipraleksa 10 mg per day for an adult patient) and the next six months of maintenance therapy to consolidate the obtained results.
• Instructions on when Tsipraleks panic disorders   It differs - start pharmacological therapy with 5 mg of the drug to a further increase in the daily dose to 10 mg. Depending on the individual reactions, the amount of drug can be increased to 20 mg per day. The maximum effect is achieved after 3 months, but can take up rehabilitation of six months.
• Patients with kidney   or hepatic insufficiency   (both acute and chronic), but the absolute indications for primene6niyu Tsipraleksa maximum single dose of 5 mg. The increase is not recommended, but if the desired therapeutic effect is achieved, the amount administered is doubled.

Overdose

In clinical practice, there are cases of overdose Tsipraleksa which usually manifest as follows:

• pomrachёnnoe consciousness soporose ;
• tremor of the extremities , Breach of fine motor skills;
• seizures ;
• agitation   (strong emotional arousal, which is accompanied by a sense of anxiety and unreasonable demand on the move);
• significant changes in the electrocardiogram (expansion of the ventricular complex, depolarization depolarization segment);
• Arrhythmia   type tachycardias ;
• metabolic acidosis . hypokalemia ;
• inhibition of the respiratory function of the respiratory system.

Specific antidote or antagonist Tsipraleksa does not exist, therefore treatment of overdose is based on symptomatic and palliative care patient. The first thing to wash out the stomach, in order to evacuate the body not The absorbed the remnants of the pharmaceutical preparation. Next, you need to provide sufficient oxygenation and continuous monitoring of the vital systems of the human body.

Cooperation

Simultaneous use is strictly forbidden Tsipraleksa and drugs that irreversibly inhibits monoamine oxidase As the percentage of severe side effects increases several times (statistically increased percentage respiratory   or Heart Failure ).

On the basis of pharmacological studies is not recommended in the treatment and Tsipraleks reversible inhibitors of MAO   due to the risk of serotonin syndrome (a potentially deadly situation).

Do not use the drug with escitalopram   parallel   anticoagulants   or drugs lowering blood coagulation As this may lead to serious hemorrhagic syndrome   and anemia As the outcome of a pathological situation that complicates the treatment of the patient.

There are a number of pharmaceutical drugs that interact with allosteric centers of carrier proteins   increase the activity of Tsipraleksa. For example, Omeprazole   (anti-ulcer drug) leads to an increase in the concentration of active substance in the systemic circulation twice, and Cimetidine   (blocker H2-histamine receptors, which is assigned in the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract) - 70%.

Means of inhibiting the reuptake Serotonin And Tsipraleks as a typical representative of this pharmacological group, lowers the threshold for seizure activity, that is, tremor   and / or convulsions   It may appear less intense excitement. This action will be potentiated when taking simultaneous Tsipraleks other strong antipsychotic agents ( neuroleptics ), eg Tramadol, phenothiazines, butyrophenones   and so on.

Terms of sale

Sold only signed by a doctor receptor forms because the drug is a potent and is included in the B list of medications.

Storage conditions

The drug should be stored in a warm, dry place, away from children of all ages, and direct light at a temperature no higher than 25 degrees Celsius.

Shelf life

3 years.

Cautions

Tsipraleks has no inhibitory effect on psychomotor or intellectual sphere of the patient, but is continuing a course of conservative treatment is recommended to give up driving or control of technical devices, which require long-term concentration and fine motor skills.

The drug can help to change glucose   (significant increase her) and insulin   (relative reduction hormone) in the systemic circulation, and therefore the treatment requires a certain correction hypoglycemic agents in patients with diabetes .

Treatment with antidepressants can lead to suicidal thoughts in the early stages of the course sanation. Autographic increased risk of injury, suicidal saved until remission of the underlying disease, because Tsipraleksom conservative treatment should be carried out in special departments under the supervision of qualified medical personnel.

Analogs Tsipraleksa

Match code ATC 4th level:

• Paxil
• Reksetin
• Luvox
• Fluoxetine

Currently, the pharmacy shelves can be found the following analogues Tsipraleksa:   Estsitolopram-Teva, selectors, Elitseya, Miratsitol .

Synonyms

Escitalopram (Escitalopram) .

Tsipraleks and alcohol

According to pharmaceutical research, alcohol does not come with the active ingredients of the drug in the chemical reaction and does not modulate its effects, however, as is the case with other substance, it is not recommended their simultaneous use.

During pregnancy and lactation

Tsipraleks strictly contraindicated for use during pregnancy and lactation.

Reviews Tsipralekse

Those who drank Tsipraleks, the vast majority are satisfied with the effects of conservative treatment. The drug does help to cope with phobias of various origins, it allows to live a fuller life, not limited by fear, anxiety, or feelings of trifling occasions. However, reviews are often overshadowed by taking personal experiences of adverse reactions. Very often celebrated broken state . insomnia . constant painful excitement .

Also reviews of Tsipralekse forums say that in most cases completely disappeared libido   and / or potency   ( erectile dysfunction . dystonia,   responsible for reproductive functions, changing perception intercourse and so on). At the side effect of an equal amount of complaining and men and women. What's interesting is that the reviews taking antidepressants are filled with gratitude and preparations for the reduction of desire, as the satisfaction of animal instincts did not bring joy or welcome relief during the Depression.

Doctors about Tsipralekse primarily clinically and statistically confirm the efficacy of the drug in the conservative treatment Neurological Disorders . Antidepressant such strength to cope with depression and psychoses, where more sparing techniques do not bring absolutely no result. Side effects are perceived by experts as necessary loss, because undesirable effects come to naught after the full course of rehabilitation.

Price Tsipraleksa

Price Tsipraleksa, of course, depends on the dosage of the active ingredient. Buy in Moscow can be over 900/1400/1800 rubles, respectively 5/10/20 mg of active substance. In Ukraine, the cost of antidepressant varies from 270 to 500 hryvnia, but the vast majority of pharmacies sell the drug for $ 400 hryvnia.

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Constipation

March 26, 2014

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Constipation   - A frequent disorder of the digestive system of the person.

What are the symptoms of constipation?

Disorders of the digestive tract, leading to problems with bowel movement, there are both children and adults. Doctors say that the elimination of this problem is difficult, primarily due to shyness and reluctance of patients to talk about their problem. If a person is concerned about the very severe constipation for a long time, he is trying to get rid of the symptom alone, uses a strong laxative, thereby only exacerbating the situation.

It is important to know what the symptoms of constipation in adults, because sometimes a person may suffer from the so-called imaginary constipation, in which there are difficulties with defecation, but by nature they are not constipated.

ABOUT physiological constipation   You can tell if the patient can not regularly empty the bowel for more than 48 hours. This bothers the patient a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bowel, defecation difficult, leaves very little solid stool. Constipation is diagnosed in the event that the chair takes place every day, but its volume is very small. In the human intestine, which pointed out the problems with the bowel movement, there is a reduced secretion, increases peristalsis and reduced propulsion activities.

If not provided proper nutrition for constipation in adults, the condition may worsen over time. In particular, it is powered in the elderly often causes intermittent problems with defecation. Incorrect menu can affect the digestive tract of pregnant women, nursing mothers.

In a healthy person, who does not suffer from intestinal problems, defecation frequency varies widely. For most people, the act of defecation occurs once a day, in more rare cases, a person is normal for bowel movements once a day or two. If rarer or more frequent bowel movement passes without discomfort, pain, difficulties, such changes are physiological. This stool out well decorated, without impurities.

Atonic constipation Which is due to the weakening of the colon motility, manifested constipation, bloating, abdominal overflow, flatulence . The person may suffer from nausea, loss of appetite. Sometimes there and symptoms of general intoxication. When defecation go abundant decorated stool. Initially leaves very dense piece of feces, and then appear less dense stool. During a bowel movement the patient feels pain, emptying occurs with great difficulty. In connection with anguish the mucous membrane while passing stool weight on them may appear bloody streaks. Once a person has constipation some time can be confusing pain.

If symptoms appear spastic constipation , His stool out in the form of solid lumps (known as sheep feces). And atonic and spastic constipation accompanied by a feeling of pressure, pain, flatulence. If the patient says spastic colitis, it can often feel fatigue, weakness, decreased performance.

Sometimes frequent constipation in adult replaced diarrhea . In this case, we are talking about an unstable chair. Thus the patient may experience other symptoms such as frequent urination . Generally, in case diarrhea occurs during exacerbation and constipation - during remission.

Constipation is shown a complete lack of urine or urinary retention, occurring as a result of inflammation and other diseases of the genitourinary system man.

Why appears constipated?

Causes of constipation in adults and causes in children can be very diverse. And constipation, and diarrhea, and bloating in men and women often develop as a result of malnutrition. However, there are still many factors that influence the development of constipation. Such reasons in women are often associated with childbearing and restructuring of the body during pregnancy and after childbirth.

In medicine, there is a classification of constipation, depending on their causes.

Alimentary form of constipation   - It is the result of malnutrition. Mostly the question of how to get rid of constipation quickly and forever worried about those diet includes very little plant food, vitamins, drink enough fluids. Bowel problems are common in people who eat a lot of starchy foods and sweets.

Very common neurogenic form this disease. In this case, the cause of constipation - a violation of the regulation of intestinal motility. This condition is also known as lazy bowel syndrome. Sometimes, in certain circumstances, a person does not pay attention to the urge to defecate. As a result, developing a habitual constipation.

Such a situation may arise when a person is sent to the trip, while living in an unusual place for him. Also, the reason for the development of neurogenic constipation may be reluctance to go to the toilet because of painful sensations that arise in the act of defecation. Often, this problem is observed in bedridden patients, which is psychologically difficult to commit an act of defecation in front of strangers.

Development hypodynamic forms of constipation   due to the lack of physical activity. Most often this form of the disease observed in the elderly, bedridden patients, expectant mothers, as well as those people who are mostly sedentary.

Sometimes the cause of the difficulties with bowel movements are gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases, in particular inflammation of the colon, chronic colitis .

Proctogenic constipation   - A consequence of acute paraproctitis . Hemorrhoids . anal fissures As well as other diseases. If a person develops colon cancer, there are scars on the colon, rectum is squeezed, it is possible to develop mechanical latch . Also cause problems with emptying may be anomalies of the colon.

Causes toxic constipation   are poisoned by toxic substances, heavy metals, which are generally associated with features of the profession man. Sometimes the disease is diagnosed and smokers permanently poison the body with nicotine. Factors causing a toxic form of the disease, and are the waste products of worms.

People suffering from kidney or heart failure, constipation worries in connection with violations of water-electrolyte metabolism. Similar processes are observed and constant dehydration.

Endocrine constipation   - A consequence of abnormalities in the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Sometimes this symptom is present in pituitary insufficiency in patients with diabetes And in women during Menopause .

Treatment of certain medicines may trigger the development of a human drug forms of constipation. This influence on the organism has aspirin, antispasmodics, diuretics, antidepressants and others.

In general, determined the two main causes of constipation. Firstly, it dyskinesia colon develops due coordination disorder reduction of tone or intestinal intestinal wall. Secondly - a violation of the act of defecation, when the reduced sensitivity of the rectum and pelvic floor muscles.

How to get rid of constipation?

Puzzling question of how to get rid of chronic constipation   in children or adults, should not resort to self-treatment with home remedies. After all, the constant repetition of the difficulties with bowel movement possible in chronic pancreatitis And in patients who develop chronic colitis And other gastrointestinal diseases   and common ailments. So first of all you need to see a specialist, go through all the assigned study and determine the cause of constipation and its shape.

Assessing the condition of the patient, the doctor not only conducts the survey and assigns instrumental and laboratory studies, but also uses in the evaluation process of the patient specific criteria to determine whether a patient suffers from chronic constipation.

In determining how to treat constipation in adults or in infants, the attending physician must ask, have you tried to treat a patient at home, such symptoms than to treat constipation he tried.

The treatment of constipation in adults and children requires a lot of effort. In this case, a lot depends on the patient, as practicing the treatment of constipation in the home, it must strictly observe all the advice of your doctor and follow the recommendations. AND atonic And spastic constipation   It requires mandatory changes in the human diet. Treatment of the elderly problems emptying requires particularly careful monitoring of the daily menu. Treatment of constipation folk remedies also provides for the use of certain products that act on the body as a laxative.

Dietary constipation in children and adults should be built in such a way as to present a daily menu foods that stimulate the activity of the colon. During the diet when atonic constipation need to increase the menu content of products with dietary fiber. It cereals, vegetables, fruits. Equally important is to stick to proper drinking regime By eating every day until 2 liters of liquid   as teas . juices . pure water . Note, however, that in colitis and hemorrhoids diet should be especially gentle, because after the diet must not worsen overall health.

What if a permanent constipation associated with other chronic diseases, and how to optimize your diet, you should definitely consult a doctor. Later, during treatment in the diet can be introduced beets . carrot . bran . However, treatment should begin with besshlakovoy diet Which is necessary to observe at least a week. Particular care should be the diet of the baby, who suffers from constipation. In such a diet should include fats . boiled vegetables . boiled meat and fish . If diet therapy is ineffective, and constipation continues 4 days   or more, the doctor may enter into the diet flax seeds . wheat bran . drugs fibrous materials .

It is important to be sure to limit the consumption of certain products. When it comes to how to cure constipation fast, it initially is completely excluded from the menu White bread   and Butter cakes . speck . conservation . smoked food . chocolate . strong coffee   and tea . In order to normalize the intestine, is to limit the consumption semolina . vermicelli . Potato . rice . On whether it is possible to use specific products, should consult a doctor because some, at first glance, healthy dishes, may adversely affect the performance of the digestive tract of a person suffering from constipation.

Young nursing mothers, which is a topical question of how to cure constipation in infants, should at least closely monitor their diet. First of all, you need to completely shut down the foods that stimulate gasification process . It pulse . spinach . Juice from grapes   and apples . It is impossible to include in the diet foods that contain a large number of essential oils .

How to eliminate home intestinal problems can only be determined after the determination of the exact causes of constipation. If diet and home remedies do not allow to get rid of such unpleasant symptoms, what to do with constipation in adults, or what to do with constipation in infants, it is necessary to consult with your doctor. After all, as an adult and infant constipation may indicate the development of serious diseases.

Sometimes a patient goes to a pharmacy and tries to find out what pills for constipation in adults are most effective. In no case can not rely on the fact that the proposed Herbal tablet or Chewable Tablets   to help cope with the problem. If a person takes a long time uncontrollably even sparing laxatives over time can appear serious complications: diarrhea . inflammatory processes . severe dehydration . disorders of the digestive processes .

In no event should not take laxatives without a doctor's approval if combined with constipation bloating, abdominal pain, weight loss, blood stained stool.

All laxative medications are divided into several groups depending on the characteristics of their effects on the body. This means that increase the volume of intestinal contents, osmotic laxatives   (slow water absorption, increases the amount of contents in the gut), and poorly absorbed di- oligosaccharides , Means softening feces and laxatives, which increase intestinal motility.

Curious what the candles from constipation Fast choose must not only read the reviews, but also to determine exactly what the mechanism of action of these drugs will be most effective in a particular case. Sometimes, if we are talking about the need to buy candles for children, then selected, at first glance, safe buckthorn   or glycerin suppositories . In this case, an indicator for determining the parents should be the price of the candle is not for children and even the effectiveness of their application, and a doctor's appointment.

When it comes to what kind of cure for constipation in the elderly would be most effective, it is necessary to follow, if the patient adheres to proper nutrition is not treated he drugs provoking difficulties of bowel movements. Even the most effective medicines for constipation can not conceive the desired effect, if you do not observe basic doctor's advice.

Choosing the best medicine for the children, we should not forget about some of the popular methods that can be used with prior approval of a physician.

For example, a good way to stimulate the bowel considered infusion of prunes   from constipation. To prepare this infusion can use any recipe for brewing prunes. Quality prunes and apricots suitable for compotes, infusions, dried fruit can also be consumed in its raw form. Does a decoction of dried prunes, you can try to determine on their own experience, because this drink is beneficial for overall health.

Effective home remedy for constipation in children - carrot juice Which is recommended to drink in the morning, before breakfast. There is an opinion, and that the best folk remedy for constipation - a fermented milk products. It is recommended to use at night a glass of fresh buttermilk. In the morning, before a meal, you should drink a glass of water at room temperature, in which you can add a teaspoon of olive oil. Before using laxatives in the elderly, you can try to use the methods described above.

Another commonly practiced method - cleansing enema   constipation at home. Medicinal enema facilitate the process of emptying, so people suffering from constipation, are well aware of how to make an enema. For this purpose, the most commonly used oil enema: a solution enema added fish oil, vegetable oil. How to put an enema correctly, you can learn from the detailed instructions. Note, however, that the regular constipation enema should not be a permanent way to alleviate the condition. Enemas, and children and adults can be done only occasionally, when other methods do not bring the expected result.

Constipation in infants - a common phenomenon. To treat constipation in infants, should be, above all, to determine its nature. The most frequently observed in infants functional constipation children Which does not last long and runs independently. In this case, a child who uses a mixture of children, should try to change the baby food. The pediatrician may recommend taking tools to help improve the process very gently release feces. It lactulose . mineral oil . Children's tea with fennel   and others. Such funds can be used for several weeks or even months, to complete their intake should be gradual. A nursing mother should know what products Constipation in infants helps most effectively. She needs to be sure to observe proper drinking mode, turn off the menu dishes that provoke flatulence consolidation.

How to ensure the prevention of constipation?

To prevent any difficulties with bowel movement, it is important not only to balance the diet, but also to adhere to proper diet . It is desirable to eat at least 5 times per day.

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dysbiosis . Hemorrhoids . .

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Urinary incontinence

January 26, 2014

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Urinary incontinence   - A phenomenon in which the urine is released unintentionally, the man is not able to control it at will.

How does urinary incontinence?

Daytime and nighttime urinary incontinence in women and men can be primary   and secondary . To distinguish between these species, it should be noted that the primary incontinence due to sphincter defects, i.e. those muscles which lock the bladder. This may be due to congenital abnormalities, there is a urinary incontinence in older women who have had multiple births, and others. Secondary enuresis is due to reasons that are not associated with abnormalities of the urinary tract. It may be a mental disorder, spinal cord injury, and others.

According to the statistics, and reviews of doctors, urinary incontinence is a common problem. There is evidence that menopausal age incontinence occurs in about 40% of women. However, given the delicacy of the problem, treatment of urinary incontinence in men and women is not always carried out because people are embarrassed to see a doctor with such complaints. Discovering at such symptoms, women prefer to just use pads or take drugs on the advice of friends. Meanwhile, the problem does not go away by itself, and the quality of life of the patient is seriously deteriorating.

The number of cases of involuntary discharge of urine increases with age. It is noted that urinary incontinence in older women occurs much more frequently. Experts attribute the primary incontinence with labor. When asked why after delivery   there is day and night incontinence in women, can be answered by taking into account the peculiarities of the female anatomy. Often, after the baby is born to women for a long time had to use feminine pads in connection with incontinence. However, if taken in a timely manner was the correct treatment of urinary incontinence after childbirth, with time a woman can forget about this problem. In particular, practice special exercises, which will be discussed below.

Another classification provides division of urinary incontinence on Stress   and Urge . Stress incontinence determined in those cases when a person is released involuntarily urine during physical exertion, sneezing, laughing, coughing, and others. The patient does not feel the urge to urinate expressed. Urge incontinence women and men determined if the patient feels the urge to urinate, which he can not overcome, and then he comes involuntary urination. As a result, people may not have time to use the toilet as urination occurs almost immediately after the urge.

With the combination of the two types of incontinence (Urge and stress) diagnosed Mixed incontinence . Most often, this diagnosis is for women during menstrual pause .

A more rare type of incontinence is the over-filling. In this pathology a person with full bladder leaking urine involuntarily, but completely empty the bladder man can not. This symptom may occur when prostate adenoma   men and women suffering myoma Which becomes large.

Urinary incontinence affects not only women. There is also stress and urge urinary men. Most often there is senile incontinence in men. Typically, the symptoms of incontinence observed at night in older men. Incontinence can occur in elderly men drunk. In this case, to improve the human condition are important not only medicines but also maintain proper lifestyle.

Why manifested urinary incontinence?

There are certain reasons for this condition, and factors that influence the manifestation of this symptom. Stress incontinence is invariably associated with the failure of the sphincter of the bladder. The patient notes abnormal mobility of the urethra and the significant weakening of the pelvic floor muscles. When a person laughs, sneezes, coughs, the pressure in the bladder is increased, and urine leaks.

Causes of urge incontinence associated with the manifestations of the syndrome overactive bladder . Consequently, when the bladder is filled, there is an involuntary contraction of the bladder muscle wall. Such a condition occurs when neurological illnesses - Parkinson's disease . Alzheimer . But sometimes the cause still remains unknown. This case is defined by idiopathic overactive bladder . Some people say urgency only in the colder months.

There are many factors causing incontinence. Among the factors that contribute to incontinence, it should be noted obesity . hormonal disruptions . diseases of the nervous system . operations . conducted pelvic . congenital abnormalities of the pelvis and the pelvic floor . hereditary factor . multiple pregnancies and births .

Urinary incontinence in children is often testifies enuresis . With this disease may be related to the causes of bedwetting in girls and boys. According to statistics, boys suffer from bedwetting is approximately two times higher than it is in girls. The fact that the development of an organism boy more slowly, so the children's urinary incontinence during the night they may experience longer than girls. Therefore, treatment of the disease begins later in life: up to 4 years old doctor, watching the boy, not in a hurry to diagnose enuresis. How to cure a disease, the specialist will be determined depending on the individual characteristics of the flow.

Enuresis observed in adolescents, more rarely - in adults. Adolescents night incontinence can occur several times a month. This problem causes a feeling of severe discomfort. Therefore, be sure to discuss with experts how to treat enuresis, to overcome this disease. Often urinary incontinence in adolescents is the result of psychological reasons. Incontinence happens both in adolescents congenital   (that is caused by a problem that occurred during pregnancy, severe birth), and Acquired   (a consequence of psychological trauma, disease, injury).

If teenage boys incontinence is often a symptom of bedwetting, the causes of urinary incontinence in women is often explained by the influence of other factors. For example, a teenager during puberty may occur involuntary urination while laughing. In most cases, this phenomenon extends itself, though sometimes in the study found signs of an overactive bladder.

How to get rid of urinary incontinence?

It is important to understand that incontinence is not a disease but a symptom of the disease that requires complex treatment. A major problem today is the fact that people suffering from incontinence, are embarrassed to see a doctor. Therefore, treatment of senile incontinence and treatment of diseases that provoke urinary incontinence in women and men of working age, in many cases, is not conducted in a timely manner.

The first step is to see a specialist, he set to the correct diagnosis. The doctor conducts the survey and inspection of the patient, assigns the necessary tests and ultrasound. In addition, a so-called sample by coughing. Treatment of urinary incontinence when coughing is carried out using the methods that are prescribed by a doctor. But initially the doctor asks the patient to cough and determines whether it is allocated urine during coughing. If a strong cough is allocated a certain amount of urine, such a sample is positive.

Answering the question of how to treat stress urinary incontinence, the doctor may suggest medication and non-drug techniques, as well as surgery. If a patient is diagnosed Urge incontinence, the therapy involves the reduction of overactive bladder. For this purpose, the anticholinergics, antidepressants.

If a woman has urinary incontinence occurs after childbirth or during menopause, the doctor initially establishes what caused the condition. Treatment of urinary incontinence menopause Usually performed using conservative methods. Sometimes surgery incontinence is unacceptable in view of the patient's age or illness, which provoked involuntary urination.

But in some cases, drug treatment is not necessary, because the desired effect render special exercises incontinence. Gymnastics includes a series of exercises designed to strengthen the pelvic organs and muscles of the perineum. It is also recommended to carry out every day the so-called Kegel exercises - Several dozen times decompress and compress the muscles of the vagina.

Answering the question of how to treat urinary incontinence in women, be sure to mention the methods of physiotherapy. In particular, an effective treatment is galvanic currents, electrophoresis. Depending on what kind of doctor treats the disease, sometimes specialist may recommend and some traditional methods of treatment of urinary incontinence. Yet the treatment of folk remedies should be practiced in combination with traditional therapies. Only then such drugs will be effective. You should also prevent the impact of all the factors that can trigger incontinence.

People's treatment of urinary incontinence performed using herbal. You can drink herbal tea of ​​centaury and St. John's wort, corn stigmas of infusion, infusion of fennel seeds, decoction of leaves cranberries and St. John's wort, and others. All these folk remedies should be used for a long time.

If from stress urinary incontinence can not get rid of for a year, then the doctor may recommend surgery.

In the case of urinary incontinence can not be cured within a year using conservative methods, the doctor may recommend surgery to hold. During operation it is strengthened bladder. It is a simple operation, which is carried out under local anesthesia.

During treatment is recommended to use special pads that protect against leakage. It is also recommended to take steps to normalize bowel function, as constipation incontinence increases. The load to the bladder are also extra weight, so your weight should also be monitored.

The treatment of urinary incontinence in children is carried out if the child is already four years old, and incontinence observed him regularly. It is noted as urinary night and day of incontinence in children. Determine the causes of such a state will help the pediatrician, neurologist and other specialists. If there is bedwetting in children 6-10 years, such a child must explore the urologist. In order to accurately establish the diagnosis and its features, a doctor conducts a survey of parents to find out whether there is daylight or urinary incontinence occurs only at night in children. Further held uroflowmetry, cystourethrography, ultrasonography, and others.

If a child says imperative (uncontrollable) incontinence , The doctor may use various methods of treatment. Used physiotherapy techniques, drugs, hypnosis, auditory training, and others. Good results in the treatment of enuresis can be obtained by applying the methods of psychotherapy. It is recommended in the treatment process and apply teas decoctions herbs (valerian, Leonurus, mint), herbal baths.

Parents should be very carefully and calmly to the child who suffers from enuresis. One should tell the child that his illness is curable, that the problem has many children. You can not blame the child who woke up wet. Doctors do not recommend to wear at night so children diapers, as a child in a diaper difficult to control yourself.

It is important to teach a child to ensure that before going to sleep he always went to the toilet. Should not be given at night to drink plenty of fluids. A child should not be subjected to a lot of stress, excitement before bedtime. It is important to be sure to praise your child for that night he stayed dry.

Change the color of the nails

March 6, 2014

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Ideally, a person should have the nails smooth length, clearly aligned with the shape of the fingers and look healthy and natural. If they change color, then it is a phenomenon which is called nail dyschromia   ( chromonichia ).

How to change the color?

In the normal state of health of the nails are painted uniformly, they have a pinkish hue unchanged and defects. Near the bottom may be lighter in color as it is there is the germ area. Sometimes, under the influence of certain factors of the color change. For example, in the cold nails may turn blue or a little bleach. However, they quickly attain the normal shade in a warm room.

If a healthy nail color has changed, in that case you need to see a doctor and undergo the necessary research.

Change the color of fingernails also called chromonichia. Change the color of nail polish on the hands and feet can manifest itself in different ways. The color of the nail plate can be influenced by certain reasons of white, yellow, green, bluish, red, brown.

Chromonichia in which the nail plate painted white, called Leukonychia . Allocate true   and apparent Leukonychia . True leikonihiya develops due to dysfunction of the nail matrix. Apparent leikonihiya displays the state of the microvasculature.

Typically, off-white coloring is due to lack of plate erythrocyte   and Hemoglobin . Such a condition occurs when a person is sick anemia . Also, pale nails are often a sign of diseases of the spleen, liver, kidneys. Sometimes this is evidence of leukemia And other oncological diseases.

If the nail becomes white, almost milky, the probable causes of this phenomenon - it   suprarenalopathy , Development Adissonovoy disease   or progression cirrhosis . nephrotic syndrome . serious poisoning . state of shock .

Nails may turn white due to metabolic disorders and unbalanced diet. The fact that they have a healthy appearance remains only in the event that no human body in vitamin deficiency and minerals essential for health.

Chromonichia at which the yellowing, often explains onychomycosis . However, yellow fingernails, painted when the entire nail plate, can be associated with different endogenous and exogenous factors. Yellow nail polish on the hands and feet is shown at jaundice   any etiology. Also, yellowing can occur in karotinodermii As well as in the treatment of certain medicines. If the yellow color is combined with a thickening, the patient may develop chronic lymphedema . erythroderma .

Sometimes normal nail color is modified with time and gets a yellow tint, if over an extended period, a woman uses a decorative lacquer.

If the nail plate takes on a reddish hue, the reasons for this phenomenon may be related to general fatigue , Severe weakness fatigue. If there is a coral color polish, then we can talk about the high content of fatty acids the human body, cholesterol . Sometimes nails coral - is a result of stagnation of blood in the capillaries. This shade of records indicates that its owner are marked congestion of the heart, kidneys and blood vessels. The reddish color appears when the fever, liver and gall bladder. However, judging by their appearance or photos about the cause of this phenomenon, of course, impossible. It is important to go through all of the studies and establish the cause of this symptom.

Nail dyschromia, in which dark red is not only the nail but blush fingertips, says that people regularly smoke cannabis, marijuana or hallucinogens, and receives some medicines. Sometimes red nail plates are at eritremii (blood clots). In this state, the number of erythrocytes outnumber plasma.

Light brown shade - this is a consequence of serious diseases associated with prolonged fever and severe congestion in the vessels. This shade can occur under the influence fungal diseases By using some external preparations. Brown records often have hard-core smokers.

Dyschromias nail manifested green color with a yellowish tinge, occurs when prolonged purulent processes in the human body. Sometimes it abscesses It is often a symptom indicative of the development tonsillitis . sinusitis   and others. These characteristics can manifest hyponychial hematoma , Occurring bacterial processes in the body of the patient.

Blue nail due to the strong freezing, as well as some pathological processes in the body. So, bluish color appears in heart failure, with malformations of the heart or lungs, which are innate.

Bluish also may indicate venous stasis in the capillaries and tissue hypoxia . If a person spends anesthesia before surgery, then this feature allows you to monitor the patient's condition. If there is blue nail at its base, then we can talk about the beginning of Diabetes .

Purple nail due to poor microcirculation in the area, leading to a shortage of oxygen supply. Purple plate may be an indication of an infectious disease of the lungs. Bluish-purple tint seen in people who suffer from cardiovascular diseases.

If the nails get dirty-gray color, then this feature in some cases, indicates the presence of congenital or acquired Syphilis . Stains black and gray appear when mercury poisoning, particularly if the metal is accumulated in the body. Completely gray nail plate - a sign malaria . Blackening - is the result of subungual hematoma, which is a consequence of injuries, ingrown nail. Also, this feature is sometimes seen in people with atherothrombosis And at the beginning of progression gangrene .

Why change the color?

Thus, changes in the color and shape can testify to the development of diseases of the skin and nails, as well as on the general diseases of the body. It tells the medical statistics, about half of the changed tone or shape of the nail plate shows the development of the fungal infection.

Color changes with atopic dermatitis . lichen planus . dermatosis, psoriasis . jaundice . subungual hematoma   and others. This symptom is manifested in a number of chronic diseases. Therefore, doctors in cases of suspected kidney disease, liver, gall bladder, heart, always inspect the patient's arm.

Affect the condition and, in particular, nail color, external factors - continued use lacquer, trauma during manicure, smoking, taking certain medications (such as antibiotics).

How to return the normal color?

At the first sign of change in the shade of the nail plate is necessary to see a specialist dermatologist. If you need to consult the doctors of other specialties.

If discoloration of the nail is associated with a particular disease, it is necessary to ascertain the cause, and then conduct comprehensive treatment of the disease itself, which led to a change in color.

If the yellowing of the surface appeared as a result of using paint and other media, you can try to get rid of it and in the home. It is advisable not to use cosmetics for the hands of dubious quality, not to use decorative paint constantly. Beauticians recommend wearing lacquer no more than 5 days and then take a break at least for one day, keeping the nails are completely clean. At this time, you can make special masks for hands, using essential oils, creams and other means to strengthen nails. Get rid of the yellowish hue, you can use rubbing lemon juice, baths with sea salt. Some effective treatments carried out in beauty salons.

Darkening of tooth enamel

December 25th, 2013

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Darkening of tooth enamel   - A phenomenon that is often observed in both children and adults.

How does the darkening of the tooth enamel?

The color of teeth in humans does not always depend on the color of the enamel, and on the color of the inside of the tooth, that is the dentin. The structure of the tooth is porous, and, both outside and inside. As a consequence, those natural dyes that fall on the food, and the teeth not only stained tooth outside. But the change in color occurs due to penetration of the pigments within. In dentistry, tooth discoloration can be subdivided into several types. This surface changes the hue of teeth, deep staining of the tooth and the tooth color changes occurring with age.

Why seen darkening of the tooth enamel?

Darkening of the tooth enamel may occur for various reasons. All causes, provoking a darkening of the tooth enamel, can be subdivided into external and internal. External factors influencing the color of the teeth, is smoking, appearance tartar , Frequent use of coffee, black tea, red wine, some of the products. Darkening of tooth enamel in children and adults, is associated with external factors, it is easy to remove, having special procedures in the dental clinic.

The tooth may darken due to the appearance of plaque and tartar. Plaque appears as a result of hardening of plaque. Its formation is associated primarily with poor oral hygiene. From tartar affects people who are regularly or properly brush their teeth, as well as those who eat mostly soft food. Plaque may occur as a result of chewing on only one side of the jaw. It occurs in people suffering from disorders of salt metabolism.

Under the influence of the color of the internal causes of tooth staining occurs the inner layers of the tooth. In this case affect the color of teeth can develop some diseases, the excess fluorine or lack of, receiving a number of drugs.

The tooth could darken quickly at the early stages of development in it caries . Darkening tooth mark people who often take to treat diseases tetracycline antibiotics . These medications with prolonged and frequent use contribute to the darkening of the tooth. As a consequence, it becomes yellowish or grayish hue.

If the region where the person lives, there is a high level of water fluoridation, meaning it contains more than 1 mg of fluoride per liter, then the constant use of such water tooth becomes dark or it appear dark or bright white specks. However, darkening of the enamel and possible lack of fluoride.

People who have never smoked can get a brownish shade of teeth after the establishment of multiple seals made of copper amalgam. If a person works for the company, which processes non-ferrous metals, the darkening of teeth over time can also occur.

Darkening of the tooth enamel is seen in the elderly. These age-related changes associated with thinning of the dental enamel and production in the tissues of the tooth dentin darker color.

Frequent - darkening of the tooth after the removal of the nerve. This occurs due to poor setting the seal. There may be even a darkening of the gum around the tooth. Perhaps the dentist during dental treatment has not adhered to proper sealing technology for the processing of spent sufficient tooth means for disinfection. To subsequently darkening was observed at the base of the tooth, the solution for disinfection must penetrate into the upper part of the root of the tooth whitening to occur inside the channel. Therefore, with proper sealing of the doctor must process one channel of about thirty minutes. Repair darkening of the tooth at the gum, you can use a follow-bleaching within the channels using a special gel.

The darkening of the teeth in children may be due to different factors affecting their status. The reasons for the darkening of the teeth are often associated with early childhood caries, which began to develop under the influence of thermal fluctuations (the use of hot and cold food), shock, trauma, and bacteria that breed in the mouth. Because of caries   may occur and darkening of milk teeth.

Dental health of the child as determined by its power. In those dishes that uses the child must be a lot of vitamins and minerals. If the balance is disturbed consumed carbohydrates, fats and proteins, then the baby can change the composition of saliva, resulting in marked darkening between the teeth. This raid appears again, despite the constant cleaning of the teeth. In this case it is important to certainly change the diet to achieve optimal nutritional balance, in particular, to limit the intake of sweets.

How to get rid of the darkening of the tooth enamel?

Do not assume that the darkening of the tooth enamel is extremely cosmetic problem . Diseases of teeth may eventually provoke a deterioration of the general condition of the body. In most cases, restore the color quality of the teeth will help the dentist. In addition, to restore the color often requires treatment of tooth enamel. Initially, the dentist examines and establishes the diagnosis, determining if there are any patient acid erosion   or crack in the tooth enamel . Sometimes the cause is the darkening thinning tooth enamel And the child can be observed deciduous teeth enamel hypoplasia . Depending on the causes of browning of teeth further procedures are carried out for the treatment or bleaching.

Enamel hypoplasia in children is related to its underdevelopment. Depending on the extent of the disease enamel may be either thinner or completely absent. Do today's children this disease is very common. Its main complication is the very rapid development of caries in several teeth. The reasons for this phenomenon - the impact of adverse factors during gestation baby, and immediately after his birth. Even after treatment of primary teeth hypoplastic consequences in the form of spots, grooves, darkening still remain. Later, defects in permanent teeth corrected by microprosthetics.

Erosion of tooth enamel often develops under the influence increase the secretion of saliva . Often such a defect of tooth enamel is observed in people with impaired thyroid function. Depending on the degree of erosion assigned supplementation of phosphorus and calcium, vitamin complexes. Erosion of tooth enamel is treated with special preparations containing fluorine, calcium.

If darkening of the tooth enamel was caused by external factors, then it is removed with the help of a professional whitening in the clinic or through certain procedures to whiten. With the help of professional whitening removed plaque on the teeth, which brings back the natural tone of the tooth enamel. However, it should be remembered that the whitening procedure is radical enough, and carry it too often can not. Modern whitening dentists conducted by ultrasound, laser, through the use of chemical and bleaching lamp.

If the patient has no darkening enamel discoloration but the inner layer of the tooth, will help to overcome this defect Veneers or Lumir . These inserts, which fixes the dentist on the teeth allows to improve not only the color of the tooth, but also the shape of the crown. If darkening of the tooth strongly expressed, the dentist may recommend hold his dentures.

Get rid of the darkening of the enamel of the teeth at home, you can use regular use special paste for teeth, as well as through the use of some popular recipes, which are based on baking soda, hydrogen peroxide solution, milled Activated carbon   and others. However, such procedures can not be performed frequently, as the quality of the enamel of the teeth while gradually deteriorating. It is advisable to use them if browning of tooth enamel due to the use of coffee, tea and other foods enamel coloring in a dark color.

It should be very careful to use tools such as their impact can eventually lead to injury of the gums and tooth enamel damage. More forgiving are some natural means to a little bleach the tooth enamel. These properties have a lemon, strawberry, strawberry. Their juice can be lubricated regularly tooth enamel, but after that it is necessary to clean teeth toothpaste that contains fluoride.

Incidentally, in the special toothpastes have whitening effect, contains enzymes and abrasives. Therefore their effect on the tooth is very similar to the effect of baking soda. Therefore, constantly brushing teeth such pastes can not in any case.

In order to avoid significant changes in the enamel shades, remember Measures prevention . For a regular oral hygiene parents should teach a child from an early age. If your baby begins to darken the tooth, then you are sure to take your child for a visit to the dentist. Caries is treated at an early stage is very simple, and manages to keep the tooth from darkening.

Adults also should not forget the basic rules - a double entry brushing your teeth daily, flossing, preventive visits to the dentist. You can not take a very cold and very hot food, making it at the same time. The teeth become yellow over time in people who smoke. Therefore, as an effective measure of prevention is worth just to get rid of addiction.