Aneurysm

March 15, 2012

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Aneurysm   - A condition in which there is a protrusion of the wall artery In rarer cases - veins . This occurs as a result of stretching or thinning of the arteries. In view of this process appears aneurysmal sack, sometimes compressing tissue located nearby. Usually an aneurysm - a phenomenon inherent. At the birth of this disease is not detected, the child's development occurs normally. An aneurysm is already apparent as a result of diseases in which blood vessels become progressively thinner. Also, the disease may be a consequence of trauma or injury of the blood vessels and the appearance of infected blood clots . Quite often, an aneurysm is found during ultrasound rengenologicheskogo or accident. Immediately after the installation of such a diagnosis must be taken, because when rupture occurs bleeding Which can lead to death. When you break the aneurysm person feels pain, his blood pressure drops sharply.

Occurs also acquired an aneurysm, but its manifestation is more common for people in older age - after fifty years. The people in the younger age acquired an aneurysm arises as a consequence of injuries. There are several types of aneurysms.

Brain aneurysm

Brain aneurysm , Also called intracranial aneurysm This formation which occurs at the cerebral blood vessel. Gradually increasing, it is filled with blood. Often there is a pressure of the convex portion of the aneurysm to brain tissue on the nerve. Yet the most dangerous condition for a human brain aneurysm rupture, due to which there is bleeding in the brain tissue.

If the size of the aneurysm is small, then to hemorrhage, she can not lead. This pathology appears in almost any area of ​​the brain. However, often it appears in the place where the branches depart from the artery, i.e. between the base of the skull and the lower surface of the brain.

Often aneurysm appears as a consequence of the presence of congenital abnormalities of the vessel wall. Sometimes a brain aneurysm occurs in people with certain disorders of genetic nature. It connective tissue disease . circulatory disorders . polycystic kidney .

In addition, the cause of aneurysms in the blood vessels of the brain may be previously received a head injury, permanent high blood pressure, cancer, infectious diseases, atherosclerosis and some other diseases of the vascular system. By the appearance of the aneurysm is malicious smoking and addiction.

Today experts distinguish three types of brain aneurysms. Sacculated aneurysm - A roundish bag filled with blood, fastening to the place where the blood vessels branch off. This type of aneurysm, also called "berry" aneurysm because of its structure, the most widely circulated. This pathology is typical for adults.

At lateral aneurysm   there is a kind of tumor blood vessel wall. Forming fusiform aneurysm   It occurs as a result of expansion of the vessel wall in a particular area.

There is also a classification of aneurysms according to their size. If the size of the aneurysm is less than 11 millimeters in diameter, the aneurysm is a small, medium called an aneurysm with a diameter 11-25 mm, giant - more than 25 mm.

This disease can overtake a person at any age. A bit more often this pathology in women is fixed.

It is important to consider that the aneurysm and rupture, respectively, bleeding may occur at each of the types of brain aneurysm. Provoke a ruptured aneurysm of the brain may be different factors: high blood pressure, alcoholism, cocaine and others.

As a result of a brain hemorrhage can occur in humans hemorrhagic stroke , Serious damage to the nervous system and is fatal. It is also possible re-rupture of the aneurysm or subsequent development of new aneurysms in the blood vessels of the brain. Most often it occurs due to rupture of the aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage, which in turn leads to Hydrocephalus . In this state CSF   It accumulates in the ventricles of the brain that are later put pressure on the brain tissue.

As bleeding complications may also occur vasospasm That is, narrowing of blood vessels. In this case, the blood flow to certain areas of the brain deteriorate, leading to tissue damage or a stroke.

Symptoms of brain aneurysm

Basically, when an aneurysm of the brain expressed the symptoms do not appear until, until there is a rupture of aneurysm, or that entity becomes very large. When an aneurysm occurs large pressure on tissues and nerves. As a consequence, manifest pain in the eye, can periodic spasms persons paralysis   one side. A person can become cloudy vision, pupils dilate. If there is a rupture of the aneurysm, as a symptom, a strong and sudden headache , Vomiting, double vision . The patient may lose consciousness. It should be noted that the nature of headache in this case particularly sharp and intense. Sometimes a person feels "warning" a headache for a few days before the rupture of the aneurysm. When you break the aneurysm may also occur seizures in rare cases, the patient may fall into whom . In the presence of such symptoms to the doctor should be contacted immediately.

Diagnosis of brain aneurysm

Cerebral aneurysms are often detected during the surveys related to the diagnosis of other diseases. When the aneurysm is usually a survey conducted after the occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage in order to confirm the diagnosis. Research vessels using x-ray method called angiography . When intracerebral angiogram can see the changes that take place in an artery or vein and to know whether or destroyed narrowed artery.

Using computed tomography performed revealing a brain aneurysm or bleeding after an aneurysm burst.

Magnetic resonance imaging allows to obtain an informative picture of the brain. Conducting of magnetic resonance angiography provides detailed images of the blood vessels of the brain.

If the doctor suspects a ruptured aneurysm, the patient can be assigned to analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid. Using a surgical needle cerebrospinal fluid for analysis is extracted from the subarachnoid space.

Treatment and prophylaxis of cerebral aneurysms

In patients with aneurysm rupture it is not always. Therefore, those who have a small aneurysm is diagnosed, it should remain under the constant supervision of doctors and ensure that what the dynamics of the increase of the aneurysm and whether other symptoms develop. This observation is made not to miss the time when you need to start complex treatment of aneurysms. The doctor always takes into account that each of the cases, the aneurysm is unique, so choosing the right approach to the treatment of aneurysms is determined by its size, type and position. Also, the doctor is required to pay attention to the patient's age, the presence of a certain disease, the probability of rupture of the aneurysm, heredity. It is important to pay attention to the risk that the treatment of aneurysms.

Today used two types of surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms: made clipping   and aneurysm occlusion . Such surgeries are considered to be quite complex and represent a big risk. The implementation process can affect other blood vessels, the risk of attack after surgery.

Alternatively, surgery may conduct endovaskulyanoy embolization . This procedure can be performed several times during the life of a person.

Effective methods of preventing the aneurysm to date there. Those who have been diagnosed with "brain aneurysm," should very carefully monitor the level of pressure to give up smoking and drug use. Precautions should be taken to drugs which thin the blood, such as aspirin . Their reception is possible only after consultation with your doctor. Women suffering an aneurysm, it is necessary to consult the doctor about the possibility of the use of oral contraceptives.

The prognosis of aneurysm rupture is very dependent on what the age of the patient, as his state of health is satisfactory, if he has any other diseases, as well as other factors. Important duration of the period of time from the rupture of the aneurysm to the provision of professional assistance. The earlier the diagnosis carried out and treatment is started, the more favorable prognosis.

Recovery after rupture of the brain aneurysm extends from a few weeks to several months.

Cardiac aneurysm

Cardiac aneurysm   - It is one of the most serious complications myocarditis . myocardial infarction And after the injury. When an aneurysm occurs limited bulging heart of the heart wall, which had previously been some changes. The most common cardiac aneurysm occurs in people who have suffered heart attacks, because the development of this disease is directly related to malnutrition or the integrity of the heart muscle.

If the coronary circulation is broken for a long time, in a particular area of ​​myocardial necrosis occurs. Later this section replaces fibrous plastics, and is its scarring. There is a classification of aneurysms of the heart: they are usually divided into sharp . subacute   and chronic . If we look at the shape of the aneurysm, then release saccate . diffuse . mushroom   aneurysms.

Manifestation of acute aneurysm occurs when myocardial infarction within the first week. Then necrotizing irreducible portion of the heart is stretched due to exposure to intraventricular pressure. He eventually bulges. This phenomenon occurs due to the presence of a number of factors - high Blood Pressure , Extensive necrosis. However, it becomes a decisive violation of the peace immediately after myocardial infarction.

A few weeks later scarring occurs necrotic muscle fibers, and the aneurysm becomes chronic. After a while its wall thickens.

Much rarer subacute aneurysms that occur in the fragile areas of scar tissue.

When aneurysm of the heart is disturbed his work. The man rapidly deteriorating condition, it is the development of acute left ventricular failure, which later becomes chronic total. Blood stagnate in the left atrium, pulmonary arterial blood pressure increases. Gradually, the hypertrophy of the ventricular wall, increases heart.

Often when this condition occurs heart pain that can last several hours and several days. Exertion pain becomes more intense, they can not be removed analgesics   and nitroglycerin . Sharp pains are replaced by dumb. Sometimes a person feels periodically suffocation , Shortness of breath. Pale skin of the face, gradually manifested pulmonary edema, which is characterized by recurrent cough and noisy breathing. With increasing edema appear strong wheezing, excessive sputum, cough becomes stronger. Often accompanied by an aneurysm tromboendokarditom . low grade fever . tachycardia .

There is also the risk of a heart attack in the area of ​​the aneurysm. It happens suddenly, the patient shows sharp paleness, cold sweat. The skin on his face is quickly becoming cyanotic, in the neck veins of blood there is overflow. Limbs are cold, quickly lost consciousness. Very quickly, death occurs. As a rule, a similar phenomenon occurs between the 2nd and 9th day of illness.

Also, due to the aneurysm may change heart rhythm, develop fibropericarditis .

In the transition of the aneurysm in the chronic form the patient has had other complaints. Periodically, in the heart felt hot flashes or fading, people suffering from shortness of breath   and weaknesses, it appears dizziness . At first, when there is a chronic aneurysm tachycardia Later expanding ventricular wall. The heart grows in size, and a little later there are signs of right ventricular failure.

Diagnosis of heart aneurysm is carried out by electrocardiographic examination and by X-ray examination of the chest.

Treatment of aneurysms of the heart - it is a very difficult task. It is carried out exclusively in a hospital. The main treatment is surgery for excision and suturing of the defect of the heart wall. However, this operation is carried out only if the presence of complications of the disease.

As a precaution heart aneurysm important time to diagnose myocardial infarction, and to provide a sound approach to the treatment and rehabilitation of patients.

Aortic aneurysm

Frequently aortic aneurysm   It develops in the abdomen, more rarely - in the thoracic region. Also sometimes diagnosed aneurysms of other arteries - popliteal   artery carotid . Femoral . cerebral . coronary   arteries. In most cases, the aneurysm develops in the arteries branching locations where the vessel wall is exposed to more severe stress and, accordingly, often injured. The reason artery aneurysm is most often determined by atherosclerosis, in rarer cases, it is associated with the occurrence of injuries. The artery blood flow is disturbed, it may be turbulent flow of blood which promote formation of blood clots and lead. As the complications of aortic aneurysm often arises renal failure .

If the diameter of the aneurysm is less than 5 cm, such aneurysm ruptures seldom. Consequently, for the treatment of patients apply tools that lower blood pressure. They are used to reduce the likelihood of rupture. It is important to have regular studies to see the dynamics of the aneurysm. If it is increased too quickly, the patient may be given surgery. Also, surgery is prescribed, if the diameter of the aneurysm is larger than 5 centimeters.

Two methods of operative treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The first is to hold the cut on her stomach and sew the graft into the aorta. The second method is introduced through the femoral artery with a stent catheter. It is installed in the aorta. Both operations are complex from a technical point of view. The same treatments are applied and thoracic aortic aneurysm.