November 29, 2011
- Instruction in the ointment Gerpevir
- Viral Hepatitis B
- Poludan in gynecology
- Acute appendicitis
Lymphadenitis is usually divided into purulent . serous . Productive inflammation . If the process of inflammation spread to other tissues, the result may develop periadenit . For this state of the characteristic symptom is stiffness of nodes in which the inflammation extends, for example, if a person is diagnosed cervical lymphadenitis , Similar phenomena are observed in the neck area. Lymphadenitis may occur in acute or chronic. The course of acute lymphadenitis occurs in different ways. If suppurative focus to eliminate as soon as possible, the hyperemia then disappear, there will be resolution exudate And after reducing nodes stop their pain.
At the beginning of suppurative lymphadenitis observed symptoms catarrhal-hyperplastic lymphadenitis Later formed purulent infiltration site and there are several foci. After their merger lymph node is melted. If purulent process involved his capsule and surrounding tissue, the result is developed phlegmonous adenitis . With the development of putrid lymphadenitis lymph nodes are affected sphacelism .
There is also a classification based on the division of the hearth of the inflammatory process ( bubonadenitis . cervical lymphadenitis ). One of the most common types of this disease is bubonadenitis.
Symptoms lymphadenitis
Lymphadenitis is like sharp And chronic , As distinguished specific and nonspecific lymphadenitis . Nonspecific lymphadenitis usually provoke staphylococci More rarely pathogens are streptococci and other pyogenic bacteria . Foci of the disease may become purulent wound, carbuncle . boil , erysipelas, osteomyelitis . trophic ulcer and other entities. Also, bacteria can enter the lymph node during his wounds. In such a situation is the primary disease lymphadenitis.
Inflammation in the lymph nodes is manifested and develops according to the general type. If progressing purulent lymphadenitis, inflammation can trigger destructive forms of the disease - abstsedirovanie and necrosis And putrid infection can cause ihoroznym disintegration of the lymph nodes . Simple lymphadenitis - This form of the disease in which inflammation, as a rule, does not come out within the lymph node. If there is a destructive form of lymphadenitis, the inflammation can spread to the tissues adjacent. Due to changes in the serosal tissue may serous inflammation or purulent inflammation with subsequent formation phlegmonous adenitis . Particularly severe symptoms lymphadenitis ihoroznym manifested in the form of the disease.
In acute non-specific form of the disease manifest the following symptoms of lymphadenitis. Swollen lymph nodes and sore appears periodically appears headache , Weakness, feeling of malaise, can increase the body temperature. Quite often in acute lymphadenitis manifested inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. Signs of acute lymphadenitis depends on the form of the disease and the nature of inflammation. Basically, the general condition of the patient at catarrhal lymphadenitis is not particularly disturbed. As symptoms can manifest pain in the area regional lymph nodes . At the same time there is an increase of lymph nodes, their pain during palpation.
If the disease process progresses and develops periadenit , The described symptoms may get worse. Soreness acquire the sharpness, the skin over the lymph nodes to become giperemirovanoy And node palpation the patient feels pain. Lymph nodes that previously it was possible to very accurately palpate now merge with each other and with the surrounding tissue, moreover, they become immobile.
Inflammatory processes lymph nodes differ productive. In purulent form they pass on rare occasions. Among the manifestations of chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis are the following symptoms: increased and compacted lymph nodes, tenderness they felt weak, they are not soldered together. In this state, the lymph nodes stay long enough period of time later in the connective tissue grows and they decrease.
At tuberculous lymphadenitis as a general disease manifests tuberculosis . Lymphadenitis in children may occur at a time of primary tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause tuberculosis of peripheral lymph nodes. The infection can be spread in many ways. Thus, it can penetrate through tonsils . Most often, the infection penetrates lymphohematogenous path extending from the affected lymph nodes.
If the disease begins acutely, the patient has been a sharp rise in temperature, symptoms of tuberculosis intoxication , Lymph nodes become more manifest in them inflammatory and necrotic changes . As a special feature of tuberculous lymphadenitis, which distinguishes it from other forms note the presence periadenita. Very rarely appear fistulas . The most common lesions occur on the neck, submandibular and axillary nodes. Chronic lymphadenitis in children sometimes develops in parallel with infectious diseases - sinusitis . tonsillitis . rhinitis . periodontitis . At the beginning of lymphadenitis in children manifests itself tumor at the locations of the lymph nodes. When pressed on her child can feel pain. A few days later the inflammation goes to the next placed tissue. Lymph node becomes palpable hard, compacted tissue. In the presence of these symptoms should immediately contact the pediatrician.
Diagnosis lymphadenitis
To install the differential diagnosis, it is important to know where the primary focus of purulent inflammation. It is important to differentiate chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis with an increase in lymph nodes in other infectious and other diseases. In the process of recognition of the type of chronic lymphadenitis doctor evaluates a range of symptoms. If the diagnosis is difficult, it is necessary to carry out biopsy lymph node, or remove it for subsequent histological examination. Such study material means a lot in the differential diagnosis of chronic lymphadenitis and detection metastases of malignant tumors .
Diagnosis " specific lymphadenitis "Established by the results of a comprehensive survey of the patient. This takes into account the patient's contact with patients Tuberculosis His reaction to tuberculin , Presence or absence of tuberculous lesions in the lungs and other organs.
It is also possible to establish the correct diagnosis by puncture of the affected lymph node. Using x-ray can determine the formation of the nodes calcifications Which can be seen on x-ray as a dense shadow on the soft tissues of the neck, under the jaw, in the area of the armpits and groin. Important differentiation of tuberculous lymphadenitis with nonspecific purulent lymphadenitis, metastases of malignant tumors, limfagranulematozom .
If you suspect a bubonadenitis should conduct a thorough examination of the rectal area and genitals, determine which is the state of the pelvis and hips. It is important to establish the correct diagnosis, because in some cases, defined as bubonadenitis incarcerated hernia .
Treatment lymphadenitis
When purulent lymphadenitis used operative method of treatment: abscesses burst, the pus is removed from them, held drainage of wounds . All subsequent activities carried out are the same as in the treatment of purulent wounds.
In the treatment of chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis form must first eliminate the underlying disease, which was the source of this form of lymphadenitis. Lymphadenitis specific treatment is carried out depending on the nature of the lymph node, and in the presence of other bodies tuberculous changes. If a process is active, use first-line drugs: tubazid . streptomycin in conjunction with PAS or Ethionamide . pyrazinamide . protionamid . ethambutol . The treatment process lasts from 8 to 15 months.
Also in the node with the defeat introduced streptomycin , It imposed tubazidovoy bandages, ointment tibonovoy and streptomycin. If purulent process is pronounced, it is used to treat antibiotics broad spectrum of activity.
Complications lymphadenitis
The disease can cause a number of complications. The patient may manifest thrombophlebitis , Purulent process may spread to the cellular spaces, and the patient may receive the metastatic foci of purulent infection.
Prevention lymphadenitis
To prevent lymphadenitis to avoid injuries and wounds, rationally relates to the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In patients with axillary lymphadenitis may occur sepsis . subpektoralnaya abscess .
Abscess - A purulent inflammation of the tissue to form a cavity, which is surrounded by pyogenic membrane. Designated possible occurrence: bones . muscle . subcutaneous tissue As well as other organs. 
Intercostal neuralgia - It is a manifestation of pain along the intercostal nerve. This condition occurs due to irritation or compression of the intercostal nerves. As a rule, the disease affects people in middle age, more often - the elderly, but children are not diagnosed with the disease almost. 
It is important to begin treatment intercostal neuralgia when there were only the first signs of the disease. The main task that puts a specialist before starting treatment, it is relief and pain reduction. After achieving this goal are applied to drugs that may enhance trophic processes in affected tissues. If there is a primary lesion, you should pay attention to the use of reflex therapy. So, a good result gives acupuncture . Vacuum Therapy . pharmacopuncture . If the expert considers it appropriate to include in the total treatment therapy medical drugs, then the agent with anti-inflammatory effects, as well as vitamins of group "B". 
Dysplasia - A common name for a condition in which a person takes the wrong development of body parts, tissues, organs. When dysplasia in humans incorrectly formed some organs or tissues during fetal development, as well as after birth. For dysplasia is a characteristic change in shape, size, structure, cells, organs, tissues. As a rule, dysplasia is a congenital, but sometimes the disease occurs after birth and into adulthood. This term is taken to apply to various diseases, which becomes the basis for the anomaly of a cell, tissue or organ. 
Today, there are studies showing that the pathological processes of the cervix occur in every fourth woman. 
Method of treatment of cervical dysplasia, having a high effect is considered to be the destruction of the hearth dysplasia, laser photocoagulation, radio wave coagulation, cauterization by liquid nitrogen. If necessary, use one of these methods combined with antiviral treatment or therapy of diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact. 
In this case, extremely important as early as possible to diagnose the problem, because a newborn baby continues to be formed joint. Therefore, the use of the correct approach to the treatment after the timely diagnosis allows to restore the correct ratio in the hip before the age of three children. At the same time, in the absence of treatment the patient's condition worsens child each month. 
Connective tissue dysplasia develops in children, both in utero and after birth. Thus the development of connective tissue is broken. The tissue cells comprise fibers and extracellular matrix. It is widespread in humans and equipped in the skin, bone, cartilage, vascular wall and in the blood. The most important role in the structure of the fiber fabrics play. It collagen Which is responsible for maintaining the shape and elastin Who is responsible for the ability to relax and reduce. 
Rickets - A disease that mainly develops in a person's childhood and infancy. This disease is known to mankind for a long time. Thus, the mention of this illness have been found in the manuscripts of the ancient physicians. The first clear symptoms of rickets were described in the seventeenth century in England. By the way, British doctors call this disease " misty disease ", As rickets is most often seen in children of working people who constantly live in the smog, it arises from the smoking factories. Yet the real cause of the disease has been identified only 1980s . 
It means a lot in the formation of bone tissue Vitamin D Since without it the body can not absorb calcium. Accordingly, the mineral, which is the main material for the structure of the bone tissue does not enter the bone. Consequently, a lack of vitamin D in the body is considered the main cause of rickets. But recently, it has become possible to determine the concentration of vitamin D metabolites in the blood. As a consequence, it was found that vitamin D deficiency is just one of the causes of rickets. Today experts say that the main reason is the lack of rickets Phosphates and calcium While priority is hypophosphatemia . 
To diagnose rickets expert can after detailed examination with a clinical picture of the disease. Furthermore, blood tests to determine the levels of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase activity. If the activity is increased, then this is the earliest sign of the disease. Moreover, it can be detected before symptoms manifest visible disease. Also sometimes it appointed a urine test to determine the concentration of calcium in it. The study also assigned to conduct X-ray examination of bones of the child. 
The fact that the baby can get sick rickets, the expectant mother should think about it during pregnancy. Therefore, prevention of rickets begins during fetal development. A pregnant woman should have a balanced diet. Every day you need to eat vegetables, meat, dairy products. For a pregnant woman is important the correct mode of the day, gymnastics, treatment toxemia Anemia. Throughout the period of gestation of the child must take vitamin complexes, which picks up a doctor. Expectant mother should do everything to ensure that the fetus develops harmoniously. 
Dysbacteriosis kishechnika- is a condition in which a child is a violation of the ratio of Representatives gut Which should be observable in a normal state. If guided by the criteria of the World Health Organization, the goiter do not carry disease. For example, many scientists believe that dysbiosis - a consequence of the presence in humans of other pathologies. However, goiter in children yavletsya a serious problem and a threat to health. 
The signs of dysbiosis have a baby is often denser stool consistency, reducing the number of feces, difficult process of bowel movement. In this case, the child may cry, make an effort, be a strong concern. He may occasionally occur as small abdominal distention . However, these signs may be evidence of other ailments, so the child necessarily need to show the doctor. In the second stage of dysbiosis may also occur at times unstable chair. For this phenomenon is characterized by periodic diarrhea, has an unpleasant smell and some admixture of green. In the third stage of dysbiosis in children, which is called decompensation , Increasing the quantity and variety of pathogenic bacteria in the gut of the baby. This stage is characterized particularly severe symptoms of dysbiosis. Sick child turns pale, he was constantly lethargic, has a poor appetite and thus lose weight. Disbkterioz in infants less than one year of age, can occur atopic dermatitis ( diathesis ). At the third stage of the disease and unhealthy baby chair: odorous, liquid consistency, it may contain particles of food that is not digested. Similar phenomena - the result of failure enzymes Which manifests itself at this stage. If the child has signs of dysbiosis manifested described, then he may need treatment in a hospital, because such a state shortfall threatens the infant needed nutrients. 
Dysbacteriosis infants manifested frequent regurgitation, recurrent vomiting, the presence of bad breath, sleep disorders. In addition, symptoms of dysbiosis is often a decrease in the rate of increase of weight, constant anxiety nursing infant. The character of stool dysbacteriosis is different, but always unhealthy: it can be a liquid or pasty, frothy, sometimes it contains lumps of white, greenish impurity. The smell of feces putrid or sour. 
First of all, the treatment of dysbiosis in children involves the creation of the necessary conditions of life for the child. It is proved that dysbiosis often affects children who are in conditions of constant stress and overstrain , Rarely in the open center. 
Even during pregnancy the woman should take care of the future baby's intestinal health and take as little medication as possible, avoiding antibiotic treatment. It is also proper nutrition of the pregnant woman: it is strongly recommended to use fruit, berries and juices. The food that is difficult to digest, from the diet is better to exclude. 
Enuresis - A condition in which children older than five years, night or day comes involuntary urination . Enuresis in children spread widely enough, this disease is very often turn to experts. What signs of enuresis clearly expressed, and diagnosis is easy, sometimes gives the impression that the disease can be quickly and easily cured. But in fact such a violation requires an individual approach to treatment, because in each case the disease can trigger other reasons. Therefore, parents and children should be aware that the treatment of enuresis continues sufficiently long period, and for its successful completion requires a lot of effort and patience from all family members. Attempts unsystematic treatment are often unsuccessful. 
All of the above types of enuresis in children is caused by the different reasons. The most important factor which affects the appearance and fluorescent secondary enuresis considered emotional stress . At the same time the manifestation of primary nocturnal enuresis, usually occurs due to delay ripening centers of the brain or shortage vasopressin . 
In the case of nocturnal enuresis diagnosis is mainly guided by the patient's complaints, as well as carried out the study of history, both individual and family. To date, there are studies showing that if the bedwetting episodes occurred in the father or mother, then the risk of developing the disease in a child increases by about three times. 
To date, the treatment of enuresis is conducted by doctors who work in different fields of medicine. A versatile approach to the treatment of the disease is important in order to effectively eliminate all the causes that lead to enuresis in children 
In the treatment of the parents should pay attention to the features diet child. It is important to significantly limit the amount of liquid as well as those products which promote frequent urination. After dinner, before bedtime fluid intake must be limited to the maximum. Also, special attention should be paid to monitoring the use of products that contain caffeine - They have a diuretic effect.