August 18, 2011
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To date, the health of our country and the whole world, such disease as obesity It occupies almost the first place of its prevalence. According to WHO statistics from 1980 the number of cases of this disease has doubled in 2008 1, 5 billion. People aged 20 years and older are overweight, and the numbers on the statistics of childhood and say scary - 40 million children. Every year nearly 3 million. People die from being overweight or obese.
Moreover, about 44% of diabetes, 27% - ischemic heart disease and from 7 to 40% of cancer illnesses occur because of excess weight. Generally speaking, the disease each year rather quickly spreading across the globe. To combat obesity is developed various techniques and varied diet, and training, and surgical treatment of obesity.
Causes of Obesity
A common cause of obesity is slowing metabolism , Whereby the amount of calories coming from food is not burnt, thus forming an excessive accumulation of fat. However, to slow metabolism leads many factors, so that the causes of obesity, ultimately, may be different.
This is primarily due to the low physical activity and poor diet, frequent use of acute and fatty foods, especially fatty meats, variety of sweets, pasta. Wrong way of life, long sleep, chronic sleep deprivation, alcohol abuse, smoking, are also causes of excess weight. Eating large amounts of high-calorie foods and soft drinks also contributes to the accumulation of fat in the body.
The disease may be associated with hormonal drugs, and frequent stress. In some cases, excess weight is caused by a hereditary factor - increased activity enzymes of lipogenesis or a decrease in their activity.
Some diseases may also lead to obesity, such as endocrine disorders ( insulinoma . girotireoz ), Whereas obesity is called endocrine . Disorders of the nervous system associated with lesions of the hypothalamus, leading to hypothalamic obesity .
Moreover, obesity may cause and certain medications, such as corticosteroids and various Antidepressants . Another factor contributing to the increase in weight is age. Usually after 30 years there is a reorganization of special centers of the brain, among which the Centre is responsible for the appetite. This means that to suppress hunger person needs more and more food. Besides age human metabolism slows down, resulting in a gradual increase in weight.
Foods rich in carbohydrate, is not able to be absorbed properly if you do not balance your diet foods that enough protein. Wrong diet of pregnant women leads to the fact that the fetus in the third trimester of pregnancy already formed a predisposition to excess weight. Hence there obesity in children.
Symptoms of obesity
Constantly increasing body weight is the main symptom of obesity. Against the background of overweight symptoms such as shortness of breath, tiredness, the swelling of the lower extremities, increased appetite, and the patients prefer fat and junk food . Patients also may be concerned about attacks hunger and night thirst . A woman changes affect the sexual sphere, disturbed menstrual cycle, may be signs of hirsutism In men decreases potency . It may also occur hyperpigmentation of the skin, especially on the hands and elbows, as well as the appearance of small extensions ( striae ) On the neck, thighs and abdomen.
These symptoms of obesity appear long before the weight starts to interfere with the normal rhythm of life, so many patients do not feel the weight excess. In the early stages of the disease a person's weight increases to 20% and gradually increases. An equally important feature of the disease is hypertension . Cholesterol tends to settle on vessel walls, thereby impeding the flow of blood.
Fat deposits may be distributed uniformly, and the man for a long time does not pay attention to the appearance of excess weight. In the case where the accumulation occurs in certain places, signs of obesity are more visible. In children, a localized obesity leads to stunted growth.
Obesity in children is most often develops due to acquired metabolic disorders, as well as heredity. Typically, obesity can occur in one year and 10-15 years. In children 10-15 years usually becomes the cause of obesity hypothalamic syndrome , Which is characterized by the appearance of stretch marks on thighs, buttocks, breasts. There is a rise in blood pressure may also increase in intracranial pressure.
Diagnosis of obesity
The World Health Organization classifies obesity by BMI, that is, body mass index . BMI is calculated by the ratio of weight to the square centimeter of the body. If the BMI is equal to or greater than 25, it is simply Overweight , If 30 or more - obesity . As an alternative classification, BMI ranks first on how to identify excess weight, because it is the same for both sexes and all age groups.
Exact calculations BMI produced by the following formulas:
- less than 0 0185 g. / sq. cm. - underweight (dystrophy);
- 0, 0185-0, 0249 gr. / Sqm. cm. - normal body weight;
- 0, 025-0, 0299 gr. / Sqm. cm. - weight;
- 0, 030-0, 0349 gr. / Sqm. cm. - the first degree of obesity;
- 0, 035-0, 039 gr. / Sqm. cm. - second degree of obesity;
- more than 0, 040 gr. / sqm. cm. - third degree of obesity.
With obesity fourth degree the actual weight exceeds the ideal weight by more than 100%.
To measure body weight in people over 65 years old, athletes, pregnant women and children to these formulas are amended.
Diagnosis of obesity is also carried out and the formula for calculating BMI Brock by index . The method is based on the ratio of height and weight. Considered normal ratio, in which the weight is equal to the growth of minus 100 centimeters. But the calculation is correct only within the 155-170 cm in height.
If a person is obese I and II degree, he has appeared complaints weakness, drowsiness, a sharp decrease in mood, increased sweating, irritability. Can Disturb flatulence and chronic constipation And nausea. When you exercise appears tachycardia and shortness of breath . When I degree of obesity of the patient concerned about shortness of breath during exercise of medium intensity, but the operation remains the same. Already obesity II degree performance is significantly reduced, the patient complains of the swelling of legs and pain in the spine.
With obesity III degree a person develops disproportionality body , Shortness of breath almost always worried, disturbed blood circulation. Against the background of general lethargy and apathy, appetite increased patient. For IV degree of obesity is characterized by the fact that a person becomes disabled , Violated his mental state, he did not care, except for the food.
For the diagnosis of obesity need to consider several factors. First, it takes into account the patient's age, when the first signs of the disease, the recent changes in body weight, lifestyle, food preferences, the presence of harmful habits, the intensity of physical activity, use of various medications (hormones, various nutritional supplements, laxatives).
Thus, the doctor for diagnosis overweight or obese, BMI defines the purpose of the classification of disease severity, determines the ratio of waist to hip circumference to determine the nature of the distribution of fatty tissue in the body, after - measuring blood pressure. Then the patient is sent for analysis. Conduct laboratory studies of the blood to determine the level cholesterol and Lipoprotein high and low density in order to identify violations of fat metabolism, as well as echocardiography to determine abnormalities of the heart and the entire circulatory system. When violations of the menstrual cycle is performed gynecological examinations and ultrasound of the pelvic organs.
Complications of obesity
Obesity often leads to the development of atherosclerosis, poor circulation, hypertension, heart disease, joints, liver and biliary tract, as well as diabetes. In obesity the likelihood of thrombosis in the veins of the legs above 2, 5 times than people of normal weight. Those most at risk of thrombosis prone to overweight women and 40 years.
Grease tends to accumulate in men in the abdomen ( abdominal obesity ), And women - on the buttocks and thighs ( pelvic obesity ). When abdominal obesity, repeatedly increases the probability of occurrence and the development of coronary heart disease, leading to increased blood pressure, increased blood lipids and Development NIDDM . Weight loss results in a reduction of blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes, it allows you to stop the medication.
On the part of the digestive system are developing such complications like obesity cholecystitis . pancreatitis . cholelithiasis .
Patients who suffer from obesity, often subject to the formation of malignant tumors. In men, they hit prostate and rectum And women - uterus . ovary and mammary gland . In addition, menstrual disorders, gallbladder disease occur in these women are much more likely than women of normal weight. This all leads to disruption of reproductive function.
Treatment of obesity
Slimming obese patients need to consume fewer calories than they expend. There are three ways to accomplish this:
- self-help;
- psychological methods;
- clinical program.
In the case of self-help, patients themselves or in special groups, based on the methodology developed by the weight loss, try normalize your diet . physical activity . By the psychological methods of weight loss are Motivating yourself to losing weight For example, the desire to surprise everyone around you with its beauty and harmony, or a new dress to wear the small size. Such motivation must be relevant and related to the lifestyle of man. Such motivation must be combined with proper diet and daily exercise.
It is very important to treat obesity in a complex, ie, seek to reduce body weight in different ways, with the help of diet therapy, physical therapy, exercise, and medication.
The program is comprehensive obesity treatment usually consists of two stages - step weight loss (approximately 3-6 months) and weight stabilization phase (6 months).
In addition, nutritionists teach obese patients eat right, monitor their health and nutrition. It is very important that the patient is aware of the need to change their eating habits and lifestyle.
Obesity treatment programs are taught how to eat right, how to change their lifestyle and eating habits to achieve a result. To do this, doctors recommend a balanced low-calorie diet based on reducing the intake of carbohydrates and animal fats in the diet while maintaining the necessary amount of protein, vitamins and minerals. Doctors can help pick up the products individually, taking into account the age, degree of obesity, the taste and lifestyle of the patient. You can not starve and use diet with sharp restrictions on fats and carbohydrates. Enter in the diet of foods high in fiber That contribute to the rapid saturation, and accelerate the passage of food through the intestines (bran, green beans, oats, whole wheat). Meals should be frequent enough (5-6 times a day). Are useful and fasting days (1 week). For those who are obese degree I-II, doctors recommend limiting fat intake moderate.
For the patient developed an individual system of exercise, because of its way of life and changes in diet. The most effective daily morning exercise , and aerobic exercise Ie brisk walking, jogging, cycling, aerobics, football. These lessons should be systematic and frequent (3-5 times a week). It is necessary to choose those physical activities that bring you pleasure. Professional fitness trainer will not only monitor its performance, but also adjusted depending on the condition of the patient. In the presence of obese patients of heart disease, blood vessels, the load should be light, focusing on the pulse.
Drug therapy enhances the effectiveness of other therapies, and patients with obesity II degree drug treatment begins simultaneously with the change in lifestyle and diet. However, drug therapy is not recommended for pregnant women, children, and patients over 65 years.
Among the drugs used in the treatment of obesity, doctors prescribe drugs that suppress the appetite, promotes the release of detainees in the body fluids, as well as an increase in power consumption and reduces the absorption of nutrients in the body. For example, Xenical It prevents the absorption of fats in the intestine, but it is a side effect of the presence of loose stools. Meridia It helps to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure, but affects the cardiovascular system. Can also be used, and preparations for the normalization of hormonal levels. Drugs for weight loss should be appointed only physician. However, many patients supplement their treatment with special teas for weight loss and taxes, as well as biologically active additives .
In diseases of obesity compared to other diseases, such as diabetes, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, digestive system, make sure we treat the underlying disease.
Also, the patient may be held psychocorrection sessions in which the therapist will help understand the causes of obesity.
For the treatment of obese patients with grade IV apply surgical treatment of obesity . Such operations must be carried out only in institutions that specialize in this kind of surgery and only skilled surgeons. It is in this case better tolerate surgery patients, but complications arise in less than 10% of patients with a high risk. There are several surgical treatment of obesity: Liposuction - Removal of excess fatty tissue from under the skin; Abdominoplasty - Removal of a large stomach, the gastric ring setting, reduces the volume of the stomach, which helps speed up the saturation; Bypass enteroanastomozy In which the digestive system are removed from the small intestine. Such operation can lead to rapid weight loss of about half the weight loss of the patient, and gradually slows down. Weight reduction helps to improve the overall condition of the patient, increasing its activity and performance, the mood is also improved. Furthermore, the operation reduces the complications of obesity.
It is important to remember that weight loss is easier to achieve, if you combine diet and physical education, physiotherapy and medication. The beneficial effect on patients with obesity have thermal treatments - mud treatments, hot dry air baths, salt and pine baths, steaming, swimming in the pool, LHE baths, wet packs. Also useful sauna - Hot dry sauna Finnish sample. It is advisable to use occupational therapy and general massage.
Importantly, obese infants is exclusively in a diet, treated with older children as well as adults.
Meals for obesity
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hypodynamia or .
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