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Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis A - an acute infectious disease that develops under the influence of the virus.
Hepatitis A virus resistant to a number of different substances - acids . ether . Chlorine . He is sensitive to the formalin And killed at reflux in 5 minutes.
The virus is released from the human body along with the feces, and, a person is contagious from the time of completion incubation period and during predzheltushnogo period. The man with feces already developed jaundice virus is detected. In the body the virus is introduced through the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract.
When viral hepatitis A incubation period can vary significantly, ranging from 7 to 50 days. But in general it ranges from 15 to 30 days.
Propagation of virus particles occurs in the cytoplasm of liver cells. After they exit the liver cells, then immediately fall into the bile ducts and then turn together with the bile in the intestine.
Hepatocytes (liver cells) are damaged due to inflammation that develops in the liver. In turn, the inflammatory process - is a consequence of the attack of the immune system cells of the liver virus. As a result, the infected hepatocytes die, manifested Botkin's disease and impaired liver function.
How is infection
Thus, the transmission of hepatitis A virus - fecal-oral . Very often, infecting with a disease occurs in hot countries on different continents.
Hepatitis B is also called the "disease of dirty hands". In civilized countries, in view of the normal operation of the health and community services, as well as by observing the rules of hygiene population of people sick with hepatitis rare. Therefore, antibodies to the disease produced in a very small number of people. Contact with a carrier of the virus, the person from whom the antibodies are not available, run the risk of becoming infected. Therefore, when traveling to countries in Asia and Africa, cases of infection among our fellow citizens are relatively often.
A healthy person can have contact with the patients, without the risk of becoming infected. It is important to strictly adhere to all the rules of hygiene. But children are best isolated from patients with hepatitis A.
To determine the degree of risk of contracting the disease in order to address the question of the appropriateness of vaccination can be made a special study of the blood in which it is determined whether there is in the human antibody to hepatitis A. If they are found, it means that a person is present immunity to the virus and the vaccine is not needed. Hepatitis A re people practically do not get sick. In the absence of antibody risk of infection exists, and thus need vaccination.
Before the probability of infection or after a period of two weeks, a person can be entered immunoglobulin That in this period of infection or protect against the development of disease in the body.
Symptoms of hepatitis A
Botkin's disease during the incubation period, gradually begins to show some characteristic features. Man can disturb fever And dyspeptic symptoms (nausea, vomiting, heaviness in the stomach and right upper quadrant). The child may be in the first few days of slightly increasing the body temperature. In addition, the symptoms of the disease Botkin manifest weakness and dark urine. Later, the patient develops jaundice - a characteristic yellow color gain sclera, skin, and feces while discolored. Yellowness seen on the body very quickly, almost overnight. This state lasts for three to six weeks. Moreover, after the onset of jaundice, the patient begins to feel a little better. The average disease lasts about 40 days. At this time it is carried out an adequate treatment. But for the duration of the period of the disease can affect a variety of factors such as age, the correct approach to the therapy, the presence of other disease chronicity.
Approximately 15% of people, which affects hepatitis virus, the disease becomes chronic and can last up to 9 months. In most cases, hepatitis A manifest typical symptoms, and the patient recovers completely, if you follow the recommendations of the doctor, as well as relevant diet .
The most difficult Hepatitis A carry children who are not yet one year old, adult patients and the elderly. Children of preschool age viral hepatitis A is held in a milder form in while in adults the symptoms of hepatitis A occur pronounced with a strong intoxication. The disease can last up to three months, in spite of the treatment undertaken.
One should also consider the fact that all hepatitis with any origin, present with similar symptoms. Therefore, it is important to promptly see a doctor and undergo a comprehensive examination.
Hepatitis A and pregnancy
Classification of hepatitis A
There is a division of hepatitis A in several types according to different criteria. Depending on the symptoms of the disease stands typical variant (the patient has jaundice is present), and atypical version (jaundice is not observed). If the latter option, the disease sometimes goes unnoticed, because in this case the child suffers from short-lived only frustration of a chair.
Assessing for Botkin's disease in a child, the doctors release mild (most cases) moderate form (approximately 30%), severe (rarely, about 1-3% of cases).
Diagnosis of hepatitis A
To diagnose the patient, hepatitis A, a doctor must carefully examine the epidemiological history of the patient. In this case we are talking about what the country went to the man what he was eating, not whether he had contact with sick, etc. Also, be sure tests are carried out - general and biochemical blood analysis for markers of viral hepatitis, urinalysis, coagulation.
The main criterion for diagnosis of acute forms of Botkin's disease is isolated from the blood of human antibodies to hepatitis A. They can be identified in the blood only in the acute phase of the disease.
Treatment of hepatitis A
If a person diagnosed with hepatitis A, the specific therapy is not practiced as a patient recover without treatment. In modern medicine, the efforts of specialists focus on how to reduce the content of harmful substances in the human body and remove them. Such materials are beginning to emerge in the human body at a time when the liver is damaged, broken and its main function. Therefore, patients administered dezitoksikatsionnye solutions and glucose. He is shown taking vitamins and medications-hepatic (these drugs protect liver cells). When Botkin's disease no need for antiviral therapy. If doctors are dealing with severe cases, the principle of treatment is not changed, but increased the volumes prescribed medications.
During the treatment it is important to adhere to certain dietary diet. Food should be high-calorie and balanced. It should be administered in the daily ration of proteins in the form of lean meat and fish, eggs, low-fat cheese. Carbohydrates should be consumed in the form of cereals, potatoes, bread and sugar. Fats should be selected vegetable origin, and occasionally eat butter. In addition, the child is important to eat lots of vegetables, fruit, drink juice. At the same time forbidden in the diet administered refractory fats, fatty meat, fish, sausage, spicy food, beans, chocolate, and other meats.
No less important a good rest and a state of emotional and physical rest. Children who suffer disease easily, it is necessary to limit the motor activity. But if the child is constantly feels bad, he should stick to bed rest.
After recovering children fail are under medical observation. If after two inspections of the child is not found violations in health, it is removed from the register.
In hepatitis A prognosis is favorable, the person takes a full recovery of the liver. In rare cases, the liver is increased, but its function is not affected.
Prevention of hepatitis A
Vaccinations do children who have reached the age of three, as well as adults who have never suffered from hepatitis A. It is also important to vaccinate those people, the risk of infection with a higher.
Defines several categories of people who need to produce a vaccine against hepatitis A. First of all, the family members of patients with hepatitis A and people close contact with him. Vaccinations should get the person who had sexual contact with patients. Vaccination is also necessary for those who live in regions where fixed many cases; People intending to visit countries where hepatitis A is common; homosexuals; those who use drugs.
Vaccinations against hepatitis B should receive as employees of infectious hospital departments, the entire staff of children's institutions, members of the water supply and food, people suffering from chronic liver disease.
If a family who has a sick Botkin's disease, it is recommended all family members be tested for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis A. In addition, as the disease prevention all have to follow the simple rules of hygiene: wash your hands as often as possible, always use soap. It is very important from an early age to teach children to comply with the rules of prevention.
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