October 8, 2012
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Human papillomavirus infection - A disease that belongs to the group of infectious and is transmitted between humans through sexual contact. And even if the visible manifestations of the disease in humans is not observed, it is still this disease is a serious and dangerous. At the same time every year doctors report an overall increase in the number of patients with this disease.
Pathogen infections papillmavirusnoy
Papillomatosis manifests itself in humans as a consequence of exposure to the virus belonging to the family papovirusov. This virus belongs to a group of viruses containing DNA . Directly in the structure of the virus is contained nucleic acid , Which marked a transformative and infectious properties.
Human papilloma virus can be identified on the mucous membranes of the human skin. It can also be present in other organs in the rectum, in the esophagus, in the genital organs, and others. According to experts, the virus initially affects the basal cells, and then there is their transformation and separation. As a result, a person manifests papilloma .
To date more than 100 allocated papillomaviruses which differ diversity of species and tissue specificity. characterized species and tissue specificity. Defeat of certain tissues and organs occurs depending on the type of virus. This papillomavirus in men and women is very often associated with exposure to other pathogens that provoke the development of diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact.
For a long time it was assumed that this virus is exceptionally cause a person Warts , as Skin And Genital . Currently, however, eating information that papillomaviruses have oncogenic properties are, therefore, they can trigger cancer.
The fact that upon infection of epithelial cells with human papillomavirus evolve neoplasia (this phenomenon is characteristic alteration of normal cell structure) having both benign and malignant character. Some of the human papillomavirus oncogenes trigger the process of activating the virus. They not only directly affect the cell cycle, but also slows down the impact of blocking proteins. As a consequence, the process of malignant transformation may occur. However, please note that all papilloma viruses can be divided into two distinct subspecies: the low and high oncogenic risk.
If a person becomes infected with a virus with a low degree of carcinogenicity, then the infected person over time develop genital warts, as well as cervical dysplasia mild.
Human papillomavirus type 16 and 18, which differs highly carcinogenic potential, can provoke development of precancerous conditions.
Risk factors affecting the infection of HPV infection
It is much more likely to HPV infection in women found that if they constantly have a large number of sexual partners and do not lead an orderly sex life. High risk of infection with this virus also occurs in those women who became sexually active very early, and those who ignore the barrier contraception, such as condoms.
The catalyst for the progression of the virus in the female body are also bad habits - the constant use of alcohol, smoking malicious. Risk factors include inflammation in the body, immunnnosupressivnye disease.
In turn, it is the human papilloma virus infection later becomes the cause of cancer. Studies conducted over the years indicate that women with HPV often becomes one of the causes of severe manifestations of disease - vaginal cancer and vulva . squamous cervical carcinoma .
Therefore, it is important to know that the transmission of the disease occurs mainly in sexually as well as household contacts during medical procedures and the infant during passage through the birth canal. There is also confirmed information about the infection of physicians in the course of medical procedures.
For a patient with a sexual partner of the human papilloma virus is contagious.
Papillommavirusnaya infection in women and men often associated with other diseases that people infected through sexual contact. In the case of urogenital chlamydiosis . bacterial vaginosis . mycoplasmosis and some other diseases progression of HPV infection is much more active.
As a result, both the disease becomes chronic, and the patient suffers urogenital abnormalities develop inflammation. At the same afflictions are very difficult to treat. If you have a patient papillomovirusnoy infection and disease, which is transmitted sexually, the total duration of treatment lasts much longer, often manifested relapses.
In addition to the above factors, the development or recurrence of HPV contributes to the overall deterioration of the immune system of the body, severe hypothermia, hormonal imbalance, some medical intervention ( abortion Introduction IUD ). Also increases the risk of infection in pregnant women. More susceptible to virus-infected people in the body which are insufficient content of a number of vitamins, folic acid .
Manifestations of infection papillmavirusnoy
Papillomavirus in men and women do not manifest visible symptoms for a sufficiently long period of time. But while the virus develops the active life in the human body, which ultimately leads to negative consequences. According to medical statistics, mild dysplasia becomes severe in about 10% of cases; moderate degree of dysplasia - in 20% of cases; severe degree of dysplasia is gradually transformed into a cancer in 12% of cases. However, the periods of transition from one stage of the disease to another are quite lengthy. Therefore, the patient and the doctor has the time to do everything to prevent the development of cancer in the future.
Duration incubation period the disease may last a different period of time - from one month to one year. But on average, it takes three to six months.
Most often, the disease affects young people. Papillomamvirusnaya infection can develop in different ways: its symptoms are very diverse. In most cases the occurrence of HPV infection in a patient manifested genital warts . flat and inverted warts with internal growth . papillary types of warts .
Genital warts formed at the patient's skin and mucous membranes. They have a wide base or a very thin legs, may appear as a single nodule or multiple growths. Such formation on the skin like a cauliflower or cockscomb.
At internal (endophytic) Education warts is quite difficult to diagnose the disease, as expressed by the defeat of the epithelium is absent.
On the genitals in places where there is damage, or present them in constant contact with moisture, manifested g enitalnye warts . Women such education affect the vagina, labia, cervix, the area around the anus, the skin on the genitals. While infecting the men, genital warts occur on the penis, near the foreskin, in the perianal area.
When infecting a person with human papillomavirus type 16 often appear so-called Bowenoid papules . These formations are similar to ordinary warts or seborrheic keratoses. This type of disease is most commonly diagnosed in young adults and is combined with genital warts and Herpes . Such formations disappear spontaneously, but in some cases may become malignant form.
Colour of genital warts can be a solid, pink, red. Sometimes the appearance of warts in places there is itching, and due to the fact that they are easily injured, there is a pain in the areas of their development. At a time when warts are increasing particularly rapidly, the patient may feel a burning sensation, sometimes in places such formations appear ulcer.
Rarely warts that appear on the external genitals, the so-called modified giant condyloma Buschke-Lowenstein . Initially, the genitals appear small borodavchatopodobnye education, which are growing rapidly and merge into a single entity. With the growth of such warts underlying tissues are destroyed, yet in a malignant form of such education becomes very rare.
In children, papilloma infection causes laryngeal papillomatosis and the appearance of genital warts. The virus is transmitted transplacental way the child, as well as during the passage of the baby through the birth canal. Sometimes the baby is infected by household after birth.
When pregnancy is very often an infected woman takes a relapse. This warts grow and become loose. After birth, the disease usually regresses.
Diagnosis of infection papillmavirusnoy
Given that determine the presence of genital warts and growths papillomatoznyh very easy even without special tools, diagnosis of the disease is a simple process . However, in the initial stages of the disease when expressed little warts and resemble only a rough surface, they are quite difficult to identify . Therefore, an important method of diagnosis is considered cytology smears and biopsies . The so-called Pap test is carried out if there is a lesion of the cervix and vagina in women . If the experts determine the presence of the patient koykilotsitoza (we are talking about the appearance of the cytoplasm and necrosis ballonopodobnyh cells), then this is considered a sign of criteria for assessing papilloma genital infections . In the process of diagnosing the necessary information can be obtained by applying a colposcopy, in which the area is likely defeat processed 3% acetic acid . As a result, the centers are white and gray .
If the patient has no symptoms of disease, or they are faintly expressed, it is sometimes used for diagnosis technique of polymerase chain reaction. This study also makes it possible to determine what type of virus infected people.
Treatment of infections papillmavirusnoy
If we estimate the total number of infectious diseases, it is the HPV infection is most prevalent. But, unfortunately, it is now almost no medicine offers methods to get rid of this disease.
Therefore, the treatment of human papillomavirus infection is aimed, first and foremost, to get rid of warts, as well as to create an environment in which the virus multiplies and progressed as slowly as possible.
In the application of different methods of treatment can get rid of genital warts in most cases. But it is about a quarter of cases there is a relapse that occurs within three months.
If the treatment of human papillomavirus is not practiced at all, sometimes genital warts can disappear on their own. However, the likelihood is high that without treatment warts will progress. In addition, it is important to carry out further studies that identify the presence of disease, sexually transmitted diseases and cure them.
Choosing a treatment, the doctor does not allow the use of toxic therapies and procedures that contribute to the appearance of scars. Treatment of the disease is assigned based on where the warts are localized, as the disease manifests itself, it is accompanied by some illnesses, what is the general condition of the human body. The treatment regimen should be adjusted individually only.
Today, there are many different treatments for HPV infection. In particular, as destructive methods practiced surgical excision of formations, cryotherapy, laser therapy, the use of electrosurgical methods diathermocoagulation.
Among chemical methods of treatment practiced by treatment with nitric acid, solkoderm, ferezolom, TCA.
Furthermore, in the treatment of human papillomavirus are used cytotoxic drugs: podophyllotoxin, 5-fluorouracil, podophyllin. Under combined treatment also apply interferons . It is the combination treatment is most preferred.
When treating pregnant women should not hesitate to therapy was carried out at the earliest possible dates. In this case, only practiced physical destructive methods of treatment such as cryotherapy.
During treatment, it is important to know that the person is not a carrier of the virus for life. However, if a virus is detected three times, and intervals between the progression of the disease is 4 months, the risk of cancer epithelium disease increases by 14 times.
In all forms of human papillomavirus infection in any case can not take an independent and unsystematic treatment, so as not to provoke complications.
Prevention of infection papillmavirusnoy
Adhering to the methods of prevention of human papillomavirus infection, can significantly reduce the risk of certain cancer pathologies in women and men. There are several types of preventive methods. Thus, in the primary prevention of HPV is important to timely detection of foci of infection and the risk factors contributing to its spread. It is also considered to be the primary method of prevention vaccination HPV. The maximum effective impact of such a vaccine would be the case if young people enter it before the start of sexual activity.
Methods for the secondary prevention of the infection include the use of diagnostic screening program, which allows you to diagnose the disease as early as possible.
Tertiary prevention involves reducing the likelihood of relapse in people already infected with the human papilloma virus.
One of the most important moments in the prevention of the disease is considered to be educational work among teenagers, who are going to start a sexual relationship. Young people must be aware of the risk of contracting HPV and other diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact.
A simple but very effective method of prevention is the use of condoms during sexual intercourse with non-regular sexual partners. If a person is found to be infected, it is important to conduct a survey of all sexual partners of infected in the last year.
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