Famotidine

Description overdue on 28.03.2012

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Histamine receptors. The active ingredient suppresses basal production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and stimulate acetylcholine , Histamine and gastrin HCl. Famotidine reduces the activity of pepsin, increasing gastric pH and reduces the production of HCl. By improving the level of glycoproteins , Increased production of gastric mucus, stimulate the synthesis of prostaglandins , Bicarbonate secretion achieved a protective and wound-healing effect of the drug famotidine. The drug helps stop   gastric bleeding , Promotes healing of damage to the gastric mucosa, scars stress ulcers . The drug has little effect on oxidase enzyme system cytochrome P450 system in the liver (the vast influence). His action famotidine starts in an hour, it lasts 12-24 hours. When administered intravenously, the effect is registered over half an hour. A single dose leads to the suppression of secretion of 10-12 hours. Famotidine is available in tablet form, as a lyophilisate (solution administered intravenously).

Indications:

Famotidine prescribed for gastric hyperacidity , Ulcerative lesions of the digestive system, stress ulcers, symptomatic ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome , NSAID-gastropathy, erosive reflux esophagitis embodiment, heartburn , To prevent a recurrence of bleeding after surgery on the digestive system, multiple endocrine adenomatosis, when the system mastocytosis . Famotidine is indicated for the prevention of aspiration of gastric juice in patients who are given general anesthesia. The drug is effective in dyspepsia. The drug is indicated for the prevention of aspiration pneumonitis .

Contraindications:

Famotidine is not indicated during breastfeeding, hypersensitive to any ingredient in the gestation period of the pregnancy. In cirrhosis of the liver with concomitant portosystemic encephalopathy, with renal disease, hepatic system in pediatrics prescribed with caution.

Side effect:

The digestive tract:   epigastric pain, dry mouth, nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting, increased liver enzymes, acute pancreatitis Mixed hepatitis, hepatocellular hepatitis, cholestatic hepatitis. Senses:   ringing in the ears, paresis of accommodation , Blurred vision. Genito-urinary system : Decreased libido, amenorrhea , Gynecomastia, hyperprolactinemia . It may develop agranulocytosis, allergic reactions, tremor, drop in blood pressure, dizziness, asystole, AV block, bradycardia, anaphylactic shock , Bronchospasm, myalgia, arthralgia, hallucinations.

Overdose:

Manifested by tremor, collapse, motor excitation, drop in blood pressure, vomiting. Requiring hemodialysis, posimptomnaya therapy.

Mode of application:

Famotidine tablets taken orally. In ulcerative lesions of the digestive system: at 0, 02 grams twice a day, either 0, 04 grams before bedtime. In some cases, the amount of the drug is increased to 80-160 mg. Duration of treatment 4-8 weeks. In order to prevent a recurrence of ulcers appoint 1 times a day for 0, 02 g per night. The initial dose of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - 20-40mg 4 times a day, may increase the dose to 24-48 mg. Prevention of aspiration of gastric contents: 0, 04 grams; before surgery taking 2 hours before surgery. When reflux esophagitis: twice a day for 0, 02 grams. Famotidine intravenously injected slowly for 2 minutes: 20 mg every 12 hours. For the prevention of aspiration pneumonitis: 0 intramuscularly, 02 grams before surgery, or the morning of the surgery. Powder for injection of sodium chloride dissolved in 0, 9% 5-10 ml.

Special instructions:

Admission famotidine may mask symptoms suggestive of carcinoma   in the stomach. It is recommended that before prescribing the drug to eliminate malignant tumors of the digestive tract. The drug must be withdrawn gradually to prevent the syndrome of "rebound". Under stress, long-term therapy may develop a bacterial infection in the stomach, it is possible to further the spread of germs. Famotidine should be taken two hours after application ketoconazole . itraconazole   for the prevention of gipervsasyvaniya. During the skin reactions to histamine is important to consider that the histamine receptor blocker may suppress reactions and lead to false-negative results. Treatment involves the exclusion from the diet foods that irritate the stomach lining.

Drug Interactions:

Famotidine inhibits the metabolism of diazepam, aminophenazone, phenazone, lidocaine, caffeine, tricyclic antidepressants , Phenytoin, indirect anticoagulants, aminophylline, metronidazole, metoprolol , Buformin, glipizide, theophylline, metoprolol,   clavulanic acid   in the liver. When you receive drugs which depress Bone marrow   increases the risk of neutropenia. Famotidine reduces the absorption of ketoconazole, itraconazole. Sucralfate, antacids, and slow the rate of absorption. Famotidine compatible with sodium chloride, dextrose. The drug increases the absorption of clavulanic acid, amoxicillin.

Dramina

Description overdue on 10/23/2014

• Latin name: Dramina
• ATC code: R06AX
• Active substance: Dimenhydrinate (Dimenhydrinate)
• Manufacturer: JSC "Jadran", Croatia

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• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Indications
• Contraindications
• During pregnancy (and lactation)
• Side effects
• Instructions for use Dramina (method and dosage)
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• Analogs
• With alcohol
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

Each tablet contains the active ingredient Dramina: dimenhydrinate - 50mg.

Additional ingredients: magnesium stearate, lactose monohydrate, MCC, povidone, and crospovidone.

Product form

Dramina produced in the form of 50 mg tablets packed in a pack 5 or 10 pieces.

Pharmacological action

Tablets have sedative, antiemetic, antihistamine   and antiallergic   action.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

For this product is characterized by blockage of the central H1 gistavminovyh receptors and m-cholinergic antagonists. Furthermore, block the synthesis of acetylcholine, acetylcholine production decreases at the presynaptic terminal, reduces release of a substance into the synaptic cleft. Also noted oppression vestibular stimulation by summing antihistamine and m-anticholinergic effect.

High dosages of drugs can affect the semicircular canals in the middle ear, corresponding to equilibrium for the support and orientation in space. Dramina positive effect on the vestibular system, eliminating the dizziness , Nausea and vomiting which cause various vestibular disorders, for example,   kinetosis .

Tablets have sedative , Moderate antiallergenic   and weakly expressed mestnoanesteziruyuschee   effect. Getting inside the body, the drug is rapidly and fully absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Manifestation protivorvotnogo observed after 15-30 minutes after taking the drug and lasts an average of 3-6 hours. Regarding the distribution of the substance, it occurs in the body tissues, with a slight binding to plasma proteins. High concentrations Dramina can penetrate the blood-brain or blood-placenta barrier. Metabolism   and elimination occurs during the day, a small part of the substance can be released in breast milk.

Prolonged use of the drug sometimes causes tolerance dimenhydrinate , Thereby reducing the severity of antiemetic and sedative effect, but completely preserving antihistamine effect.

Indications

The drug is intended for:

• prevention and treatment of kinetoses, sea and   air sickness, symptoms of vestibular disorders   and   hyperstimulation maze , eg, dizziness, nausea, vomiting   and so on;
• treatment of vestibular disorders associated with brain injuries;
• treatment Meniere's disease.

Contraindications

Do not take Dramina at:

• individual hypersensitivity to its components;
• epilepsy;
• seizures;
• acute exudative and vesicular dermatosis ;
• patients aged up to one year;
• lactation pregnancy.

Should be considered particularly during the treatment of patients with angle-closure glaucoma, asthma, prostatic hyperplasia, cardiovascular disorders,   hyperthyroidism, ulcerative diseases of the gastrointestinal tract   and so on.

Dramina during pregnancy

During Lactation   and pregnancy   taking the drug is not recommended.

If it becomes necessary to assign tablets lactation period, then the treatment is stopped breastfeeding. At the same time, you can resume the feeding of the baby after 5-7 days from the date of receiving the last of the drug.

Side effects

In the treatment of pills Dramina may occur in disorders of the central nervous system, for example: general weakness, fatigue, decreased reaction rate, impaired concentration, development of headache, dizziness, nervousness, anxiety, sleep problems   or wakefulness   and other.

Also, deviations in the activities of the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, development allergic reactions   and other undesirable symptoms.

In some cases, reduce or eliminate the side effects of the action can be by discontinuation of treatment   or reducing therapeutic dosages . All cases of side symptoms it is recommended to discuss with your doctor.

Instructions for use Dramina (method and dosage)

As you know, the tablet Dramina instructions for use advises taken orally before eating a meal. They are used in the treatment of sea   and   airsickness , During the prevention and treatment of vestibular and labyrinth disorders such as dizziness, nausea or vomiting, except for deviations which are caused by anticancer therapy.

Dramina for children 3-6 years old is appointed as a half or a quarter of the tablet to the reception a day 2-3 times. Children 7-12 years appoint half or the whole tablet per day for 2-3 times. For children from 12 years and adult patients may appoint a day for 1-2 pieces 2-3.

Treatment Meniere's disease children under 12 years requires the appointment of a daily dose of one tablet or half of the 2-3 times, patients from 12 years of fashion to take 1-2 tablets 2-3 times.

The maximum daily dosage for adults should not be more than 7 tablets.

In carrying out prevention kinetoses   it is recommended to take the medicine for half an hour before the trip for 1-2 pieces.

Duration of drug therapy and repetition rate should be carried out in consultation with a specialist.

Overdose

In cases of overdose, you may experience dryness mucosas   the mouth and throat, breathing problems, confusion, development and convulsive status hallucinations .

Development overdose symptoms requires medical care with gastric lavage, purpose saline laxatives, symptomatic therapy.

Cooperation

Dramina able to enhance the effect of Mr. holinoblokatorov , eg, atropine , and tricyclic antidepressants, barbiturates, catecholamines, neuroleptics, hypnotics   and sedatives means. Concomitant use with drugs that depress the central nervous system, increases efficiency Dramina. It is also noted a decrease in depressive action acetylcholine   in cardiac muscle. Combination therapy with bismuth drugs, psychotropic and anesthetics resources . scopolamine   increases the risk of rejection of visual function. In addition, it sets the incompatibility with Dramina ototoxic antibiotics , eg, streptomycin, amikacin, neomycin viomycin and kanamycin . It is possible to disguise the symptoms of ototoxicity of these funds, the development of hearing loss that interferes with timely diagnosis.

Terms of sale

Dramina available without prescription.

Storage conditions

For storage of the drug is intended to place at a temperature of 25 C, reliably protected from children.

Shelf life

5 years.

Analogs

Match code ATC 4th level:

• Lordestin
• Lomilan
• Fenkarol
• Kestin
• Loratek
• Aerius
• Feksadin
• Claritin
• Telfast
• Loratadine
• Diazolin

By analogues of this drug include: Motilium, Reglan, Domperidone, Metoclopramide   and others.

Alcohol

Simultaneous use of Dramina and alcohol can significantly enhance its effect.

Reviews Dramina

As numerous reviews about the preparation, all those who took it in a particular case, he noted high-performance . Often, users are discussing on the network from which the pills are helping Dramina best and whether it causes drowsiness.

Some patients report that the effect of this agent is shown just after half an hour, and at about the same time, they feel a strong drowsiness. However, others notice the positive effect, but the side effects including drowsiness, not felt. Therefore, one can understand that the sedative effect is dependent on the characteristics of the nervous system of the individual.

Furthermore, active drug discussed topic effect on small children. Thus, when the tablets are used in aircraft, opinions about Dramina reported that patients better tolerate flights. For this reason, if a child has a tendency to complications of health while traveling, you need to choose a pediatrician with the appropriate medication that will help make the trip more pleasant.

Price Dramina where to buy

Price Dramina in tablets of 50 mg, 5-10 pieces of 73-180 rubles.

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Imunoriks

Description overdue on 02/06/2014

• Latin name: Imunorix
• ATC code: L03AX05
• Active substance: Pidotimod (Pidotimod)
• Manufacturer: Doppel Farmaceutici (Italy)

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• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Instructions on Imunoriks (method and dosage)
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• Cautions
• Analogs
• During pregnancy (and lactation)
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

One vial of the drug, in addition to the main active substance pidotimoda in an amount of 400 mg, containing aids:

• 70% sorbitol - 2500 mg;
• fruit flavoring wild berries - 21 mg;
• sodium metiparagidroksibenzoat   - 10.3 mg;
• sodium chloride - 5.6 mg;
• dye anthocyanin - 5.6 g;
• sodium saccharin - 5 mg;
• edetate disodium - 3.5 mg;
• trometamol - Acidity regulator to pH 6.5;
• propyl parahydroxybenzoate Sodium - 1.6 mg;
• carmine dye " Ponceau 4R "- 500 g;
• purified water - up to 7 ml.

Product form

Imunoriks sold in the form of a clear solution of the characteristic red and purple color for oral with berry flavor and a pleasant taste. It is packed in bottles of 7 ml each, 10 pieces.

Pharmacological action

Pidotimod   - Immunotropic active ingredient peptide structure, that is getting into the body of pharmacological agents directs its effect on the individual components of the immune system:

• It has a stimulating effect on the cellular mechanisms of protection.
• It strengthens the body's non-specific barriers (increases the production of immunoglobulin class A).
• Increases chemotactic activity .
• Increases synthesis T   and B lymphocytes It normalizes the ratio of different fractions of white blood cells.
• Increases efficiency phagocytosis Stimulating interaction and multi-mononuclear phagocytes.
• Activates natural killer cells, enhancing protection against a pair of neoplastic cells and harmful pathogens.
• Largely increases cytokine production   (eg, interleukin-2 ) And Gamma-interferon .

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Imunoriks rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Its bioavailability (amount of drug delivered into the systemic circulation without metabolic changes) is 45 percent. Associated with the plasma protein is bad (only 5 percent of the drug is a long-circulating), because such a short half-life - 4 hours.

Imunoriks displayed by the kidneys without undergoing qualitative changes.

Indications

As it has Imunoriks immunomodiluryuschimi properties , It is used in such pathological conditions as:

• Acute diseases of infectious origin (when all the fault of exogenous pathogen) - laryngitis . sinusitis . pharyngitis   and so on.
• Defeats bronchopulmonary system.
• In order to strengthen the immune response.
• With diseases of the urinary system   bacterial or fungal origin ( nephritis . urethritis . prostatic diseases   men).
• In an integrated therapeutic course at immunodeficiency .
• To prevent at frequent infectious diseases .

Contraindications

From Imunoriksa inclusion in the scheme of conservative treatment is to give first of all in case of intolerance or hypersensitivity of the body to the constituent components. Also, do not prescribe the drug pregnant , Mothers who are breastfeeding, children under the age of three years.

With allergic conditions . E syndrome hyperglobulinemia   the drug should be used only in a hospital, under the close supervision of qualified medical personnel.

Side effects

Imunoriks well tolerated and has a positive effect on the body with little or no adverse effects. So during all clinical use of the drug were observed only mild allergic reactions ( itching . respiratory reactions . hives   and so on).

Instructions on Imunoriks (method and dosage)

Since the drug is available in an oral solution, then it should be taken before a meal, so the efficiency of the biologically active substance will be higher. Adult single dose of 2 bottles (when converted to the primary components - 800 mg pidotimoda ) For children - 1 bottle (400 mg, respectively). Traditionally conservative course of pharmacological treatment of immune disease is 15 days.

However, in severe recurrent respiratory disease or urinary systems, instructions for use Imunoriksa undergoes certain changes. First of all, the reception rate of the pharmaceutical preparation is extended up to 45 or 90 days depending on the severity of the patient's condition. If there is the risk of adverse reaction to the drug should be taken only under the close supervision of a qualified health professional.

Overdose

Pharmacological agents is not peculiar accumulation and self-inductance, because Imunoriksom overdose in clinical practice is not described.

Cooperation

Imunoriks can be safely used with antibiotics   different groups to enhance effectiveness against infection of the respiratory system, or urinary tract. Also, there is no pathological effects, if you use the drug with antipyretics .

Do not use Imunoriks against other immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive drugs, in this case, the effect of pharmacological substances becomes almost uncontrollable.

Terms of sale

The drug in the pharmacy dispensed strictly on medical-prescription form.

Storage conditions

The medicine should be stored away from direct sunlight in a dark, dry place that is inaccessible to children. Optimum temperature - not more than 30 degrees Celsius.

Shelf life

3 years from the original packaging.

Cautions

Imunoriks no effect on cognitive function, fine and gross motor, respectively, it can be used before driving or operating technically sophisticated machines.

Analogs Imunoriksa

Match code ATC 4th level:

• Timalin
• TSikloferon
• Uro-Vaks
• Engistol
• Imunofan
• Kipferon
• Tsitovir 3
• Imudon
• Lavomax
• Amiksin
• Immunomax
• Immunal

Analogs Imunoriksu drug loses in strength in most clinical trials, but they are much cheaper that the positive side is clearly their use in the pharmaceutical practice. So in the scheme of conservative treatment could be included immunomodulators , as:

• oral drops Immunal ;
• liquophilic powder for intramuscular injection Immunomax ;
• syrup for internal use Immuno-Tone ;
• pills Imunoplyus .

During pregnancy and lactation

The drug is strictly prohibited for use during critical periods in the life of the expectant mother, but experimental studies using animals showed no teratogenic or embryo-toxic action.

Reviews Imunorikse

Reviews of doctors showed positive effects of using the drug - marked effective increase of the immune response, increased resistance to invasions pathological microorganisms   (including rezistenstnost to bacteria, fungi and even viruses), which confirmed the clinical analysis and research.

Positive feedback on Imunoriks children usually marked grateful mothers after prevention of the disease in the spring and winter. After conservative course there is resistance to the typical young body respiratory diseases, increase efficiency while studying. Children older than school age is recommended to use the drug in the spring and summer, so delivery of final examinations is not to wash random pathologies.

Among the adult category of patients the drug has won respect through effective immune when urinary tract diseases . When applied to the STI offices Imunoriksa therapeutic course is reduced by several times, reflecting the positive effect of the drug.

Price Imunoriksa where to buy

The obvious drawback of the drug is its cost - price Imunoriksa in Russia ranges from 700 to 800 rubles depending on the network pharmacy kiosks.

Ukraine Imunoriks children can get some cheaper - for 200 hryvnia. It is much more profitable to book a pharmaceutical preparation through the Internet.

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Sore eyes

July 28, 2013

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• Tobreks children
• Hydrocortisone Ointment
• High myopia
• Glaucoma

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In the eyes of a person has a very dense network of nerve endings that are especially sensitive, as well as pain receptors. Therefore, the eyes are particularly sensitive, and all the processes that occur inside the body, and to external nature.

Due to the above-described mechanism of the human eye have a particularly strong defense, which is expressed by the fact that even with relatively little impact on him may appear severe pain in the eye.

Opticians define eye pain and if the pain is not very strong, that is, there are only discomfort, and if a person has a marked severe pain in the eyes. At the same reasons that a person greatly hurt the eyes, can be quite different. This banal fatigue and more serious reasons - pathological processes in the oculomotor nerve, directly in the eye, in carotid artery .

Therefore, if the cause of the pain in his eyes - not the usual eyelash, got under the eyelid, or stay in a strong wind, pay special attention to what is happening, not to miss the beginning of serious illness.

Why hurt your eyes?

Affect the development of the pain in the eyes may very different reasons. This may be a sign of severe eye fatigue, a symptom of the beginning and inflammatory diseases, and the effect of contact with the eyes of a foreign body. Not always a person can identify why it hurts the eyes, without a visit to the doctor. Moreover, assuming that the pain develops due to certain reasons (from a computer, by welding, etc.) may be passed more serious explanation of eye pain. At the same time, the doctor will diagnose and tell you what to do to get rid of such pain.

Most often, the pain is felt in the eyes due to fatigue the eye muscles, as well as because of damage to the surface of contact lenses. The eyes may ache, and when wearing incorrect glasses. In these cases, pain may vary from small to prickling pain sufficiently strong.

Sore eyes and eyelids and eyes directly as a result of injuries, as well as foreign bodies. The eyes in this way also get the bacteria that provoke the beginning of inflammation and severe pain in the eyes.

But not always in the eye inflammation occurs after contact with foreign objects. Bacteria can enter the eyes and from the inner foci of chronic infections in the patient. Very often a person has a headache, and his eyes as a result of prior infection. Thus, the eye can be hurt badly after undergoing urogenital infections At caries . Herpes . If the patient suffers chronic tonsillitis or sinusitis Then periodically noted specific headache: headache in the eye. The fact that the sinuses are very close, and so can give pain in the eye. With the development of conjunctivitis Patients concerned about not only the pain but also the selection. Red eyes can be one red eye, if the inflammation does not affect the second. And when the eye muscle disorders - myositis - Pain gets worse when moving eyes

Sometimes doctors initially difficult to find an answer to the question why is marked pain and blurred vision. In this case, the cause may be autoimmune diseases . In such a case it is the inflammation of the eye, which is called uveitis . Treat it difficult because chronically recurrent disease.

Another reason because of which a person may be ill right or left eye and head, vascular disease is responsible for the blood supply of the eyeball. In this case, it is a lack of blood supply. In addition to the pain the patient may experience flickering in the eyes, sometimes with dark eyes, dizzy.

Also, eye pain may be a symptom neurological diseases . At eye illnesses or the trigeminal nerve, which is often a complication of common colds, headaches can or half of the head and eyes. When it comes to optic neuritis, then the person can also be reduced vision.

Sometimes very strong eye pain accompanied by acute attacks Glaucoma . In addition to pain in the eyes of the patient experiencing a headache, sometimes vomiting, before the eyes appear iridescent circles.

It happens that a sharp pain in the eyes periodically manifested in some of the common diseases. As the pulling and stitching can occur when hypertension . IRR . Flu . neuroses and etc.

Recently, a common cause ocular pain is the so-called syndrome of "dry eye" . This condition is most often the consequence of continuous operation to monitor, stay under fluorescent lighting or in a room where the air conditioning works. In this state, a person with both eyes or one eye red and sore. Besides watery eyes periodically.

When injected into the eye dust, chips, insects and other foreign bodies appear discomfort and stinging, stabbing pain observed in the eyes while rotating, blinking.

Sometimes the pain is manifested not in the eyes: the patient complains that it hurts eye. The reasons for this phenomenon - poor blood supply and vascular disease, which nourish the eye. A person can experience with the different sensations. Sometimes it seems that hurts the bone under the eye or the skin under the eye. However, if the sore cheekbone under the eye, then it is most likely talking about the development of sinusitis. Cheek eye sore because of proximity maxillary sinuses . Pain at sinusitis or sinusitis   sometimes arise in the temple, amplified in the case of the patient with fever.

If it hurts the eye under the eyelid, it may indicate the development barley . So called purulent inflammatory process that occurs in the lower or upper eyelid. The patient complains that the eyelid is swollen and sore, it may appear under-eye bags or under the age of one sore. There itching, discomfort.

If a person is badly hurt his left eye, this may indicate a fit migraine . Pain in the left eye, going from the inside - the certificate of migraine in women Cluster pain   men. Before the start of a migraine within the eye may also occur discomfort. Why sore left eye, if we are not talking about the pain of migraine or cluster must find an expert, as this may be a symptom of vascular lesions, nerve endings and pathologies of the eyeball.

No less serious can be the situation when a sore right eye. Pain in the right eye in similarly may be a sign of nerve damage or adjacent vessels. If neurological problems often gives pain in the head or localized under the right eye.

How to get rid of the pain in the eyes?

First of all, it should be understood that proper treatment of pain in the eyes is possible only if it is precisely known cause. If the eye falls foreign body   and hurts the eye when you blink and rotation should be thoroughly washed with cold water and be sure to clean drip drops of antiseptic. It is necessary to try to remove the foreign body, blinking or rubbing eyes closed during his inner corner. But if released to remove the foreign body is not possible, be sure to visit a doctor, as it is fraught with severe inflammation.

With overstrain When pain develops in the eyes or eye, it is necessary to try to rebuild the native mode so as to avoid such overloads. Prolonged sitting at a computer regularly, several times a day to do exercises for the eyes as well as the use of rewetting drops and enrich the diet with vitamins.

If a person suspects that the pain was provoked wearing lenses   or wrong selection of glasses You need as quickly as possible to fix the problem. To do this, you need only go to the doctor-ophthalmologist and find a more suitable glasses or lenses.

If you suspect insufficient blood supply   you must conduct a thorough research of vessels and be sure to consult a cardiologist. In addition, an ophthalmologist is necessary to address with a serious injury of the eye, if the pain is accompanied by visual impairment, as well as signs of general malaise.

If the pain in the eyes - a consequence sinusitis . Flu   or other infections that initially need to make every effort to cure the underlying disease. Sometimes eye pain disappears after the patient to normal body temperature.

It is necessary to pass all the necessary research, if there is a suspicion of glaucoma , Development high intraocular pressure . It should always be remembered that a timely diagnosis will help avoid severe consequences, such as blindness.

Independently try to get rid of the pain in the eyes can be only if clearly know the cause of this phenomenon. Thus, when eye fatigue can be periodically put the cold. This can be done using ice bags or eggs that have long been in the refrigerator. The cold should be immediately applied to the eye in the case of injury. If there was a chemical burn eyes, the first thing it needs to rinse thoroughly, and then be sure to consult an ophthalmologist.

With dry eyes   will periodically use drops - artificial tears . And to ease the condition when a barley recommended time of 2 hours applied to the eye of a towel soaked in warm water.

With conjunctivitis you need to use local antibacterials, but they can be used only after a doctor's appointment. Pain relieve glaucoma using drugs that lower the intraocular pressure. Any infectious disease, which develops due to the pain in the eyes treated with antibiotic or antiviral therapy scheme is prescribed by a doctor.

Tobreks

Description overdue on 05/12/2014

• Latin name: Tobrex
• ATC code: S01AA12
• Active substance: Tobramycin (Tobramycin)
• Manufacturer: Alcon-Couvreur N.V. S.A .; Riyksveg 14, B-2870 Puurs, Belgium

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• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Instructions for use (method and dosage)
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• Cautions
• Analogs
• Tobreks children
• Newborns
• With antibiotics
• During pregnancy (and lactation)
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

1 ml of solution contains 3 mg Tobramycin   As the basic substance, as well as auxiliary substances composed of benzalkonium chloride . boric acid . Sodium sulfate . Sodium hydroxide   or sulfuric acid (for the stabilization of pH), tilaksopol , Purified water.

Product form

Available in a clear, colorless or straw color of the solution in flakonah- " Drop Teyner "5 ml of the chance of dosing. 1 bottle in a cardboard package.

Pharmacological action

Tobramycin   - An antibiotic that acts on a wide spectrum of pathogens and belonging to the group aminoglycosides . The low concentration is shown a bacteriostatic effect (inhibits 30S ribosomal subunit and stops protein synthesis), at a high concentration is more pronounced bactericidal effect (alters the permeability of cell membranes, causing cytolysis ).

Antibacterial Activity   high in relation: Staphylococcus spp.   (including Staphylococcus epidermidis . Staphylococcus aureus   and penitsillinazaprodutsiruyuschie, koagulazanegativnye and koagulazapozitivnye strains) Streptococcus spp . (including beta-hemolytic strains of group "A", some non-hemolytic strains Streptococcus pneumoniae ) Enterococcus spp. . Escherichia coli . Proteus spp.   (including Proteus vulgaris . Proteus mirabilis , Indolpozitivnye and indolnegativnye strains) Serratia spp. . Enterobacter spp.   ( Enterobacter aerogenes ) Providencia spp. . Citrobacter spp. . Haemophilus aegyptius . Morganella morganii . Acinetobacter calcoaceticus   ( Herellea vaginacola ) Moraxella lacunata Some representatives Neisseria spp.   (including Neisseria gonorrhoeae ).

Tobramycin in the spectrum of action similar to gentamicin , But the former is more active against gentamitsinorezistentnyh strains and can be used as a drug of choice in the low efficiency neomitsinsoderzhaschih eyedrops.

Tobramycin stands high efficiency with respect to infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa .

Tobramycin has low efficacy against most of the strains streptococci Belonging to the group D.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

The absorption into the systemic circulation is practically absent if the drug is applied topically.

Indications

Eye drops   as well as eye ointment Tobreks It is used to treat infectious and inflammatory lesions of the eye and its surrounding tissue:

• blepharitis ;
• Blepharoconjunctivitis ;
• keratoconjunctivitis ;
• keratitis ;
• conjunctivitis ;
• iridocyclitis .

Also, it is reasonable to use at Tobreksa barley   ( meybomit ) And prevention of complications before and after ocular surgery.

Contraindications

Individual hypersensitivity to the drug and its components.

Side effects Tobreksa

At 1, 5% of the cases, allergic reactions Manifested by itching, tearing, redness of the conjunctiva.

In 1% of cases revealed swelling and redness century, conjunctival swelling, discomfort in the eye.
Less than 1% of the cases, chemosis   (swelling of the conjunctiva) blepharitis   (inflammation of the edges of the eyelids) keratitis   (corneal inflammation), eye pain, ulceration unit.

Prolonged treatment may join fungal superinfection .

Instructions for use (method and dosage)

Instructions on   eyedrops Tobreks   and instruction on eyedrops Tobreks 2   differ in multiplicity of administration: the first to apply 1 drop 4-5 times a day, the second suggests applying 1 drop 2-3 times a day; ointment Tobreks   applied 1 cm column, 2 times a day.

Difference   Tobreks   and 2x Tobreks   in the multiplicity of the application due to a thicker consistency latter drug. This feature allows the active agent longer retained in the conjunctival sac and hence reduce the frequency of administration of the drug without compromising the therapeutic effect. The course of treatment is 7-10 days.

In special cases it is possible to practice the landfill every hour, but after alleviate symptoms should go back to the above-mentioned scheme. At night it is recommended to complement treatment with ointment Tobreks   to prolong the contact with the drug.

Overdose

The characteristics of this product do not imply the appearance of any symptoms of poisoning when used correctly and when swallowed the contents of one bottle.

Complaints in cases of drug overdose may be similar to side effects seen in some patients ( punctate keratitis . increased lacrimation . redness . swelling and itching of the eyelids ).

When topically applied drug overdose Tobreks yet occurred, it is recommended to wash out the eye with warm water.

Cooperation

It is necessary to exclude the use of joint Tobreksa with the following medications:

• from ethacrynic acid   or furosemide Since observed ototoxic effect ;
• from capreomycin . carboplatin . teicoplanin . cefepime . cefotaxime Since observed dis-   and nephrotoxic effect ;
• from vancomycin Since observed dis- . nefro-   and neyrotokmichesky effect ;
• from tsifamandolom . tsefaperazon . cefuroxime . amphotericin B Since observed nephrotoxic effect .

Also, do not allow the simultaneous use of Tobreksa with preparations having a part tetracycline   (because of the content in the first tyloxapol ).

Terms of sale

In Russia Tobreks available without prescription in Ukraine only by prescription.

Storage conditions

Keep away from children and away the dark place at a temperature of 17-27 ° C, open the bottle should be used within 30 days.

Shelf life

3, the provided sealing of the package.

Cautions

Unjustified increase in the number of intakes and the duration of use of the drug can lead to the emergence of low-sensitivity to the components of microorganisms, including Fungal infection of the eye . When symptoms of superinfection is recommended to consult a doctor.

Analogs Tobreksa

Match code ATC 4th level:

• Tetracycline ointment
• Gentamicin
• Chloramphenicol

2x Tobreks . Tobrosopt   and Tobrimed   They are complete analogues Tobreksa shape and composition of the release. From 51 to 34 hryvnia - this is the price for Ukraine analogues of these eye drops, while in Russia it ranges from 126 to 221 p.

Tobreks children

Instruction for children receive eye drops Tobreks indicates that the drug may be used in pediatric patients in children aged 1 year and older in adult dosages. Studies confirm that the drug is safe and effective in children and infants suffering from conjunctivitis, which was appointed to the five-time daily administration of the drug for a week.

Tobreks for newborns

Instruction indicates that Tobreks can be used as eye drops for newborns strictly on prescription. Upon receipt of positive feedback newborns and no data indicating that the side effects of the drug in compliance with dosage and frequency of administration.

With antibiotics

Tobreksa Interaction with other antibiotics described above (See Interactions.).

During pregnancy and lactation

A limited amount of data on the application Tobramycin   topically pregnant women do not allow conclusions about the reproductive toxicity of the drug. It is recommended to refrain from the use of the drug during pregnancy .

There are no studies confirming the penetration of tobramycin into breast milk, but we can not exclude the risk to the baby, breast-feeding. You must make a choice between the possibility of refraining from breast-feeding   the period of treatment Tobreksom and rejection of drug therapy, taking into account the positive effects of breastfeeding for the baby and of the drug to a nursing mother.

Reviews on Tobreks

Numerous reviews of eye drops Tobreks indicate the speed of therapeutic action. Also these eyedrops in the opinions of patients have an extremely small number of cases of side effects or lack of efficacy of therapy. There is evidence of efficient use of Tobreksa as nose drops to children suffering rhinitis .

Price Tobreks

Russian price Tobreks eye drops, as the price of the same name in the ointment is no different from that of the Ukraine. In general the price drops   in Russia varies in the area 191-217 rubles, the price ointment   - About 190 rubles; Ukraine price tag on these drugs averages from 49 to 64 UAH.

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Neo Neurobeks

Description overdue on 11/11/2014

• Latin name: Neurobex Neo
• ATC code: A11JA
• Active substance: Vitamin complex
• Manufacturer: Balkanfarma AT-Dupnitsa, Bulgaria

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• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Instructions on Neurobeks Neo (The method and dosage)
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• Analogs
• With alcohol
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

The drug consists of active substances: ascorbic acid   - 175 mg thiamine nitrate   - 50 mg, riboflavin   - 25 mg, calcium pantothenate   - 25 mg, pyridoxine hydrochloride - 10 mg, folic acid   - 500 mg, cyanocobalamin   - 5 mg,   nicotinamide - 100 mg.

Additional ingredients: potato starch, magnesium stearate, colloidal anhydrous silica, talc and calcium hydrogen phosphate.

The body and cap of the capsule consists of: dye FD & C Red 3 dye D & C Yellow 10, gelatin, titanium dioxide (E171).

Product form

Available Neurobeks Neo in gelatin capsules, orange-black-containing powder. The package includes a 30 or 60 pieces.

Pharmacological action

Neurobeks Neo - it combined multivitamin preparations Comprising ascorbic acid   and B vitamins .

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Effect of the drug cause the properties of vitamins in its composition.

After receiving the capsules one of the active components ( thiamine)   phosphorylated, resulting in a kokarboksilaza . This material is coenzyme Who is a member of many enzyme reactions. Thiamine is required for carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, carrying nerve impulses in the synapses. The lack of this substance leads to excessive concentration Breast   and pyroracemic acid That can induce the development of polyneuritis . Wernicke's encephalopathy, Korsakoff's syndrome, disorders of the heart . GI   and other.

Pyridoxine   actively supports the function of the nervous system. As a result of the phosphorylation vitamin B6   produced a coenzyme that is necessary for high-grade amino acid metabolism and other enzymes Located in neuronal tissues. In addition, pyridoxine is involved in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters : histamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid.   Call deficit vitamin B6   could malnutrition, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, the use of a number of medicines that are related to its antagonists. This can lead to the development of glossitis, stomatitis, convulsive state, peripheral neuritis, anemia   and other irregularities.

Cyanocobalamine   promotes normal blood formation, maturation of red blood cells and the flow of biochemical reactions that provide the full life of the body: the production nucleic acid Protein, transport of the methyl groups, metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids. It was found that the substance has a positive effect on the nervous system, the development and replication of cells. Lack B12   manifested disorders of the hematopoietic and nervous system, causing severe complications.

Riboflavin   It is an important catalyst in the process of visual perception and cellular respiration. After oral administration, noted cooperation riboflavin and ATP, thereby forming flavin adenine nucleotides   and flavin mononucleotide- . These substances are coenzymes that carry hydrogen and regulate the redox processes. Also noted participate riboflavin a   in the processes of protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, maintaining the full visual function and synthesis Hemoglobin . Lack of vitamin B2 can cause giporiboflavinoz,   and in consequence, and ariboflavinoz . When giporiboflavinoze decreased appetite, decreased weight, develops weakness, headache , Burning skin, stinging eyes, night blindness, pain in the corners or lower lip. Further development of the disease is accompanied by cracks, or crusts on the lips in the form of angular stomatitis, dryness and redness of the tongue, seborrheic dermatitis   in the nasolabial folds, the emergence of photophobia, conjunctivitis, blepharitis.   It is also possible to increase the gastric secretory function, increased biliary excretion, facilitating absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine.

Nicotinamide   essential for tissue respiration, metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and amino acids.

Calcium pantothenate   It is one of the components coenzyme A Which is involved in the acetylation and oxidation of fats and carbohydrates, development of bile acids and hormones.

Folic acid   important for full synthesis of erythrocytes in carbohydrate metabolism, and division of cells. With a lack of folic acid observed inhibition of phase transition megaloblastic hematopoiesis in normoblasticheskuyu what causes megaloblastic anemia.

Ascorbic acid   It is a regulator of redox processes involved in the synthesis of collagen, catecholamines, steroids   and folic acid metabolism. This material is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth, the assimilation of mineral components, such as: iron, beta-carotene, calcium and Vitamin E . Noting the importance of vitamin C   in the regulation of blood coagulation, stimulating the blood, vascular permeability. Besides that,   ascorbic acid   It is the strongest antioxidant , Reduces the effect of free radicals, which cause damage to healthy cells. It also improves the body's resistance to external adverse factors, the body's resistance to viral and bacterial infections. Reduced concentration histamine Which is a mediator of inflammation, thereby alleviated the symptoms of the common cold - rhinitis . watery eyes, redness of the conjunctiva. Vitamin C   enhances mental and physical performance, activation of the basal metabolic rate.

All the components that make up the Neurobeks Neo, are water-soluble vitamins, so their accumulation in the body is excluded.

Absorption thiamine   and pyridoxine   It occurs in the upper intestine, and then observed their uniform distribution in the body. The degree of absorption is directly related to the dosage. The absorption process cyanocobalamin   determined by the presence of internal factors in the upper intestine and stomach. Delivery of substances into tissues performs transport protein transcobalamin II.

As a result, quick and easy absorption riboflavin   quite unevenly distributed within the body - most marked in the myocardium, kidneys and liver.

Absorption Folic acid   It occurs in the form of simple hydrolysates. A minor portion of the enzymes that perform hydrolysis, arranged in 12 pёrstnoy and small intestine. The substance penetrates into almost all body tissues. In this third substance as methylfolate stored in the liver.

Flash dispersal   nicotinamide   It is derived from the digestive tract, and then the substance is evenly distributed in the tissues and organs.

To   ascorbic acid   characterized by a rapid absorption in the intestine. Then the circulation of vitamin C is noted in the composition of the blood plasma, and the concentration of glandular tissue. The bulk concentration of a substance found in the tissues, platelets   and lymphocytes .

Calcium pantothenate also easily and rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract, and then concentrated in heart, kidney and liver.

Metabolism thiamine, pyridoxine   and   cyanocobalamin   in the liver. The process of metabolism and biotransformation folic acid   not fully understood. Metabolism nicotinamide   It occurs as methylation, resulting in formation of inactive metabolites . The metabolism ascorbic acid   formed oxalic acid and other water-soluble metabolites.

Withdrawal of the drug is almost through all the organs of the excretory system. Pyridoxine   and thiamin   output by the kidneys when taking high doses - through the intestines. Withdrawal cyanocobalamin   It occurs mainly in the bile, riboflavin, nicotinamide, ascorbic acid   and   calcium pantothenate   - The urine in unchanged form or in the form of metabolites.

Indications

Neurobeks Neo administered in combination therapy of various conditions and diseases:

• asthenic syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, stress, vegetative-vascular dystonia, encephalopathy, degenerative disc disease, neuritis, polyneuritis, peripheral paralysis, sciatica, lumbago, sciatica, neuralgia, spasms of central origin, myasthenia gravis, traumatic lesions of the CNS;
• hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract;
• chronic circulatory failure, myocarditis, myocardial dystrophy , The recovery period after undergoing cardiovascular disease;
• Diabetes   and its complications, diseases of the thyroid gland;
• neurodermatitis, eczema, acne, dermatitis   various origins, herpes zoster;
• circulatory disorders of the retina, myopia, astigmatism, amblyopia, glaucoma,   diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, neuritis   optic nerve,   cataracts;
• menstrual disorders, breast, conservative therapy uterine fibroids, salpingoophoritis, endometritis ;
• reduced immunity , Acute infectious diseases;
• neuritis of the auditory nerve, sensorineural hearing loss, labirintopatii;
• during antibiotic therapy Suppressing gram-negative gut flora;
• chronic diseases in the elderly, with alcohol or tobacco.

Contraindications

It should refrain from the use of Neurobeks when Neo:

• acute thromboembolism;
• polycythemia and eritremii;
• children's age less than 12 years;
• high sensitivity   to its components.

Side effects

When treating Neurobeks Neo may develop nausea, tachycardia, itching   and urticaria.

Instructions on Neurobeks Neo (The method and dosage)

As the instructions for use Neurobeks Neo daily administered one capsule. During the treatment of neurological disorders, the dosage can be doubled. The therapeutic course of 2-4 weeks.

Overdose

In cases of overdose, patients feel nervous excitement, pain in the heart, the development of tachycardia.

This is the treatment of gastric lavage, reception Activated Carbon , The use of other symptomatic treatment. The antidote is vitamin B6 isoniazid.

Cooperation

Concomitant use with Neo Neurobeks   levodopa   It can lead to a lowering of its antiparkinsonian efficacy.

Prolonged treatment anticonvulsants - phenobarbital, phenytoin m   and carbamazepine   in combination with Neo Neurobeks often arises thiamine deficiency .

The combination of this drug with colchicine   or biguanidami   reduces absorption   cyanocobalamin.

Terms of sale

The drug is sold without a prescription.

Storage conditions

To store the capsules must be a dark, dry place inaccessible to children, with temperatures up to 30 ° C.

Shelf life

3 years.

Analogs

The main counterparts are presented drugs: Neurobeks, Neurobeks Forte Milgamma, Citoflavin, Aevi t   and Neyrorubin .

Alcohol

The combined use of Neurobeks Neo and ethanol can dramatically reduce the absorption thiamine To the level in the blood of 30%.

Reviews on Neo Neurobeks

As is known, vitamins and vitamin complexes are an important part in maintaining the health of the organism. Therefore, these products are very popular in the society. At the same time reviews of Neo Neurobeks show that it is quite effective Vitamins. These capsules help to improve the overall condition of the body and recover quickly after suffering diseases.

However, experts warn patients that self-appoint themselves these funds should not be. Firstly, there is a certain number of contraindications to the reception of any vitamins, secondly, before trying to make up for the lack of any component, it is important to ascertain the need for this. For this reason intelligently select Vitamins can be only with a doctor based on laboratory data.

Price Neurobeks Neo where to buy

Price Neurobeks Neo in Minsk from 200 thousand. Rubles.

Buy in Moscow, the drug can cost 330-350 rubles.

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Ginalgin

Description overdue on 26/11/2014

• Latin name: Ginalgin
• ATC code: G01AF20
• Active substance: Metronidazole, hlorhinaldolu
• Manufacturer: "ISN Polfa Rzeszow" S.A., Poland

Photos of the drug

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• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Candles Ginalgin, instructions for use (method and dosage)
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• During pregnancy (and lactation)
• Analogs
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

One tablet has active substances metronidazole   of 250 mg hlorhinaldolu   of 100 mg.

Excipients: lactose monohydrate, anhydrous citric acid, sodium starch glycolate (ultramilopektin), rice starch, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol 6000.

Product form

Vaginal tablets (2 blisters in a package of 5 pieces in blister).

Pharmacological action

The drug has antibacterial, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and trihomonatsidnoe action.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

The preparation includes the active antiprotozoal and antimicrobial substance belonging to 5-nitro-imidazoles , A broad spectrum of action.

Metronidazole   almost completely metabolized in the liver to form inactive derivatives. Poluvyvoda period of 8 hours. Mostly excreted in the urine.

Hlorhinaldolu   in intravaginal application absorbed slightly.

Indications

Candles Ginalgin used in infectious and inflammatory vaginopathy .

Contraindications

The drug should not be taken if:

• hypersensitivity to metronidazole   and other derivatives nitroimidazole ;
• hepatic insufficiency ;
• organic lesions of the central nervous system (including, if epilepsy );
• are hypersensitive hlorhinaldola ;
• blood diseases;
• leukopenia   (including history);
• incoordination;
• pregnancy ;
• breast-feeding .

Side effects

When applying Ginalgin tablets may have the following side effects:

• rash . itchy skin . hives ;
• allergic reactions;
• diarrhea   or constipation . vomiting , Pain in the abdomen spastic character, decreased appetite , Dryness of the mouth, metallic taste in the mouth, taste alteration, nausea ;
• leukocytosis   or leukopenia . dizziness . headache ;
• irritation or burning sensation of the penis with a partner;
• development Candida in the vagina   After discontinuation of the drug;
• frequent urination ;
• white, thick vaginal discharge   mucous character with low odor or no;
• irritation, pain, burning sensation and itching in the vagina.

Occasionally urine may be colored in brown and red.

Candles Ginalgin, instructions for use (method and dosage)

According to the instructions on Ginalgin, the drug is used vaginally - one tablet is administered, preferably in the evening before going to sleep, deep into the vagina for a period of 7 to 10 days. Treatment should start on day 2-4 after menstruation.

Overdose

Data on overdose are not available. If the drug was accidentally received orally, once held gastric lavage   and appointed by means of a enterosorbentnymi properties.

Cooperation

At the same time Ginalginom not recommended to drink alcohol and medicines that contain ethanol . metals . iodine   and antiseptic agents.

Candles can not be used in conjunction with drugs that contain disulfiram   (interval should not be less than two weeks).

Ginalgin increases the risk of rupture Latex contraceptives   (including Condom   and diaphragms ).

Terms of sale

Ginalgin available on medical prescription.

Storage conditions

The drug should be stored at a temperature of from 15 to 25 ° C in a dry place.

Shelf life

Subject to all rules of the drug can be stored up to three years.

Pregnancy

During pregnancy and lactation the drug can not be used.

Analogs Ginalgina

Match code ATC 4th level:

• Lomeksin
• Ornidazole Vero
• Clione-D 100
• Neo-Penotran
• Gyno-Pevaril
• Livarol
• Ginezol
• Antifungol
• Candide
• Ginofort
• Trichopolum
• Flagyl

By analogues of the drug are:

• Clione ;
• Metromizol ;
• Metromikon ;
• Neo-Penotran ;
• Pulsiteks .

Reviews Ginalgine

Average rating Ginalgina in various forums - 3.8 out of 5 balls.

According to the reviews of candlelight Ginalgin plus Ginalgina lies in its wide range of action, because, as a rule, when a infection of the vagina , Connected to the main bacteria and other microorganisms. The effectiveness of this drug is not very high, but its use is rarely causes any side effects.

The price of candles Ginalgin

Price Ginalgina in Ukraine is on average from 40 to 100 hryvnia.

In Russia, the average price is 235 rubles Ginalgina.

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