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It is known that the total amount of blood in the human body is about 6 - 8% of the total body mass is thus possible to calculate the volume of blood in the body of each individual. All the blood moves circulatory system vessels Which is the main artery blood flow core. The heart contracts and moves blood through the vessels, the blood pushes against the walls of vessels with a certain force. This force is called blood pressure . In other words, blood pressure, contributes to the movement of blood through the vessels.
Blood pressure is considered: Systolic blood pressure (SAD), which is also called the "top" blood pressure. Systolic pressure indicates the pressure in the arteries of the heart muscle contraction produced upon ejection portion of blood in the artery; diastolic blood pressure (DBP), also called "lower" pressure. It shows the pressure during relaxation of the heart, at the moment when it takes place before the next reduction in occupancy. Both figures are measured by millimeters of mercury (mm Hg. Art.).
Some people, due to various reasons, there is a narrowing of arterioles, first because of a vasospasm. Then they narrowed lumen remains constant, this contributes to thickening of the walls of blood vessels. To overcome these restrictions, which are an obstacle to the free flow of blood, a more intensive work of the heart and large release of blood in the bloodstream. Develops hypertonic disease .
Approximately one in ten hypertensive increase in blood pressure causes damage to any organ. In such cases, one can speak of symptomatic or secondary hypertension. Approximately 90% of patients with hypertension suffer essential or primary hypertension .
The starting point from which we can talk about high blood pressure, as a rule, is at least three times, a registered physician, the level of 139/89 mm Hg, provided that the patient does not take any drugs to reduce pressure .
A slight, sometimes persistent increase in blood pressure does not mean the presence of the disease. If, thus, have no any risk factors and no signs organ damage At this stage of hypertension are potentially removable. But, nevertheless, an increase in blood pressure, it is imperative to see a doctor, when he can determine the extent of the disease and treat hypertension.
Hypertensive crisis
The sudden and significant increase in blood pressure, followed by a sharp deterioration in the coronary, cerebral and renal blood flow, called hypertensive crisis . It is dangerous that significantly increases the risk of serious cardiovascular events, such as: myocardial infarction . stroke . subarachnoid hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, separation wall of the aorta, acute renal failure .
There hypertensive crisis Most often, after the cessation of medication without approval of your doctor, due to the influence of meteorological factors, adverse emotional stress, systematic excess salt intake, inadequate treatment, alcoholic excesses.
Hypertensive crisis characterized by excitation of the patient, anxiety, fear, tachycardia, feeling short of breath. The patient has been cold sweat, hand tremor , Redness of the face, sometimes significant, "goose bumps" feeling of inner trembling, numbness of the lips and tongue, speech, weakness in the limbs.
Violation of the blood supply to the brain is manifested primarily dizziness , Nausea or even vomiting once. Often there are signs of heart failure: suffocation . breathlessness , Unstable angina Expressed in retrosternal pain, or other vascular complications.
Hypertensive crises may develop at any stage of the disease of hypertension. If crises are repeated, it may indicate the wrong therapy.
Hypertensive crises can be 3 species :
1. Neurovegetative crisis It characterized by increased pressure, preferably systolic. The patient feels excitement, looks frightened, worried. A slight increase in body temperature is observed tachycardia .
2. Edematous hypertensive crisis It occurs more often in women, usually after salty foods or drinking a large quantity of liquid. It increases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Patients sleepy, slightly inhibited visually noticeable swelling of the face and hands.
3. Spastic hypertensive crisis - One of the heaviest, usually occurs in malignant hypertension. There is a heavy defeat of the brain, encephalopathy , Joined by swelling of the brain, possibly cerebral hemorrhage.
As a rule, hypertensive crisis is caused by disorders of the intensity and rhythm of blood supply of the brain and its membranes. Therefore, when a hypertonic crisis, the pressure does not rise very much.
To avoid hypertensive crises, we must remember that the treatment of hypertension requires continuous maintenance therapy and discontinuation of medications without a doctor's permission is unacceptable and dangerous.
Malignant hypertension
There malignant hypertension is rare, less than 1% of patients, and more often in males aged 40-50 years.
Forecast syndrome unfavorable, there is no effective treatment to 80% of patients suffering from this syndrome die within one year from chronic cardiac and / or renal failure, exfoliating aortic aneurysm or hemorrhagic stroke .
Timely treatment in modern conditions several times reduces the lethal disease and more than half of patients survive for 5 years or more.
In Russia, about 40% of adults suffer from high blood pressure levels. Danger that at the same time many of them are not even aware of the presence of this serious disease, and therefore do not control their blood pressure.
Over the years, there are several different classifications of hypertension, however, since 2003, at the annual International Symposium of Cardiology adopted a common classification of powers.
1. Mild hypertension when blood pressure is within the range 140-159mm Hg systolic and 90-99 mm Hg. Art. diastolic.
2. Second degree or it is characterized by a moderate degree of pressure from 160/100 to 179/109 mm.rt. Art.
3. Severe Hypertension - high blood pressure is higher than 180/110 mm Hg. Art.
The severity of hypertension is not accepted to determine, without risk factors. Among cardiologists there is the concept of risk factors for hypertension. So they call those factors that, when hereditary predisposition to the disease, are a push, triggers the development of hypertension. K Risk factors rank:
Overweight - People with excess weight higher risk of hypertension. Sedentary lifestyle, physical inactivity , A sedentary lifestyle and low physical activity reduced immunity, impaired muscle tone and blood vessels, leading to obesity, which contributes to the development of hypertension;
Psychological stress and nervous and mental strain lead to activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which performs the function of the activator systems of the body, ie. h., and acts on the cardiovascular. In addition, the blood ejected so-called pressor hormones Causing spasm of the arteries. This, incidentally, like smoking, can lead to a stiffening of the artery walls and the development of hypertension.
A diet with a high content of salt, a diet of high- always contribute to an increase in pressure. An unbalanced diet with a high content of atherogenic lipids, the excess calories that leads to obesity and promotes the progression of type II diabetes. Atherogenic lipids are rich in animal fats and meat, especially pork and lamb.
Smoking One of the factors threatening the development of hypertension. Nicotine and tar contained in tobacco lead to a constant spasm of arteries, which in turn leads to arterial wall stiffness and causes an increase in pressure in the vessels.
Alcohol abuse One of the most frequent causes of cardiovascular diseases. Alcohol contributes to hypertension;
Sleep disorders Syndrome night apnea or snoring , Causes an increase in pressure in the thorax and abdomen, causing vasospasm.
These factors also lead to coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. In the presence of at least a number of factors, should be inspected regularly by a cardiologist, and, if possible, to minimize them.
Causes of hypertension
Causes of hypertension is not known. There is an assumption that in the most part, the disease is caused by hereditary factors, ie, hereditary predisposition, especially, on the maternal side.
It is very dangerous that if hypertension develops at a young age, most often it goes unnoticed for a long time, and hence, there is no treatment, and lost valuable time. Patients blamed poor health and increasing pressure on the weather factor, fatigue, vascular dystonia . If a person goes to a doctor, the treatment of vegetative-vascular dystonia, almost the same as the initial treatment of essential or primary hypertension. This physical activity and a balanced diet with a decrease in salt intake and tempering procedures.
At first, it may help, but, nevertheless, to cure even primary hypertension in ways not possible, drug treatment of hypertension under medical supervision.
Therefore, patients with vascular dystonia should be carefully examined for confirmation of the diagnosis and exclusion of hypertension, especially if the family are sick or ill hypertension.
Sometimes the cause of hypertension can be inherited or acquired renal failure Appearing at regular ingestion of excessive amounts of salt. You should know that the first reaction to it - high blood pressure. If this situation occurs frequently, it develops and progresses hypertension. Also, kidney failure may occur in the process of aging in people over 50-60 years.
Known cause of only 5-10% of cases, the symptoms of hypertension, is the case of secondary, symptomatic hypertension. It occurs for the following reasons:
- primary kidney disease ( glomerulonephritis ) - The most common cause of symptomatic hypertension,
- congenital narrowing of the aorta - coarctation .
- the occurrence of tumors of the adrenal glands, produce adrenaline and noradrenaline ( pheochromocytoma )
- unilateral or bilateral renal artery narrowing ( stenosis )
- adrenal gland tumor that produces aldosterone ( hyperaldosteronism )
- use of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is more than 60 ml per day,
- overactive thyroid gland, thyrotoxicosis,
- the uncontrolled use of some drugs: antidepressants, cocaine and its derivatives, hormones, and others.
Symptoms of hypertension
High risk of hypertension is that it can be asymptomatic for a long time and people do not realize about the start and develop the disease. Emerging sometimes dizziness, weakness, lightheadedness, "flies in the eyes," blamed on overwork or weather factors, rather than measure the pressure . Although these symptoms indicate a violation of cerebral circulation, and urgently require consultation with a cardiologist.
We value not to start treatment, further develop the symptoms of hypertension: such as numbness in the limbs, sometimes the difficulty of the question. The examination can be observed hypertrophy, an increase in left ventricular mass and the growth of its occurring as a result of thickening of the heart cells, cardiomyocytes . First, there is an increase of the left ventricular wall thickness, further expanding chamber of the heart.
The progressive dysfunction of the left ventricle causes shortness of breath with exertion, cardiac asthma (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea), pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure. It may be ventricular fibrillation .
Symptoms of high blood pressure, which can not be ignored:
- continuous or frequent high blood pressure, is one of the most important symptoms that should alert;
- often arises headache One of the main manifestations of hypertension. She may not have a clear link with the time of day and there is anytime, but usually at night or early in the morning, after waking up. There is a heaviness or "bursting" in the back of the head. Patients complain of pain that is worse when bending, coughing, tension. There may be a slight swelling of the face. Adoption of the vertical position of the patient ( venous drainage ), Slightly reduces pain.
- frequent pain in the heart, localized on the left of the sternum, or to the cardiac apex. There may be both at rest and under emotional stress. Pain is not stoped nitroglycerin and usually long lasting.
- breathlessness Occurring initially only during exercise, but then at rest. Indicates already happened considerable damage to the heart muscle and the development of heart failure.
- there are various violations of the appearance as if the veil or mist in the eyes, flashing "flies" This symptom is associated with functional disorders of blood circulation in the retina of the eye, its gross changes (retinal detachment, thrombosis , Hemorrhage). Changes in the retina can lead to double vision , And a significant reduction of even complete loss of vision .
- swelling of the legs, which indicate heart failure.
Symptoms vary at different stages of the disease.
In the first, the most mild hypertension pressure ranges, a little above the norm: 140-159 / 90-99 mm Hg. Art. At this stage of hypertension can be easily confused with incipient colds or overstrain . Sometimes disturb frequent bleeding nose and dizziness. If you start treatment at this stage, very often if you do all the doctor's recommendations and to set the correct mode of life and nutrition, you can achieve a complete recovery and the symptoms disappear.
In a second, moderate stage, blood pressure is higher and reaches 160-179 / 100-109 mmHg. At this stage the patient has severe and painful headache, dizziness frequent pain in the heart, may have pathological changes in several organs, particularly in retinal vessels. Severe deterioration of the cardiovascular and nervous system and kidneys. There is a possibility of stroke. To normalize the pressure on this, you must use medicines prescribed by a doctor, independently reduce blood pressure will not succeed.
The third and severe hypertension, in which blood pressure is higher than the mark of 180/110 mm Hg At this stage, the disease is already there is a threat of life of the patient. Due to the heavy load on the vessels, irreversible disturbances and changes in the heart. This degree is often the complications of hypertension in the form of dangerous cardiovascular diseases as myocardial infarction and angina . Occurrence of acute heart failure, arrhythmias, stroke or encephalopathy, affects the blood vessels of the retina, deteriorates vision, develop chronic renal failure. Medical intervention at this stage is vital.
If the disease goes away, may develop cerebral hemorrhage or infarction of the heart.
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