March 29, 2012
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The term " diabetes "To denote a group of endocrine diseases that develop as a consequence of absolute or relative lack of the hormone in the body insulin . In view of this state of the patient manifests itself hyperglycemia - a significant increase in the amount of glucose in human blood. For diabetes is characterized by a chronic course. In the development of disease is a metabolic disorder in general: broken adipose . proteinaceous . carbohydrate . mineral and water-salt exchange. According to WHO statistics, in the world suffer from diabetes of about 150 million people. By the way, it suffers from diabetes, not only people, but also some animals, such as cats.
Meaning of the word "diabetes" from the Greek - "expiry". Hence, the term "diabetes" means "losing sugar." In this case, the main feature of the disease appears - excretion of sugar in the urine. Today, there are many studies on the causes of the disease, but the cause of symptoms of the disease and the occurrence of its complications in the future is still not finalized.
The causes of diabetes
The main cause of diabetes symptoms become impaired carbohydrate metabolism Which appears due to the inability of the pancreas to produce the right amount of the hormone insulin or the insulin producing the required quality. There is much speculation about the causes of this condition. It is known that diabetes - it is non-communicable diseases. There is a theory that the cause of the disease are genetic defects of character. It is proved that a higher risk of the disease occurs in people whose close relatives suffered from diabetes. Particularly high probability of disease in people who have been diagnosed with diabetes in both parents.
As another important factor that directly impact on the ability of developing diabetes, experts define obesity . In this case the person is available for an opportunity to correct their own weight, so you should treat this matter with the utmost seriousness.
Another predisposing factor - a number of diseases which result becomes a defeat beta cells . First of all, we are talking about pancreatitis . Diseases of other endocrine glands . pancreatic cancer .
Viral infections can serve as a kind of trigger for the onset of diabetes. Viral infections "trigger" diabetes is not in every case. However, people who have the hereditary nature predisposition to diabetes and other factors are in a position to have a much higher risk of falling ill due to infection.
Furthermore, as a predisposing factor to the disease, doctors determine stress and emotional stress. Aware of the possibility of diabetes to be seniors: the older a person becomes, the more likely the disease.
At the same time, the assumption of many that are at risk of diabetes, those who like to constantly have a lot of sugar and sugary foods, confirmed in terms of the high probability of obesity in humans.
In more rare cases, diabetes in children and adults occurs as a consequence of certain hormonal imbalance in the body, as well as the destruction of the pancreas due to alcohol or certain medicines.
One of the assumptions indicates viral nature of diabetes. Thus, type 1 diabetes can occur due to viral infection of the beta cells of the pancreas producing insulin. In response, the immune system produces antibodies Called insular .
However, to date, there are many uncertainties in determining the causes of symptoms of diabetes.
Types of diabetes
Diabetes sometimes also occurs in humans as one of the main manifestations of the disease. In this case, we're talking about symptomatic diabetes Which can arise against lesions Thyroid or Pancreatic glands . adrenal . pituitary . In addition, this form of diabetes develops and how to treat the effects of certain drugs. If treatment of the underlying disease is successful, then cured and diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is usually divided into two forms: it type 1 diabetes , i.e, insulin-dependent , and type 2 diabetes , i.e insulin-independent .
Type 1 diabetes most often manifests itself in young people: as a rule, the majority of these patients do not have thirty years. This form of the disease affects about 10-15% of all diabetic patients. Diabetes in children is manifested mainly in the form.
Diabetes is the first type - a consequence of destruction of beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Very often, this type of diabetes when people get sick of viral diseases - Mumps . Viral Hepatitis . Rubella . Often the first type of diabetes occurs as a Autoimmune diseases s due to a defect in the immune system of the body. Typically, a person suffering from the first type of diabetes appears unhealthy thinness. In the blood sugar level increases significantly. Patients first type of diabetes are dependent on regular injections of insulin, which becomes vital.
Among diabetics generally predominate patients with type 2 diabetes. However, about 15% of patients with this form of the disease have a normal weight, and all the rest suffer from overweight.
Type 2 diabetes develops as a result of a fundamentally different reasons. In this case the beta cells produce enough or too much insulin, but the tissues in the body to lose its property of taking specific signal. In this case, the injection of insulin for survival of the patient is not required, but they are sometimes prescribed in order to exercise control over the content of sugar in the blood of the patient.
Symptoms of diabetes
Symptoms of diabetes primarily manifest too intense production of urine. The person begins to urinate is not only common, but also a lot (a phenomenon called polyuria ). In view of this phenomenon in a patient there is a very excessive thirst . However urine out glucose Man loses calories. Therefore, a sign of diabetes is also very strong appetite in view of the constant feeling of hunger.
As the symptoms of diabetes have other unpleasant effects: severe fatigue, constant sleepiness , The presence of itchiness in the crotch area. The patient may feel cold extremities, gradually decreasing visual acuity.
The disease progresses, the following symptoms appear and diabetes. The patient said that he wounds heal much worse gradually suppressed vital functions of the body as a whole.
It is important to bear in mind that the main symptoms of diabetes, which is to draw the attention of everyone, is the loss of vitality, a constant feeling of thirst, rapid excretion of urine fluid intake.
However, at first symptoms of diabetes may not appear at all, and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests. If the disease does not appear, and the detected blood sugar content increased slightly and holds its presence in the urine, that a person diagnosed Pre-Diabetes . It is characteristic of a very large number of people, and in ten or fifteen years they develop type 2 diabetes. Insulin in this case does not function as the splitting carbohydrates . As a result, the blood flows too little glucose, which is the energy source.
Complications of diabetes
Of particular danger to human health and life are complications of diabetes that occur when diabetes treatment is not carried out, or it is carried out properly. Because of such complications is often fatal. To distinguish acute complications of diabetes that develops in the patient rapidly and late complications, which occur a few years later.
Acute complications of diabetes occur coma : In this state, the patient loses consciousness, it disrupts the function of several organs - the liver, kidneys, heart, nervous system. The causes of coma - a strong change acidity blood, impaired ratio of salts and water in the body, manifested in blood lactic acid in a large amount, a sharp drop in blood glucose level.
As of late complications of diabetes often occurs damage small blood vessels of the kidneys and eyes. If the affected large vessel, it may cause stroke . myocardial infarction . gangrene of the feet . The human nervous system is also affected.
Diagnosis of diabetes
Diabetes manifests itself in man gradually, so doctors are three periods of its development. People who are prone to the disease because of the presence of certain risk factors, manifested during the so-called prediabetes . If glucose is already absorbed by the violations, but symptoms are not yet there, then the patient is diagnosed period latent diabetes . Third period - just the disease.
To diagnose diabetes in children and adults are of particular importance laboratory tests. In the investigation of urine therein exhibit acetone and sugar . The fastest method of diagnosis, a blood test is considered when determining the level of glucose. It is, moreover, the most reliable method of diagnosis.
Higher accuracy studies has guaranteed the oral glucose tolerance test. Initially necessary to determine what level of glucose present in the blood of the patient on an empty stomach. After this, the person should drink a glass of water, in which pre-dissolve 75 grams of glucose. Two hours later, a second measurement is carried out. If the result of blood glucose was 3, 3 to 7, 0 mmol / L, then disturbed glucose tolerance, resulting in more than 11, 1 mmol / L in patients diagnosed with diabetes.
Furthermore, during diagnosis of diabetes is carried out on the blood glycohaemoglobins to determine an average blood sugar levels over a long period (about 3 months). This method is also used to determine how effective was the treatment of diabetes for the last three months.
Treatment of diabetes
Doctors prescribe a comprehensive treatment of diabetes with the aim to support normal blood glucose. In this case, it is important to take into account the need to avoid any hyperglycemia That is, increasing the level of sugar or hypoglycemia That is his downfall.
Within a day of glucose should remain at about the same level. This support allows you to prevent the manifestation of diabetes complications that are life-threatening. Therefore, it is important that the person carefully control their own condition and the most disciplined attitude to the treatment of disease. Meter - A specially designed device that gives an opportunity to measure the level of glucose in the blood. To perform the analysis, we must take a drop of blood from a finger and put it on the test strip.
It is important for the treatment of diabetes in children and adults starts immediately after a person put appropriate diagnosis. Methods of treating diabetes physician will determine, given the type of diabetes occurs in a patient.
For the treatment of type 1 diabetes, it is important to provide lifelong hormone replacement therapy. To do this, each day a patient diagnosed with the first type of diabetes must inject insulin to do. Other treatment options in this case does not exist. Before 1921, scientists identified the role of insulin, diabetes did not respond.
There is a special classification of insulin, which is based on where the drug is happening, and what is the duration of its validity. Distinguish bull . pork and human insulin. In view of the detection of a number of side effects bovine insulin is used less frequently today. The closest in structure to the human is porcine insulin. The difference lies in the same amino acid . The duration of the effects of insulin is short . medium . long .
Typically, the patient an injection of insulin produces about 20-30 minutes before eating. It is administered in the thigh, arm or abdomen subcutaneously, while the injection site should be alternated for each injection.
When insulin enters the bloodstream, it stimulates the process of transition of glucose from the blood into the tissue. If an overdose has taken place, it is fraught with hypoglycemia. Symptoms of this condition include: the patient is shivering, increased separation of sweat and quickens the heartbeat, the person feels a strong weakness. In this state, a person must promptly raise the level of glucose, using a few spoons of sugar and a glass of sweet water.
The dosage regimen of insulin each patient must choose only an expert with all the features of the body, as well as an image of his life. Selection of the daily dose of insulin is produced so that it corresponded to the physiological norm. Two-thirds of the dose of the hormone taken in the morning and afternoon, one-third - in the afternoon and at night. There are several different schemes of administration of injections, the feasibility of which is determined by a physician. Correction doses of insulin can be made depending on a number of factors ( diet , The load of a physical nature, especially carbohydrate metabolism). An important role in determining the optimal dosage regimen of insulin given to self-glucose monitoring and record keeping related to introspection.
In this case, proper diet is very necessary for patients with diabetes. It is important that the patient took food for a special pattern: three main meals and three receiving more. Power diabetes occurs given the fact that blood glucose most strongly enhance carbohydrates. However, severe restrictions of their use is not required. Under the condition of normal human body weight is important to consider the amount of carbohydrates in order to select the correct dose of insulin.
If a person is diagnosed with diabetes of the second type, the first disease can never take drugs. In this case, diet is important in diabetes, which involves minimizing the consumption of simple carbohydrates and competent approach to physical activity. If the diabetes progresses, require drug therapy. The doctor prescribes treatment hypoglycemic agents. He chooses the appropriate drugs are derivatives sulfonylureas . prandial glucose regulators . Increase insulin sensitivity of tissues to help biguanides (drugs also reduce the absorption of glucose in the gut) and thiazolidinediones . In the absence of the effect of these drugs treat patients prescribed insulin therapy.
In diabetes, also practiced traditional recipes that promote a decrease in blood sugar levels. For this purpose, use decoctions of herbs having such properties. This list of blueberries, flax seeds, bean leaf, laurel leaf, juniper and rosehip fruit, burdock root, nettle leaves and others. Broth fees herbs taken several times a day before eating.
Diet for diabetes
Diet for diabetes mellitus should be observed without fail. Features power diabetes in this case involve the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism in the human body and thus facilitate the operation of the pancreas. The diet excludes digestible carbohydrates, limiting use fat . People with diabetes need to eat a lot of vegetables, but limit holesterinosoderzhaschie products and salt. Food should be to bake and cook.
Diabetics recommend eating a lot of cabbage, tomatoes, onions, greens, cucumbers, beets. Instead of sugar, people with diabetes can eat xylitol, sorbitol, fructose. At the same time it is necessary to limit the number of potatoes, breads, cereals, carrots, fats, honey.
Do not eat pastry sweets, chocolate, candy, jam, bananas, spicy, smoked, mutton and pork fat, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins.
Eating should always be at one and the same time, the meal not to be missed. The diet should contain a lot of fiber. To do this periodically to include in the diet of beans, rice, oats, buckwheat. Every day, the patient with diabetes should drink plenty of fluids.
Prevention of diabetes mellitus
Prevention of diabetes involves maintenance of as much as possible a healthy lifestyle. It should avoid the appearance of extra kilos, constantly doing exercises and sports. Each person should be somewhat lower fat intake and sweets.
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