Diseases of the digestive system

May 7, 2013

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Human activity is directly dependent on timely receipt of his body nutrients . microelements . vitamins . This process ensures that the digestive organs. To the functioning of all organs and systems was normal, the human digestive system must work flawlessly. Consequently, any disease of the digestive system should be diagnosed and treated promptly.

The structure of the digestive system

The bodies of the digestive system divided into several departments. The initial stage of the digestive process takes place in oral cavity and Where food is processed initially. Next the food enters the throat and   esophagus Moving to the stomach.

Belly   - A body composed of muscle, and in the inner cavity there are many glands that produce hydrochloric acid   and gastric juice . Under the influence of these fluids occur breakdown of food, after which it moves in duodenum . This initial section of the intestine, where food acts bile . pancreatic juice .

The longest is a department of the digestive system small intestine Where food is broken down completely, and the nutrients are absorbed into the blood. AT colon Digestion is completed: to get undigested remnants of what people ate. They are removed from the body under the influence of movement of the colon.

Digestion takes place under the influence of a number of digestive glands - pancreas, liver, salivary glands and microscopic. The liver produces bile and the pancreas produces insulin   and enzymes Under the action of which takes the breakdown of fats, proteins, carbohydrates. The salivary glands are responsible for the mitigation of food.

If the human digestive system functioning smoothly and clearly, the condition of the body is normal. But now the disease of the digestive system due to irregularities in the digestive tract in humans develop very often. The most common disorders of this type include gastritis . Reflux esophagitis . duodenitis . duodenal ulcer and   stomach . erosive bulbit . dysbiosis . bowel obstruction . food poisoning   and other ailments. All these diseases need to be treated properly and in a timely manner, or due to violation of contact with the blood of nutrients suffers the whole body.

Causes

Diseases of the digestive system determines many specific factors. However, doctors isolated a number of reasons, common to most diseases of this type. They are divided into external   and internal .

The decisive role in this case played external   reasons. First of all, such is the impact on the body of poor-quality food, liquids, of drugs.

Diseases of the digestive system may be a consequence of an unbalanced diet, which noted the lack or excess intake of fat, protein, carbohydrates. Sometimes these diseases manifest themselves as a result of prolonged irregular supply, too frequent inclusion in the diet of salty, very sharp, hot dishes, adversely affecting the digestive system. The presence of preservatives in the foods that a person eats each day, can trigger symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases. That is why the prevention of this type of disease in children and adults provide a minimum number of such products in the diet. And at the slightest symptoms of diseases of the digestive system a list of junk foods increases.

Negative influence, and some of the liquid. Diseases of the digestive system provoked, first of all, alcoholic beverages and those substitutes, soda and other drinks containing large amounts of dyes and preservatives.

In addition, external factors is the impact of microorganisms and worms from entering the body which most often occurs in the use of contaminated food. Under the action of viral and bacterial infections in developing specific   and nonspecific   disease. At the same time worms (tapeworms, roundworms, flukes) parasites in the body and reduce its overall condition.

Provoking factor is smoking, as well as regular stressful situations and experiences.

Internal causes of diseases of the digestive system are genetic factors, malformations of fetal development, the development of autoimmune processes in the body.

As a rule, one disease of the digestive system develops as a result of exposure to a number of different reasons. One specific cause can be determined only in infectious diseases and infection by parasites.

Symptoms

With the development of human diseases of the digestive system main symptom, which testifies to their manifestation, considered pain of varying intensity, which arise in the course of the digestive tract. Such a feature is defined in almost all diseases, but his character, depending on what kind of disease of the digestive system is developing, may be different.

Thus, when cholecystitis   Pain develops in the upper quadrant, left or right. Pancreatitis   seen encircling the pain that has no precise localization, sometimes it can give to the heart or between the shoulder blades. In some diseases the pain is dull, in other cases, for example, perforated stomach ulcer , Pain is very sharp and intense. Sometimes the pain is independent of food intake. Patients suffer cholecystitis or pancreatitis after administration of fat. In gastric ulcer pain increases, if the person does not eat for a long time. With giperatsidnom gastritis   pain, on the contrary, the patient dies down after drinking milk.

Dyspepsia   - Another common symptom in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Doctors determine the upper and lower dyspepsia. Upper indigestion manifested in the patient heartburn Constant belching, recurrent vomiting and nausea. It is also noted discomfort and feeling of fullness in the epigastric region, dysphagia , loss of appetite.

Manifestations of the lower dyspeptic - feeling of fullness in the abdomen, flatulence , Constipation, diarrhea . In addition, in diseases of the digestive system of humans may vary the color of the chair, to develop a rash or other skin changes. More precisely, we can talk about the symptoms of a particular disease when considering the human digestive system.

Diagnostics

Initially with suspected development of diseases of the digestive system a doctor must perform a thorough examination of the patient. During the inspection practiced palpation, percussion, auscultation. It is necessary to probe the complaints to examine history.

As a rule, this type of disease the patient is assigned to conduct laboratory tests (general and biochemical blood tests, an overall analysis of urine, fecal analysis). It is widely practiced in the process diagnosis and radiation methods. Informative method is ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, radiography, fluoroscopy using contrast agents, CT, MRI. Depending on the disease can be assigned as the procedures to assess the state of the internal organs of the digestive system and also to obtain material for biopsy. It colonoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, laparoscopy.

In order to survey the stomach practiced application of functional tests to obtain detailed information on gastric acid secretion, its motor function, as well as on the state of the pancreas, small intestine.

Treatment

Dosage treatment of diseases of the digestive system is assigned depending on what kind of disease has been diagnosed in the patient. However, it is important to assign any disease treatment in a timely manner in order to avoid complications and the transition to a chronic form of the disease. After conducting research physician, based on the results obtained, shall appoint the scheme of therapy. It is an important step in the treatment of many diseases of the digestive tract is a special dietary food. If the patient holds acute form of the disease, he for some time can be assigned to parenteral nutrition, providing flow of nutrients directly into the bloodstream. Further, as the recovery takes a normal diet, but from the diet excludes all foods that can provoke an aggravation of the disease.

Often the treatment is gradual. So, initially in acute gastritis should be brought back to normal secretory function of the stomach, after which the patient is assigned treatment antibiotics . Further, in the third stage, it takes money promotes cell renewal of the gastric mucosa, as well as the restoration of normal metabolism in the body.

Diseases of the digestive system sometimes can be cured in a few weeks, in other cases the treatment continues even several years. It is especially important time to diagnose diseases of the digestive system in children in order to minimize the duration of treatment.

Often in case of gastrointestinal diseases of integrated treatment, yielding the most significant results. For example, gastric ulcer patient should initially take care of eliminating the causes that trigger the development of disease. Further, it is assigned a course of treatment drugs in conjunction with a strict diet. In this practice, the use of other methods - physical therapy, magnetic therapy, laser therapy, and others.

In general, to ensure successful treatment, the patient must understand that his life becomes extremely important prevention of acute gastrointestinal diseases. Consequently, the need to significantly adjust lifestyles in general. This is the power, and the regime of the day, and bad habits.

Recently diagnosed as a disease in which there are no clinical signs, which were discussed above. So-called chronic ischemic disease of the digestive system - It is a disease provoked by the defeat of visceral arteries of the abdominal aorta. Coronary artery disease of the digestive system leads to violation of patency of visceral arteries. Therefore, it is important to conduct a thorough diagnosis, so as not to miss the opportunity to prescribe the right treatment. Such patients recommend a specific diet (eat little and often, do not eat the food, leading to flatulence). In the treatment using drugs, antispasmodics, and drugs that lead to normal blood circulation.

If conservative treatment does not give the desired effect, then in many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is practiced surgical interventions. Conducted as a little traumatic, and abdominal surgery.

Prevention

Prevention of diseases of the digestive system - is, above all, the right approach to the organization of daily nutrition and a healthy lifestyle in general. It is important to give up bad habits, be physically active every day, full sleep and rest.

An important measure of prevention - regular visits scheduled checkups. Moreover, it should be done even if the symptoms do not appear alarming. People who are over 40 years, ultrasound of the abdomen, it is desirable to do every year.

It is important to eat properly. The diet should be balanced and diverse as possible. The food should be moderate, ie before the full sense of satiety can not load. For the digestive system to work smoothly, it is important to include every day in the diet of raw fruits and vegetables. Food should always be fresh, and eat food should be, slowly and without being distracted by extraneous things, while chewing it thoroughly. Do doctors recommend 4-5 times a day, and you need to try to do it at one and the same time. Because the diet is better to exclude very cold and very hot food. It is also desirable to phase out refined carbohydrates and very savory.

Cholelithiasis, the fight against gallstones

July 29, 2012

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Cholelithiasis   (also called cholelithiasis ) - A disease which is characterized by the appearance of stones   in the biliary tract. In particular, the formed stones in the gallbladder (referring to cholecystolithiasis ) And bile ducts (in this case develops choledocholithiasis ).

The appearance of stones in the development of gallstone disease is due to the deposition of insoluble components of bile. These components are cholesterol . calcium salt . cholochrome s As well as certain types of proteins . Also, in some cases, found the net in terms of the chemical composition of calculi. Stones, are formed in the bladder and bile ducts, divided into cholesterol . pigment As well as rare, which is calcium carbonate . When it comes to mixed stones, they usually consist of cholesterol by 70%.

It is believed that cholelithiasis   It is one of the most common problems in gastroenterology.

As the medical statistics, in recent years the number of cases has increased significantly cholelithiasis Thus, in 25 years the number of patients with gallstone disease increased approximately 2, 8 times.

Symptoms cholelithiasis mainly manifested in humans on average, and in the elderly. However, you can get sick from this disease at any age. The disease occurs even in newborn babies. Among the total number of patients is dominated by women but also men gallstones are formed frequently.

Causes of gallstones

Until now, the mechanisms that lead to the formation of the stones are not fully disclosed. Accepted provide three stages of education: step saturation . Crystallization   and subsequent growth . Considered the most important stage of saturation bile   cholesterol. The bile cholesterol dissolved through a complex chemical process, which is defined by other lipids bile.

Experts identify some of the reasons due to which a person may develop gallstones. The main reasons for the manifestation of the disease should be noted bile stasis, metabolic disorders and infectious factor.

Violation of cholesterol metabolism in the body and, consequently, increased levels of cholesterol in the bile and blood leads to gallstones. Studies indicate that the development of gallstones is often observed in obese people. With obesity   lithogenicity bile rises due to a too high level of cholesterol secretion.

One of the important factors affecting the occurrence of gallstones is the food. People who are prone to this ailment, recommended special diet   cholelithiasis, including cholesterol as low as possible and more products with dietary fiber. In addition to obesity factors contributing to stone formation is considered physical inactivity   and old age person. There are also studies that suggest that gallstone disease is more common in men and women who are suffering diabetes . atherosclerosis .

In women, one of the precipitating factors is childbearing. During the growth of the fetus is a compression of the gall bladder, so that there is stagnation of bile. In the last stages of pregnancy bile saturated with cholesterol, which also contributes to the formation of stones. Gallstone disease is often manifested in women after the second pregnancy.

Cholesterol stones are often formed in the presence of a person other diseases of the gall bladder or the gastrointestinal tract. The concentration of cholesterol increases when irritable bowel syndrome . dysbacteriosis .

Therefore, gallstone disease is polyetiological disease caused by different factors, the totality of which eventually leads to the formation of gallstones.

Symptoms of gallstones

Gallstone disease manifests itself in humans is very different symptoms. Experts distinguish several different forms of the disease. It Latent . dyspeptic . pain torpid and paroxysmal pain form.

When the period ends with the latent form of the disease, the patient may initially be noted manifestation of dyspeptic disorders. After some time, he already appears moderate pain, and later people are concerned about the periodic attacks biliary colic . But not always gallstone disease is developing for this scheme.

Stones in the gallbladder or the ducts are not always trigger the clinical manifestations of the disease. Sometimes the presence of a calculus in the fundus of the gallbladder causes no tangible manifestation of symptoms. The duration of the latent form of the disease can vary from 2 to 11 years.

In the transition to the form of diarrheal disease in a patient already marked general dyspepsia, which often occur in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In the right hypochondrium and epigastric marked heaviness in the mouth periodically appears dryness and bitterness. Possible attacks Heartburn Constant belching . abdominal distention   and unstable chair . At the same time the patient feels ill after consuming fatty and spicy foods. These symptoms occur in this stage of disease development regularly.

When pain torpid form gallstones distinct episodes of pain a person is not observed. Sometimes it appears dull and aching epigastric pain, a sense of strong gravity in the right upper quadrant. The more intense the pain occur after food violations in cholelithiasis. In addition, the pain becomes intense after severe shaking, tangible physical activity, unpleasant emotions, changing weather conditions. The pain often radiates to the right shoulder and right shoulder blade. Some people are overcome by frequent nausea, heartburn, bloating, constant feeling of malaise. Symptoms of gallstones in women characterized by increased pain during the menstrual period. This form of the disease can last even a few decades, accompanied by the absence of adequate therapy attacks of biliary colic or acute cholecystitis .

Painful paroxysmal form also called biliary colic . It flows in waves: in the background of the normal state there is a sudden severe attack of colic. However, such attacks can manifest as a few days and a few years later. The pain of biliary colic is very sharp, stabbing or tearing. It is localized in the right hypochondrium or epigastrium. This man suffered severe torture, can not find the right position of the body, even screaming in pain.

Sometimes these attacks occur for no reason, it often provokes them oily or spicy food, and other deviations from the diet, and alcohol intake, physical or emotional stress. Women often suffer from cramps during the menstrual period, during pregnancy. The pain of biliary colic is often placed under the right shoulder blade, collarbone and supraclavicular region, neck, right shoulder and chest. In more rare cases, the pain gives to the heart and can be mistaken for an attack angina . Often the pain is celebrated during nausea, vomiting bile, which the patient does not bring relief. If the attack of biliary colic person suffers from uncontrollable vomiting, it may indicate that the pathologic processes has been involved as the pancreas.

The most severe attacks of colic have been reported in people who have gall stones are small. In people suffering from biliary colic, noted in his mouth the bitter taste, they may be torturing heartburn, flatulence They do not tolerate fried and fatty foods.

Complications of cholelithiasis

If in the process of developing gallstones is joined by inflammation, infection or blockage develops in the biliary tract as a result of movement of stones, the clinical picture of the disease varies considerably. When clogged duct or gallbladder neck possible gradual development hydrocholecystis . This person suffering from a severe attack of pain, but after a while the doctor can feel the increased gall bladder. If the patient develops an edema, the sharp attacks of pain are gradually replaced by a feeling of heaviness in the right upper quadrant. It is not marked rise in body temperature or changes in laboratory blood test. But the accession of infection has been developing   gallbladder empyema . With this diagnosis, a sharp deterioration in the patient's condition: he was overcome by pain, fever, there is a significant increase in body temperature.

If there is a complete blockage of the entrance to the gall bladder stone, and it is impossible to drain the flow of bile. As a result, the bubble will atrophy over time.

Sometimes a certain movement of the stones hit promotes bile into the duodenum. At the same time a person develops jaundice . The consequence of the stagnation of bile in the liver is hepatomegaly; as a complication of gallstone disease may be cholangitis, provocative cholangitis .

If the process becomes chronic, it is fraught with the manifestation of irreversible changes: cirrhosis . holangiogepatita . renal and hepatic failure . As a complication of progressive disease may also develop bile peritonitis . pancreatonecrosis . These states urgently need to be treated exclusively surgically.

The most common complication of cholelithiasis becomes destructive cholecystitis . ruptured gallbladder .

A serious complication of long presence of stones may be the development of gallbladder cancer . Rarely gallstone ileus .

Diagnosis of gallstone disease

The diagnosis in the case of gallstone disease usually does not cause particular difficulties, if the patient develops an attack of biliary colic. It is more difficult to diagnose the disease in the presence of vague pain, dyspeptic symptoms, or symptoms of other diseases of the digestive tract. One of the most important moments in the diagnostic process is the correct history, from which the doctor can learn about all the features of the current malaise.

During the informative method of diagnosis is a laboratory examination of blood and feces and urine.

Sometimes patients with suspected gallstones appoint holding duodenal intubation .  Clinical chemistry bile to evaluate the properties of bile, which to some extent dependent on the presence of a pathological process in the biliary tract .  However, due to the possibility of disease exacerbation after the duodenal sounding now increasingly used radiographic and ultrasonographic research methods that allow you to confirm the diagnosis .  To fully verify the accuracy of the diagnosis, ultrasound is performed, and the method of infusion and oral holetsistografii cholegraphy .  The modern method of cholangiography allows you to take pictures of the biliary tract after direct injection of contrast medium into them .  This is done by endoscopy, puncturing the abdominal wall .  The study also used computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging .

Treatment of gallstone disease

To treatment of gallstones has been the most significant effect, it is important for the different approach to the principles of therapy in patients of all ages, at different stages of the disease. It should also take into account the presence or absence of complications. For all patients who were found gallstones, it is important to proper nutrition in cholelithiasis.

If a patient has acute illness, attack of biliary colic, it should take no food for a day or two to ensure gentle treatment for pancreatic cancer. Further, should eat only boiled, mashed, low-fat food.

During an acute attack the patient's prescribed medicines with analgesic effect. In severe cases, you can assign narcotic analgesics, as well as the introduction of antispasmodic drugs intravenously. If during the diagnosis was found to the development of inflammation in the biliary tract, in the course of complex therapy included antibiotics . If cholelithiasis is accompanied pancreatitis , Expedient receiving enzyme preparations - mezima . Festal . Creon .

Perhaps the appointment of drugs that improve the functioning of the liver - essentiale . hepatitis . karsila . If found only a single floating gallstones, treatment may consist in an attempt to their dissolution. As drugs which promote dissolution of the stones used drugs henodezoksiholevoy   or ursodeoxycholic acids .

To dissolve stones is successful, it is important to have saved the normal functions of the gallbladder, there was no inflammation in the bile ducts and gall bladder. These drugs may reduce the synthesis of cholesterol, reduce its excretion in the bile, promote the separation of cholesterol crystals from the stones and the removal of bile.

This treatment can last more than six months. During treatment the patient is important to follow a diet that will include a minimum of cholesterol and plenty of fluids. However, pregnant women such treatment is contraindicated, since drugs can have a negative effect on the fetus.

Shockwave cholelithotrity   - A modern method of treatment of gallstones, which consists of crushed stone. It uses sound wave. To be successful crushing, stone size should not be more than 3 cm in diameter.

Surgery when gallstones involves complete removal of the gallbladder. Today it is mainly used for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This technique is removal of the gallbladder is much less traumatic, post-operative period is much shorter period of time. Such an operation can be done if the goal is to remove the stones from the gallbladder.

When the stones in the bile duct is carried out combined operation: using lapraskopicheskogo method to remove the gallbladder and bile duct from the extraction of stones is carried out using an endoscope and sphincterotomy.

Diet for gallstones

Treatment of the disease is impossible without strict compliance with certain principles of nutrition. Diet for gallstones can effectively get rid of the frequent occurrence of unpleasant symptoms of gallstones.

Its basic principle is to limit foods that contain cholesterol. People with gallstones should not eat cheese, brains, egg yolk, liver, sausages, pork, fatty dairy products, meat, duck and goose.

If the patient is the presence of overweight Then it should be excluded from the menu digestible carbohydrates.

It is important to regularly eat foods containing protein. Diet for gallstones suggests eating fish, meat, poultry, rabbit, low fat cottage cheese. To reduce the cholesterol content in the products, they must be boiled, but the broth drink. The food should be consumed in baked, boiled, stewed. If baked meat, the skin before its use should be removed.

Vegetable salads dressed with yogurt, olive oil. Do not eat fresh bread is better to take a little piece of stale bread or crackers. It is important to increase the regular intake of fiber by introducing into the diet as much as possible vegetables. Do not restrict the everyday use of liquid beverages, as they contribute to the output of toxins from the body and maintains normal metabolism.

Diet for gallstones excludes the inclusion in the diet soda, ice cream, chocolate. Fatty meals significantly load the gallbladder. Eating should be a relatively small portions, dividing the total daily diet for 6-7 meals.

Prevention of cholelithiasis

To prevent the development of gallstones, it is important to quickly eliminate all the causes that contribute to disruption of metabolic processes and the stagnation of bile.

Dyskinesia zhelchevyvodyashih tract and intestines

July 17, 2012

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Biliary dyskinesia   - Is the presence of a person of a certain complex biliary system disorders that arise in connection with violations of motor function of the gallbladder and bile ducts. In this organic changes of these bodies are absent. Patients very often there is either too much or insufficient contraction of the gallbladder.

Medical practice shows that the emergence of dyskinesias are more prone to women. There is evidence that biliary dyskinesia in women occur 10 times more often than men. When biliary dyskinesia bile It does not flow into the duodenum in a sufficient amount, whereby the patient manifested pain at right hypochondrium. Dyskinesia usually divided into hyperkinetic   (if the state is too high stimulates the contractile activity of the biliary system), and hypokinetic (if the state is too low to provoke the contractile activity of the biliary system). It was noted that the incidence of hyperkinetic dyskinesia is more common in young people, and hypokinetic dyskinesia characteristic of those who are over forty years, and it develops in people who suffer from mental instability.

Reasons biliary dyskinesia

Almost always dyskinesia is diagnosed as a secondary disease. It manifests itself in humans as a consequence of some of the factors leading to disruption of the bile ducts.

Thus, the disease occurs in people who have suffered at one time acute viral hepatitis . neurocirculatory dysfunction . Children dyskinesia may develop as a result of certain features of the constitution of the child at vegetative Dystonia , At too sedentary lifestyle due nervosa . food allergies . pathologies of the digestive tract In the presence of foci of infection in the body. In addition, the development of biliary dyskinesia can affect an unhealthy diet, a number of endocrine diseases. As a rule, a fixed way of life, fatigue, poor nutrition the patient develops hypokinetic dyskinesia.

Biliary dyskinesia in children and adults is considered as a psychosomatic illness that can cause trauma, as well as strong stresses . It is proved that the motor activity of the gallbladder depends on the stress and the strong negative emotions: in this case, it slows down considerably, and there is stagnation of bile in the gall bladder. Very often in the study of medical records of these patients is that they have at one time there were psychological problems of diverse nature.

In addition, the trigger for the development of dyskinesia of the gallbladder may be disorders of the nervous regulation of the gall bladder, period menopause , Failure of function of the endocrine glands.

There is also the possibility of acceding to dyskinesia cholelithiasis . cholecystitis . Patients with ulcer . appendicitis   reflex occurs occurrence hyperkinetic dyskinesia. This form of the disease also threatens those who regularly eats too often uses very spicy dishes which irritate the mucous membrane.

Severe dyskinesia of the gallbladder and biliary tract infection occurs when worms and other parasites that affect the digestive tract.

Symptoms of biliary dyskinesia

The main symptoms of biliary dyskinesia appear, depending on what kind of factors has provoked the development of dyskinesias. As a rule, the majority of people suffering from this disease, complain about the manifestation of the complex symptoms nervosa. This is too high a level of fatigue, bouts of tearfulness and irritability, heart palpitations, sweating, recurrent headaches. At the same time, patients feel the pain in the right hypochondrium. If we are talking about hypertensive dyskinesia Then such pain distinguishes paroxysmal in nature. This pain is quite severe, but lasts a short period of time. Pain may give the right shoulder or shoulder. Very often such attacks occur after eating fatty foods, heavy stress, both physical and emotional. Very often, patients with hypertonic dyskinesia of manifestations bitter taste in the mouth That often happens in the morning.

If the patient suffers from symptoms hypotonic dyskinesia , Then this state is characterized by a dull and aching, which is also manifested in the fullness sensation in the right hypochondrium. Such pain is constantly worried about the patient while he is markedly reduced appetite, often sick person, seen belching. Rise in body temperature is observed, blood count also indicates the presence of abnormalities.

In addition, the symptoms of biliary dyskinesia in men may include reduction in sexual activity . At the same time women can be broken monthly cycle . Common signs of dyskinesia is a depression, emotional, and physical weakness. During the attack biliary colic   the patient may experience a feeling of palpitations or feeling of heart failure. He may be accompanied by a sense of fear, numbness in the extremities.

The disease lasts a long period, while there is considerable aggravation periodically that provoke stress and other basic violations. After the attacks occur periodically relieved condition. After a certain time, dyskinesia can cause inflammation in the gallbladder and the ducts and cause the formation of gallstones.

Diagnosis of biliary dyskinesia

In the process of diagnosing biliary dyskinesia one of the most important points is the examination of the patient. A doctor holds palpation of the area of ​​the gall bladder to detect pain. Especially clearly we can determine the presence of pain during deep palpation during inhalation. If the results of such an examination may not clearly indicate the presence of pain, the doctor examines the results of the inspection in dynamics. It carried out an assessment of the central nervous system and vegetative division. Diagnosis of biliary dyskinesia involves finding the body of foci of chronic infection, and to identify parasites.

To determine the exact form of dyskinesia, performed abdominal ultrasound and contrast cholecystography. Appointed by laboratory blood tests. To determine what changes the contractile activity of biliary tract function have a place (too high or too low), the patient is assigned to carrying out of duodenal intubation or ultrasound, to whom it is important to use cholagogic breakfast.

Treatment of biliary dyskinesia

Keep in mind that the treatment of biliary dyskinesia is directly dependent on what exactly causes provoked the manifestation of this disease. In the appointment of therapy must take into account the fact that dyskinesia refers to psychosomatic illnesses. Therefore, when treating important therapeutic measures. However, this treatment can only assign a specialist psychotherapist. Patients also believe their problems exclusively somatic, so turn to the doctor this profile rare. If the patient has symptoms of a depressive state of the place, the patient is often prescribed treatment tranquilizers . antidepressants , Light preparatami- neuroleptics .

All subsequent treatments dyskinesia directly depend on which form of the disease was diagnosed in the patient. If the patient has developed hypokinetic dyskinesia, it should comply with the special diet Including products choleretic effect and with high contents of certain minerals.

During treatment the patient is assigned to the regular use of certain types of mineral waters. They need to drink one glass about three times a day about half an hour before a meal. In addition, when biliary dyskinesia efficient use of massage and physical therapy. It was also recommended periodic spa treatment. Sometimes the patient is expedient to appoint Duodenal intubation in order to free the gallbladder from bile. There is also a so-called method of "closed tyubazh" that the patient can take on their own, thus stimulating gallbladder contraction.

If the patient suffers from symptoms of hyperkinetic dyskinesia, then it is important to stick to the diet, which is characterized by limited product-irritants, fats. To eliminate acute patients shows the use of antispasmodic drugs, mineral waters. Surgical methods in this case are not effective.

In general, the improvement of the patient is recommended to normalize the diet, rest and work, a number of products excluded from the diet. You can also apply some folk remedies, such as herbal teas. For the treatment of dyskinesia applied decoctions coriander, anise, corn stigmas, herb St. John's wort, peppermint, sage, celandine, valerian root, grass immortelle. Also, traditional medicine recommends drinking grapefruit juice for a while before eating.

Diet for biliary dyskinesia

Despite the fact that biliary dyskinesia is a disease that is not classified as dangerous diseases, diet is very important to prevent the further development of cholecystitis and other dangerous diseases. Diet for biliary dyskinesia observed depending on which form of the disease occurs. However, the overall food should contribute to the normalization of motor function of biliary tract. If the patient suffers from symptoms of hypertensive dyskinesia, he needs very dramatically reduce the content in the diet of those products, the use of which contributes to the reduction of the gall bladder. In this case we are talking about very rich broth, animal fats, vegetable oils. But not very rich broth, fish soup, vegetable oils, dairy products constitute the diet in the development of hypotonic dyskinesia.

Diet for biliary dyskinesia, wearing a hypertensive character, excludes the use of smoked, fried foods, alcohol, spicy food. Do not eat ice cream or drink sodas. Such food can provoke strong spasm of biliary tract. It is always important to use only warm and fresh food. The diet should be a lot of vegetables, but the amount of meat it is desirable to limit it. Sticking to such dietary habits needed for a long time.

Eat small portions must be making it up to 6 times a day. It is advisable to eat before going to bed any easy dish. In general, a diet in this disease is similar to the principles of power in the Mediterranean countries: it is dominated by fruits, vegetables, fish dishes. By the way, the bran is very well affect the state of the biliary tract motility: they should be taken, dodavit 1 tablespoon to everyday dishes.

Prevention of biliary dyskinesia

To prevent this unpleasant manifestation of the disease, should, without delay, to treat all disorders neurotic character, to prevent severe stress, regular, at one and the same time to eat every day. It is also important normal, restful sleep and relaxation.

Dyskinesia intestine

A variety of disorders of the colon functional nature - is diseases that are very common today. Dyskinesia intestine   (this disease is also called Irritable Bowel Syndrome . spastic colitis ) - A condition in which the motor is disturbed bowel function. The more pronounced dyskinesias colon less - small intestine dyskinesia. This organic lesions for this disease are not typical. In patients with dyskinesia appear bowel pain, they have significantly changed the administration function of the intestine. In some cases, there is a very high level of mucus: this phenomenon is typical for about half of all patients.

Dyskinesia bowel develops as a consequence of some neurotic disorders, severe stress, conflict, dystonia of the autonomic nervous system, endocrine disorders. Also factor in the manifestation of intestinal dyskinesia, a hereditary predisposition to this disease. As in the case of biliary dyskinesia with the illness may manifest as hyperkinetic (spastic) and hypokinetic (atonic) changes. Quite often, there are just two types of these disorders.

Patients who progressed dyskinesia intestine, often disturbed pain in the abdomen, which is characterized by the absence of well-defined location. It is also possible frustration of a chair, too active mucus production. Pain can have different intensities: sometimes there is a feeling of pressure in the abdomen, the pressure in the lower abdomen, sometimes - quite strong colic. They may last a few minutes and several days. Quite often such colic patients perceive as the beginning of an attack of appendicitis. In some cases, even it comes to surgery for suspected appendicitis. Sometimes patients say dyskinesia intestine periodic alternation of constipation and diarrhea. Very often diarrhea obsessed person in the morning, after he took food. This often leaves the feces with mucus.

Diagnosis dyskinesia intestine provides primarily elimination of possible organic illnesses, the symptoms of which are similar to the symptoms of dyskinesia. Patients received endoscopy, in which revealed hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the colon. Microscopic examination of stool changes are not detected.

Treatment of this disease involves correcting the diet. It is important to avoid the monotony of the diet, as well as too severe dietary restrictions. As medical treatment therapy practice sedatives and tranquilizers. Thus, using bromides . valerian . elenium . motherwort . trioxazine and others. It is also a comprehensive treatment of the disease may include vitamins, mineral water, herbal medicine. Recommended periodic application of heat to the abdomen, therapeutic baths, ozocerite and paraffin applications on the abdomen. Dyskinesia bowel and treated with electric sleep, Acupuncture .

All the patients is important to follow a healthy lifestyle, avoid hypodynamia . If a person is constantly shown constipation , It is recommended to enter into the diet of porridge of whole grains, dairy products, baked apple.

Pancreatitis

July 19, 2012

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Pancreatitis - A name of a group of diseases and symptoms in which there is inflammation of the pancreas. If such a process is shown, the enzymes Produced by the pancreas does not fall into the duodenum. Consequently, they begin to be active in the pancreas gradually destroying it. Thus, there is a so-called self-digestion process. This pathology is fraught with subsequent involvement of other agencies, because with the gradual destruction of the pancreas is released toxins   and enzymes . In turn, they can appear in the bloodstream and damage other organs. Therefore, acute pancreatitis should be treated immediately after diagnosis. Under such condition, the treatment is carried out mainly in the hospital.

Women pancreatitis is diagnosed more often than men. It is also more prone to pancreatitis obese and the elderly.

How is pancreatitis?

The pancreatic ducts are gradually increased pressure, and enzymes acting in the breast tissue, to stimulate the process of destruction. If pancreatitis becomes more severe form (in this case we are talking about pancreonecrosis ), Then the pathological process characterized by considerable necrosis of the pancreatic tissue. If the development of such a process is not performed adequately treated, then necrosis   It could later hurt as fatty tissue that surrounds the pancreas affected by a number of other agencies, which are located in the retroperitoneal space. If you get active pancreatic enzymes into the abdomen of the patient develops aseptic pancreatogenic peritonitis . In this state no treatment is fatal.

Forms of pancreatitis

Pancreatitis can be subdivided into several types. Depending on what the nature of the current illness is observed, pancreatitis can be sharp . recurrent acute . chronic And possibly exacerbation chronic pancreatitis .

In turn, acute pancreatitis can occur in several forms. With interstitial pancreatitis there is an acute swelling of the pancreas; at pancreatolysis   in prostate tissue is bleeding; at acute necrotizing pancreatitis   Iron is sealed, and on it there are pockets of decay. If a patient with acute pancreatitis combined cholecystitis , In this case we are talking about an acute holetsistopankreatit . Purulent pancreatitis   It is diagnosed when the gland has pockets of purulent fusion. All these forms of pancreatitis can gradually move from one to another.

With   acute pancreatitis   the patient there is a gradual change in inflammatory tissue cancer and appear foci of necrosis. Gradually, this condition is replaced fibrosis . atrophy   or calcification cancer. However, in some cases, acute pancreatitis appears extremely inflammatory process with edema specific department of the pancreas. In other cases, there is necrosis, fester, and the occurrence of multiple hemorrhages in the tissue and abscesses . With this development of acute pancreatitis, the patient's condition is extremely serious and can be fatal, even if the treatment will be adequate.

Chronic pancreatitis   - A disease in which inflammation progresses slowly, and the function of the pancreas gradually broken. The result may be a pancreatic tissue fibrosis or its calcification. In chronic pancreatitis, alternating periods of remission and relapse. A consequence of chronic inflammation of the pancreas tissue can eventually become weakened function of digestion. Such patients often develop later diabetes . In chronic pancreatitis, inflammation can develop either cancer in general or in individual parts.

In chronic pancreatitis and to distinguish between several different forms of the disease. If the patient is observed   asymptomatic form   disease, in which case it remains normal health for extended periods. With painful form chronic pancreatitis at the top of the stomach, constant pain, increasing significantly during the period of exacerbation. With chronic recurrent pancreatitis the pain occurs only with recurrent disease. Less often found "Psevdoopuholevaya" form   disease, which occurs during the development of the enlarged head cancer, fibrous tissue grows and the size of the prostate increases.

Provided also reactive pancreatitis In which acute pancreatitis combined with worsening disease of the duodenum, stomach, gall bladder and liver.

Causes of pancreatitis

The normal pancreas sometimes violates human consumption is very spicy, fried, greasy food. Also contributes to the development of pancreatitis overeating, chronic or acute alcohol poisoning. To stimulate a sharp release of pancreatic juice may also the excitement of mental character.

Therefore, the higher the risk of pancreatitis have people who consistently abuse alcohol. Also pancreatitis occurs more frequently in pregnant women and young mothers in the postpartum period. The key to preventing the development of pancreatitis is the right approach to the formation of the diet. Therefore, the disease is often diagnosed in those who regularly eats junk food: fast food, monotonous food, food with high content of dyes and other chemical contaminants.

Development of the patients with chronic pancreatitis often occurs after acute form of the disease. However, quite often chronic pancreatitis develops as a consequence of other diseases: cholecystitis . peptic ulcer . intestinal diseases . liver   and etc.

The most common cause of pancreatitis becomes cholelithiasis . In addition, pancreatitis washes occur against a background of severe poisoning, injuries, virus diseases, surgical procedures and endoscopic procedures. Sometimes chronic pancreatitis exacerbated by getting too large doses vitamin A and   E .

Symptoms of pancreatitis

In acute and chronic forms of the disease symptoms of pancreatitis are manifested in different ways. Moreover, after a person has suffered an acute pancreatitis, it may be formed pancreatic pseudocyst related to chronic pancreatitis. On the other hand the chronic form of the disease may develop acute pancreatitis.

If a patient develops acute pancreatitis, its symptoms are directly dependent on what the form and stage of the disease occurs, as well as some of the individual characteristics of each person. The most pronounced and constant symptom of acute pancreatitis is a form of severe abdominal pain. Pain is constant, dull or cutting. If the disease progresses, the pain gets worse and sometimes causes shock. Location of the pain - right or left upper quadrant, the stomach. If all of the pancreas is affected, the pain is the nature of shingles. Furthermore, symptoms of acute forms of pancreatitis is hiccough , Dry mouth, belching, nausea. Man suffers from frequent vomiting, which revealed an admixture of bile. However, after a vomiting patient feels relief. Chair in humans suffering from acute pancreatitis, mushy, it is possible to find part of undigested food. Chair characterized by an unpleasant smell, foam.

If the disease progresses, the general condition of the patient deteriorates very quickly. Pulse rate, body temperature rises, reduced performance   Blood Pressure . Man is constantly worried breathlessness The language there is a rich patina, the body constantly appears clammy sweat. The facial features of the patient look sharp, the skin turns white and becomes progressively earthy gray. During the examination the doctor finds strong abdominal distention , Intestines and stomach are not reduced. In the process of palpation painful stomach for a long time is not determined by muscle tension. Later symptoms of peritoneal irritation.

In patients with acute pancreatitis may eventually develop a number of serious complications and side of the abdomen, and by bodies outside the peritoneum. The most common complications are abscesses and cellulitis omental . peritonitis . gastrointestinal ulcers and erosions . swelling, and abscesses . pleural effusion . pneumonia . Very often provokes the development of acute pancreatitis hepatitis Also due to the disease increases the blood sugar, in addition, sugar is detected in the urine of the patient.

Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis forms expressed by pain in the stomach during an exacerbation, pain in the left upper quadrant radiating to the shoulder blade or the chest. In some cases, pain may be a manifestation of herpes character that varies from dull to very sharp. Such feelings resemble the pain of acute pancreatitis forms. After eating fatty foods the patient may suffer from severe vomiting. In addition, symptoms of chronic pancreatitis is often a strong weight loss, dry mouth, diarrhea, nausea. Even in the period when the acute illness is not observed, a man may be sick, he is suffering from constipation , Dull pain. If during this period there are diarrhea, it indicates that the ability of the pancreas to digest very disturbed.

Diagnosis of pancreatitis

Diagnosing the disease is usually not difficult, as its symptoms are almost always pronounced. Yet the doctor for the purpose of adequate treatment must necessarily determine the form of the disease. To do this, it is advisable to laparoscopy - a method to explore using a special tool from within the abdominal cavity.

If you suspect acute pancreatitis conducted some laboratory tests. It is a common blood tests, urine analysis, biochemical studies. Similar assays are carried out in suspected chronic pancreatitis. However, it is important to biochemical studies in the period of exacerbation. Also carried out a special study of feces.

Treatment of pancreatitis

It is important for the treatment of acute pancreatitis is a compulsory form in the hospital under the supervision of a specialist. Therefore, when suspected acute pancreatitis, the patient should be hospitalized immediately. But before people will be taken to the hospital, at home should do everything to avoid a painful shock. It is important not to take food, and emergency room doctors in some cases food is removed through a tube taken earlier. On the upper part of the abdomen is applied cold to slow production of digestive enzymes the pancreas. To remove a spasm, it is recommended under the tongue drip 1-2 drops nitroglycerin or intramuscularly drug relieves spasms, for example, Nospanum . Doctors ambulance necessarily administered an anesthetic.

In the hospital for the treatment of acute pancreatitis using conservative forms of therapies. In particular, various solutions are introduced bloodstream - saline . protein preparations . glucose , Which is overcome by intoxication and pain. Also, normal acid-alkaline balance.

To ease the pain and relieve spasms, used drugs, antispasmodics. And to maintain the normal activity of the heart using cardiac medications. Furthermore, complex treatment comprises administering B vitamins . vitamin C , Diuretics, which prevent the swelling of the pancreas and promote the excretion of degradation products. It is mandatory in the course of treatment consists of drugs that inhibit the production of enzymes pancreatic acid.

It is recommended to use mineral water without gas, but food patients with acute pancreatitis can be taken only after 4-5 days after the acute onset. Initially, it is recommended to take yogurt (100 g every half hour), and the next day before the diet is added to 200 grams of cheese. In the days following the treatment the patient should strictly follow the special diet As proper nutrition in pancreatitis - an important factor contributing to a cure.

If conservative treatment is ineffective, it is necessary to carry out surgery. Typically, surgery is performed after 10-14 days after the beginning acute pancreatitis. The indication for surgery more quickly are some complications. Surgery involves removing part of the pancreas, which has undergone necrosis, and conduct rehabilitation of the abdominal cavity.

If there is an exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, the treatment is carried out in the same way as the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Patients with chronic pancreatitis should always stick to your diet and take medications regularly, compensating secretory failure and alkalizing agents (eg, Almagelum ). When the manifestation of pain shown funds relieves spasms - papaverine . atropine . Nospanum , Drugs with analgesic effect. Patients with chronic pancreatitis should periodically attend special sanatoria and treatment take place there.

There are many proven folk remedies to help cope with the disease. Three times a day before meals to patients with chronic pancreatitis is recommended to take half a cup of oatmeal. To prepare it, you need a glass of pre-washed oat pour 1 liter of water and infuse 12 hours. After this pudding is boiled for 30 minutes, and insist another 12 hours. Before use, it must be diluted with water to the original volume and strain.

It is useful in the morning to take a mixture of freshly squeezed juice of carrots and potatoes: an empty stomach to drink 200 grams of this mixture. The course of treatment lasts a week, followed by a week's break.

Diet for pancreatitis

Particular attention should be paid to patients pancreatitis food. In the acute phase of the diet for pancreatitis is aimed at the most gentle treatment for pancreatic cancer. Thus, in the early days of the acute form of the disease (usually for two days), we recommend a complete rejection of food. On the day you can consume up to six glasses of mineral water, weak tea, or broth hips. After that, for a week at a pancreatitis diet is very strict, with a minimum of calories. These days you can eat pureed cottage cheese, lean meat, potatoes, zucchini.

During remission of such a diet is becoming a more high-calorie: the daily diet contains about 2,500 calories. This power is the most complete because the observance of this diet lasts for many years.

The day the patient should consume at least 120 grams of protein. Thus it is better to give up easily digestible carbohydrates, which are contained in honey, sugar, sweets. It is important to limit the amount of fat. It is strictly forbidden to consume food that irritates the mucous membranes. Do not eat fried: pancreatitis patients included in the diet exclusively baked, boiled, steamed dishes.

Thus, patients follow a diet for pancreatitis, may be included in the diet of these dishes and products: wheat bread yesterday's batch or crackers, veggie soup with sour cream, lean meat and fish, eggs, cottage cheese, yogurt, a variety of cereals, butter and vegetable oil, vegetables low-fat, sour apples, juices from fruits and berries without sugar. At the same time you can not eat fatty meat, strong broths, sausages, canned food, fried foods, beans, smoked. Prohibited coffee, chocolate, alcohol, carbonated drinks. Food should always be slightly warmed, but not hot. The best diet - 5-6 times a day.

Prevention of pancreatitis

To prevent the development of this disease, it is important to eat regularly and efficiently. Do not drink alcohol, especially when alcohol is combined with the fatty meal. More often, pancreatitis develops in people who chronically consume alcohol, but the disease can occur after a single and a hearty acceptance of alcohol. It is important to quit smoking in time to treat all diseases gastrointestinal tract, contributing to the development of pancreatitis, monitor the condition of the gallbladder.

Spin bleeding after childbirth

September 4, 2012

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After giving birth, all women still for a few weeks, the process of the emergence of discharge from the genitals. Such allocation will continue until such time as recovery takes postpartum uterine lining. Such discharge from the genital tract - it is a normal, natural process. However, there are some features of postpartum discharge, which should pay attention not to miss the beginning of the pathological process.

Features postpartum discharge

Discharge after childbirth from the genital tract called lohiyami . Initially, a day stands out quite a number of lochia. However, later, a gradual decrease in the volume of precipitates as heals a wound surface appeared on the endometrium after it was separated from placenta .

As part of the lochia detected blood cells, plasma, particles are dying epithelial and mucus from the cervical canal.

In view of the gradual healing of the wound over time, there are also changes the composition of lochia. Accordingly, changes and color selections. So if initially they are bright red, then some time later fuckers lighter. To determine whether the fine is in the process of wound healing, it is important to ensure that the character of lochia is fully consistent with certain days postpartum. And if the first few days after delivery   a young mother can rely on a doctor's supervision, as it is in the nursing home, in the future the nature of the discharge already watching the woman. If it appears some concern for nature lochia, you should immediately seek medical advice. Some serious warning signs may be suspected, identifying the number and color of lochia.

Secretions in the first hours after birth

If the birth proceeds normally, the first two hours after the end of the process the woman stays in the maternity unit. At this time, selection should be abundant, bloody. Their volume is typically about 0 5% by weight of the woman's body. But if the amount of bleeding more than 400 ml, while the woman has just given birth to a marked change in their own state, then we can already go on a certain pathology.

To prevent Bleeding after childbirth , Women produce emptying the bladder via the catheter, and on the lower abdomen for a certain period of time ice is placed. Intravenous women after childbirth administered medicines that contribute to more intensive reduction of uterine muscles. In this case a Oxytocin   or metilegrometril . During uterine contractions capable to block blood vessels in the place where the placenta was attached. Accordingly, a woman loses less blood.

Doctors provide careful observation of the woman in the first hours after birth, as at this time may occur a dangerous condition - hypotonic uterine bleeding . This condition occurs due to disturbances in the process of uterine contractions and relaxation of the strong muscles of the uterus. Resting after giving birth, a woman has yet to control their condition. When signs of severe bleeding should immediately inform your doctor. Such a state particularly dangerous because no pain, no discomfort suddenly appeared a woman does not feel. At the same time, bleeding in a short time cause extreme weakness and dizziness.

In the first hours after birth can also occur bleeding in women who are in the process of giving birth received strong discontinuities of the birth canal. Careful suturing of ruptures significantly reduces the risk of bleeding. Therefore, the physician should make a thorough inspection of the birth canal and, if necessary stitches immediately after birth. Suturing should be done professionally, as for closure of the gap does not appear until the end of may hematoma And as a result will accumulate in the tissues of the blood. In this situation, the doctor reveals the hematoma again and sutured incision.

Under normal condition of the woman who gave birth to about two hours later it is transferred to the ward

Secretions in the first days after birth

In the first two or three days a woman should appear bleeding after childbirth. In the first few days fuckers are abundant (they released about 300 ml in fact). Woman forced to change the pad or diaper every two hours. At the same time the smell of postpartum discharge can be musty, sometimes overlook small clots.

Gradually fuckers become less abundant and change color. Their tone was dark red, sometimes closer to brown. If a woman starts to move actively, strengthened isolation. All other features of secretions in the early days will be able to assess the doctor during rounds. He will consider allocation of the gasket or on the diaper and asks a young mother of their character. In particular, the doctor is important to know about what is the amount of bleeding occurs in a woman per day.

Sometimes the amount of bleeding may increase at a time when the doctor performs during the inspection palpation of the abdomen.

Prevention of bleeding in the first days after birth

To have just given birth to a baby woman did not appear bleeding, it is necessary to follow some important guidelines to facilitate the normal recovery process.

Bladder young mother should be emptied at the first urination. And on the first day after birth, regardless of the desire to visit the toilet, it should be done once every three hours. The fact that filling the bladder does not allow the uterus to contract fully.

Young mothers should practice breast-feeding your baby on demand. When irritated nipples, the hormone oxytocin is released, promoting intense uterine contractions. During feeding newborn woman may feel pain in the abdomen, similar to the sensations during labor. This activates the selection.

Recently, a woman gave birth to recommend, if possible, as much as possible to lie on his stomach. This posture helps the output intensity discharge from the uterus and prevents bleeding. In view of deteriorating during pregnancy   tone the abdominal muscles of the uterus can be deflected backwards, and the outflow discharge deteriorates. Accordingly, in the prone position outflow becomes more active.

To enhance and strengthen the uterine vessels woman several times a day is placed on the lower abdomen ice.

In some cases, it is advisable to appoint women to intramuscular injection of oxytocin for two or three days. This stimulates uterine contractions. Such a measure is necessary for women who have given birth to a large baby or multiple pregnancies carried. Accordingly, the uterus is subjected to a strong stretching. In addition, the drug is administered to women survivors of obstructed labor.

In order not to miss the development of bleeding, the woman should contact a doctor immediately, as soon as the postpartum highlight sharply become abundant.

So-called late postpartum hemorrhage (those that emerged after two hours or more after birth) occur due to various reasons.

Sometimes develop postpartum hemorrhage due to delay parts of the placenta. Discovered the remains of the placenta in the uterus can be during a vaginal examination with ultrasound. Upon detection of such parts are removed, previously producing intravenous anesthesia .

Less bleeding develops due to blood clotting disorders that arise due to various blood disorders. To correct such bleeding is very difficult. Therefore, information about the presence of these diseases the patient the physician should obtain long before birth.

Hypotonic bleeding - A consequence of too slow contraction of uterine muscle. Such bleeding is usually abundant, painless. This condition can be avoided by introducing shorten funds. And to restore blood loss usual intravenous fluid or blood products.

Another possible complication is the normal process of recovery - a complete cessation of lochia appearance ahead of time. This lochia will accumulate in the uterine cavity. This condition is called lohiometra   and is manifested as a consequence of too much stretching of the uterus and the presence of bending backwards. Against the backdrop of not just liquidated lohiometry sometimes develops endometritis . The fact that the pathogenic microbes actively developed for such a nutrient medium as postnatal selection. At similar pathology is also assigned oxytocin, but prior to its introduction enter Nospanum to relieve spasm.

Secretions in the first weeks after birth

If the recovery period after the birth of the baby is going well, then release after childbirth last about 6-8 weeks. During this period it is allocated from 500 to 1500 ml of precipitates.

For the first week postpartum is characterized by the appearance of secretions that resemble menstruation. But they contain more bunches and are generally more abundant. Every day, a woman observes a decrease in the amount of lochia. Their color gradually changed to a whitish-yellow, but sometimes still appear pink highlight.

Already in the fourth week recovery period, the discharge becomes more scarce and acquire spreadable form. Later, about the sixth week, lochia gradually break, and the discharge becomes the same as before and during pregnancy.

Young mothers who feed the baby breast milk, say a quick cessation of discharges due to the accelerated process of reducing the uterus. Those women who have suffered cesarean section , Recover more slowly as the uterus, in which there is a seam is reduced less rapidly.

But the main thing - to treat their own condition very carefully and not to engage in self-treatment upon occurrence of the problems described above.

The correct approach to the post-natal hygiene

To prevent the occurrence of infectious complications, a woman must carefully comply with all rules of hygiene. It is important to ensure a normal outflow lochia from the uterus, as they can develop rapidly pathogenic microflora That is fraught with the development of inflammation.

Up until the lochia not cease completely, the young mother must always be used postpartum pads or diapers. Change pads needed every three hours to prevent reproduction of microorganisms. In the weeks postpartum women should not use scented pads, as they increase the risk of allergic reactions. Do not use tampons, because they will create obstacles to vaginal discharge. If a woman is in the supine position, you can just use a diaper for podkladyvaniem the surface.

A young mother to be tempted after every trip to the toilet. Baths do not need to take, but the daily shower is required. This genitals washed outside only. It is also forbidden douching.

It is desirable to comply with other recommendations that highlight after delivery were normal and stopped in time. A woman should not expose themselves to very heavy physical activities, as it provokes increased allocation.

There are some indications in which it is desirable to immediately seek medical advice. This must be done if the discharge has a very unpleasant smell, and thus similar to the purulent discharge. Such a sign - evidence of infection in the uterus (endometritis). In this disease also increases the temperature, there is pain in the abdomen.

Consult your doctor should be the sudden appearance of bleeding after the lochia has become more colorless and the slim. It may be necessary to purge the remnants of placenta from the uterus.

If a woman appear allocation cheesy type, then maybe she is sick thrush . Most often Thrush appears after treatment antibiotics .

The negative sign is the sudden cessation of emissions. This phenomenon often occurs in women who have had a caesarean section.

Sometimes to eliminate such complications require treatment in a hospital.

Recovery of menses

The monthly cycle each woman individually restored. Active postnatal hormone production prolactin a Which contributes to the development of milk also affects the suppression of hormones in the ovaries. Ovulation is not happening.

Given that breast-feeding   restored menstruation in a woman about six months after birth. If your baby is eating artificial mixture, the menstrual cycle is restored at the second or third month after birth.

Phenotropil

Description overdue on 03/31/2014

• Latin name: Phenotropil
• ATC code: N06BX
• Active substance: N-carbamoylmethyl-4-phenyl-2-pyrrolidone
• Manufacturer: Valenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Shchelkovo, Russian Federation

Photos of the drug

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• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Indications Phenotropil
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Instructions for use Fenoptropila (method and dosage)
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• Analogs
• With alcohol
• Slimming
• Cautions
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

One tablet contains the active substance (Phenotropil) - 100 mg; Excipients: potato starch   - 46, 48 mg; lactose monohydrate   (milk sugar) - 51, 52 mg; calcium stearate  

Product form

Tablets on a kind of flat-cylindrical shape, cream, white or yellowish.

Pharmacological action

What Phenotropil ( INN - Phenotropil )? It Having pronounced antiamnestic action . The preparation improves memory   and learning. It strengthens the ability to concentrate and remember. It reduces the toxic effects of certain drugs and sleeping pills ethanol   and hexobarbital . It improves mood, reduces pain threshold. It increases physical performance.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Once in the digestive tract, it is absorbed quickly and well. The maximum possible concentration in the blood plasma can be observed after 1 hour, 3-5 hours is displayed unchanged in the urine (40%), and then the bile (60%). The body is not metabolized .

It improves blood circulation of the brain, activates and normalizes the redox reactions occurring in it. In ishemizirovanyh brain regions stimulates normalizing regional blood flow. The blood supply of the lower extremities is also improved.

Without affecting the spontaneous brain activity   Level of GABA content adrenaline . . noradrenaline   and Serotonin . In this regard, improved mood and overall health.

Exhibits anorekigennuyu Activity   for prolonged use. The drug is in some ways a immunostimulant , Improves vision.

Is not carcinogen   and mutagen It has no embriostaticheskogo action .

Critical lethal dose - 800 mg.

Indications Phenotropil

From what Phenotropil pills?

• various CNS diseases, especially those related to violation of the blood supply to the brain, or metabolic processes;
• impaired attention, memory impairment;
• Schizophrenia   ( slackness   and apathy As a side effect of the disease);
• increased psychological and physiological load;
• indication for the drug is considered to be depression   varying degrees of severity;
• alcoholism ;
• normalization of biorhythms;
• at obesity   alimentary-constitutional genesis.

Contraindications

Individual intolerance included in the components of the drug. Special care should be given to children with hypertension With organic lesions of the kidney and liver, expressed coronary artery disease Who have had panic attacks   and a variety of acute psychotic state.

Side effects

The most common side effect is insomnia Mainly while taking the drug for 6-8 hours before bedtime.

You may experience increased blood pressure, psihodvigatelnoe excitement flushes of heat.

Instructions for use Fenoptropila (method and dosage)

Before using the product, consult your doctor, he will advise the correct dosage and duration of treatment. There is a universal guide to Phenotropil.

How to take the pill? Inside, orally. Medicine drink immediately after eating, drinking plenty of water. It is better in the morning. Maximum allowable daily dose is 750 mg. The average single permissible receive 100-250 mg, and 200-300 mg per day. If more than a single dose is 100 mg, the drug partitioned into 2 doses.

With obesity   - 100-200 mg taken once in the morning for 1-2 months.

To improve efficiency   - 100-200 mg in the morning for 15 days.

The average duration of treatment for about a month (up to three). If necessary, it can be repeated for another 30 days.

Overdose

Adverse reactions may be intensified. Currently overdoses were reported. Treatment: depending on the symptoms.

Cooperation

Phenotropil enhances the action of drugs affecting central nervous system , Various Antidepressants   and other type of nootropic drugs.

Terms and conditions of sale. Phenotropil - prescription or not?

Leave the drug from pharmacies by prescription made.

Storage conditions

It is recommended to keep away from children, dark place at a temperature not higher than 30 ° C.

Shelf life

Subject to the conditions of storage - 5 years.

Match code ATC 4th level:

• Cere
• Noben
• Cortexin
• Omaron
• Pantogam
• Pantogam Active
• Tiotsetam
• Noopept
• Kogitum
• Encephabol
• Tserakson
• Pikamilon
• Nootropil
• Vinpocetine
• Aminalon
• Fezam
• Pyracetam
• Cavinton
• Semaks

Structural analogs, containing the same active ingredient of the drug have not. nootropics With similar medicinal properties. The most common are analogues Phenotropil glycine   and piracetam   ( nootropil ).

What better Phenotropil or Nootropil?

Nootropil   It contains another active substance - piracetam . Guzzle preparation of required courses and improvement usually occurs after two weeks, unlike Phenotropil which acts immediately.

However, there is often accept nootropil CNS overstimulation Due to the dissociation symptoms of some psychotropic effects with prolonged use. Its reception is justified when it is necessary to quickly mobilize the body's special extreme conditions.

The price of an analogue undoubtedly less, but at the rate the drug longer.

Alcohol and medication Phenotropil

ethanol   and promote the recovery of the CNS, the drug is not merely compatible with alcohol. It is used in the treatment of Alcoholism .

Phenotropil slimming

Appetite   and increased motor activity. Therefore Phenotropil can be used as a drug for weight loss. It is enough to take 100-200 mg in the morning, after meals for one or two months.

Cautions

Phenotropil often used in sports. The preparation included WADA   the list of banned as dope .

Some have compared the action of a known drug Phenotropil amphetamine Though it is not. Most likely, the confusion caused by the prefix " hairdryer "(Derivative amphetamine ) In the title. And in compliance with the correct dosage of the drug is not addictive and abstinence syndrome .

Reviews on Phenotropil

Guest students A good tool to quickly get back on their feet.

Reviews of losing weight Among women slimming drug is popular.

Reviews physicians about Phenotropil : With adherence and drug dosage is well helps to cope with fatigue, improves memory and is easily tolerated by patients.

Wikipedia describes a drug called phenylpiracetam .

Price Phenotropil where to buy

The cost of drugs is quite high, but it is justified.

The average price in Ukraine is UAH 115 for 10 tablets. Buy Phenotropil succeed for 280 UAH for 30 tablets.

Buy in Moscow and St. Petersburg drug can be an average of 400 rubles per 10 tablets.

Get the best price and buy

Numbness in hands

January 13, 2014

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Numbness in hands   - A condition in which a person feels a tingling sensation, feeling of discomfort and " chills ". Numbness of the hands may manifest as a result of a number of diseases, and because of the effects of certain external factors.

What are the symptoms numbness of the hands?

Numbness of the hands at night and during the day the active movement indicates that the person marked circulatory disorders in hands. As a rule, people with circulatory disorders complain of numbness of the hands at night. Numbness in the fingers and hands as a whole can be felt when the dream man flexes elbow. Sometimes numbness in the hands of celebrated pregnancy .

If a person is marked numbness of the upper extremities, it usually feels numb tingling in the fingers and hands. Display a sense of chilliness, tightening can be felt as a burning sensation. Thus, generally, it is difficult to determine how to treat numbness of the hands, as this condition in most cases are associated with specific diseases.

When a person experiences numbness of the hands rather unpleasant. However, sometimes, even knowing that the numbness of the hands associated with impaired blood flow, the patient has no idea how serious it can be standing. Sometimes this symptom indicates that the operation of the cardio-vascular system have been serious problems. Therefore, when the regular display of numbness of the hands should always consult a doctor.

Be sure to visit the neurologist, except if there is a weakness numbness, pain, sensitivity is lost, along with numbness marked incoordination. The worrying is a condition when a person can not distinguish between the warm water from the cold.

Why manifested numbness of the hands?

Causes numbness of the hands and feet are most commonly associated with the development of the disease. Accordingly, the treatment of this condition occurs in most cases during the treatment of the underlying disease.

Most often associated with numbness, nerve compression, which causes a number of reasons. It is primarily osteochondrosis   and other back problems. Periodic limb numbness manifested in connection with deficiency in the human body vitamin B12 . The fact is that this vitamin is actively involved in metabolic processes. And if there is a lack of it, then the person gets tired very quickly, he has broken the rhythm of the heart, as well as violation of the sensitivity swept aside.

At   Raynaud's disease a man marked circulatory disorders of the arteries, which leads to a periodic numbness of hands and feet. In people with Raynaud's disease is marked numbness and very rapid freezing, cyanosis of the fingers.

Numbness is possible with neuropathy That develops due to intoxication or metabolic disorders. In this condition, patients complain of "woodiness" limbs. Neuropathy is often observed in patients diabetes . rheumatoid arthritis   and etc.

Numbness may soputstvovat s ischemic stroke inferior cerebellar arteries and the vertebral . In more rare cases, hands numb due to hyperventilation, in which in a state of fear in humans there is frequent and shallow breathing.

Numbness of the limbs during sleep and while awake person often occurs in osteochondrosis, intervertebral hernia. Perhaps periodic numbness of the hands at night beriberi, a lack of certain trace elements in the body, the abuse of alcohol. This symptom is manifested in patients diabetes . multiple sclerosis At transient ischemic attacks At disorders of blood flow . Also, numbness of the hands may occur when compressed nerve in certain areas, with nerve damage due to deformation of joints, as well as in the defeat of the nerves that are connected with hereditary diseases.

Causes numbness of the hands at night are often associated with uncomfortable pillows or acceptance uncomfortable posture during sleep. Typically, in such cases you need to try to sleep on the other pillow to sleep in a different position, and the cause numbness of hands is eliminated. When, after the position change numbness gradually disappears, the person feels numb tingling in the extremities.

However, if the causes numbness of the fingers in a dream not related to posture, but this state is shown very often, it is necessary in this regard to consult the doctor. Numbness in the fingers during sleep may be associated with the development of carpal tunnel syndrome. In most cases, the disease occurs in people who have to constantly be long in the same position and stretch arms. With the development of this disease in a dream a person may feel numb, not only at night during sleep, but the pain in the fingers. Might appear numb fingertips of his right hand or left hand. Numbness little fingers of both hands may indicate the development of osteoarthritis.

In some people, depending on the type of activity and features a host posture may experience numbness individual fingers - thumb, middle finger, index finger, ring finger hands. In such a case, be sure to consult with a specialist who will determine how to treat numbness of fingers. Definitely treatment of numbness of fingers will be associated with the treatment of the disease, which is a symptom of this condition.

Sometimes women complain of numbness in the fingertips of pregnancy. This usually occurs in the third trimester when a woman is seriously concerned about the swelling, in particular swelling of the hands. In this regard, blood circulation. In this case, a pregnant woman should be sure to tell your doctor about your feelings, who will explain how to make a special massage, and how you need to adjust the power. If a woman says numbness of his right hand at night or numbness of the left hand, it may be due to the inconvenience of sleeping posture. In the later stages of pregnancy expectant mother could only sleep on one side. Accordingly, after a long sleep in the same position marked numbness in his right hand, left hand, forearm numbness.

It should be noted that at constant numbness of the hands can then mark certain complications. And we can talk about how various circulatory disorders, and a more severe violations, up to partial gangrene   extremities. Therefore, when the hour display of numbness of the hands must be on time to establish the correct diagnosis, to avoid future serious complications.

Cases of frequent numbness of the fingers from the time when came into wide use computer technology. People every day an extended period of time working at the computer more often suffer from numb fingers in connection with the same type of work. If the direction of the symptom does not provide adequate treatment, it may eventually happen dying muscles, which provides the movement of the thumb.

How to treat numbness of the hands?

Primarily the doctor must establish an accurate diagnosis, then the patient who complains of numbness in the hands, treatment is prescribed. How to treat numbness of the left hand or right hand, it depends on the disease, which triggered the symptom. In the process of diagnosing physician performs a detailed survey, determining the nature and characteristics of numbness (as is often observed a symptom of what part of the hand goes numb). If the patient is marked numbness palm, left or right wrist, thumb, little finger, etc., It may be indicative of a specific disease that the doctor must take into account.

Most effective is the treatment by an osteopath, which improves blood flow, metabolism, thereby restoring the normal functioning of nerve endings.

At polyneuropathy That is a consequence of diabetes, is necessary to adjust the level of glucose replenish B vitamins are also appointed by the administration of drugs that improve the properties of the blood and stimulate peripheral microcirculation.

If a patient is determined by vitamin deficiency and a reduced level of Hemoglobin , He, along with other drugs are prescribed multivitamin complexes and tools that allow us to overcome anemia. It is also recommended to practice physical therapy and physical therapy techniques.

To prevent the occurrence of numbness in the hands, it is important, first of all, to carry out general guidelines, relating to a healthy lifestyle. It is important to improve the diet, minimizing the intake of preservatives, products with dyes, alcohol, stop smoking, reduce the amount of coffee. Restore the right amount of B vitamins in the body proper nutrition can help. We need to eat foods of animal origin, not abuse permanent strict diet. Restore rate vitamin A will use red vegetables, carrots, green fish oil. To fill these salad vegetables need oil.

Do not allow too much freezing hands in cold weather. If a person says that he is very strong and constantly freezing hands, you should immediately consult a doctor not to miss the beginning of a serious illness.

After approval of your doctor, you can also practice some of the techniques Traditional Medicine . Useful regular baths for hands which can be prepared from infusions of mint, sage. You must zaparivat a spoonful of dry grass and add a few spoonfuls of salt infusion. In such a gruel hand should be held for about 10 minutes, after which they wear gloves.

There is a folk medicine and other recipes. For example, in numb fingers often advised to apply warm mush of fresh pumpkin. Also can be rubbed into the hands of a lot of pepper and vegetable oil. To prepare it, it is necessary in one liter of fresh vegetable oil, add 100 grams of black pepper. This mixture is simmered over 30 minutes And after cooling several times a day is rubbed into the skin.

If numbness of the hands can be practiced contrast baths. Hands should be alternately dipped in very hot and cold water several times.

You can periodically make compresses of honey. Before you go to sleep, hands should be spread with honey and wrap with a cloth made of natural material. After several treatments the numbness may disappear. You can also hand rub before bed camphor ointment. This should be done very intensively, as long as the skin is not red. After rubbing your hands to put on mittens.

To prevent numbness of the fingers in the morning you can do simple exercises - to lift up their hands and 30-40 times to squeeze fingers into a fist and let go of it. Another exercise is done as follows: fingers crossed, after which they need to squeeze 30 times with great effort.