Raynaud's syndrome

June 9, 2012

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Raynaud's syndrome   It called the disorder causes severe narrowing of the blood vessels of the skin that occurs in humans as a result of strong stress   or exposure to cold. The disease was named after Maurice Raynaud, who described the disease in 1862. This disorder is paroxysmal, vasospastic character. It belongs to systemic connective tissue ailments. This disease, according to various estimates, suffer from 3 to 5% of the population. This attack of the syndrome more often affects women. Typically, Raynaud's syndrome is manifested in a person's later life, after 35 years. At the same time, Raynaud's disease can occur in people in the age of fifteen.

Raynaud's syndrome   - Is a manifestation of the so-called Raynaud's phenomenon . In medicine, this phenomenon is usually divided into two types. Raynaud's disease   defined as primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Its feature is over, regardless of the other conditions. Among the total number of cases of this condition Raynaud's disease takes about 90% of cases.

Raynaud's syndrome is defined as secondary Raynaud's phenomenon, because basically this pathology manifests itself as a part of another illness.

Causes of Raynaud's syndrome

The reasons for provoking a human manifestation of Raynaud's syndrome, often a variety of diseases. There is evidence that Raynaud's syndrome can occur in people under 70 diseases.

This condition is typical for some patients rheumatic ailments : systemic lupus erythematosus . scleroderma . dermatomyositis . rheumatoid arthritis . Sjogren's disease . nodular periarthritis   and others. Raynaud's syndrome also manifested in vascular diseases : obliterating atherosclerosis . postthrombotic or   thrombotic syndrome . Accompanies this syndrome and some s abolevaniya blood : paroxysmal hemoglobinuria . cryoglobulinemia . thrombocytosis . multiple myeloma .

There is also the concept of Professional Raynaud's syndrome Which can develop as a result of vibration, strong and regular hypothermia, as well as working with PVC. Occurrence neurogenic Raynaud's syndrome   It connected, usually with a compression of the neurovascular bundle with the development algodistrofii, carpal tunnel syndrome. So-called drug Raynaud's syndrome   arises as a reaction to the intake of certain medications - ergotamine . Serotonin . beta-blockers , With an antitumor drug exposure, and others. After the preparation is canceled, such acts essentially disappear.

Also mentioned are a number of diseases that can cause symptoms of Raynaud's syndrome in humans.

Symptoms of Raynaud's syndrome

Raynaud's syndrome is manifested in the form of attacks, for which there is a spasm of blood vessels of the skin. Most often this syndrome is manifested in the toes and hands, in Bol rare cases - on earlobes, nose, lips, tongue. Very often, people who suffer from this disease do not realize they have symptoms of Raynaud's syndrome, believing that such a reaction is only a reaction to exposure to cold. During the attack, is gradually changing the color of the skin: it becomes a white originally, later turning blue, and after the attack, it is observed redness. In the first stage an attack of severe pallor of the skin occurs as a consequence of a sharp outflow of blood. In the second stage blue skin occurs as a reaction to the lack of oxygen. In the third stage, the restoration of blood flow and intense redness of the skin polkrova. Sometimes, a person may not occur during all stages of the attack.

Always observe the symmetry skin discoloration   at both extremities. The duration of the attack is usually about 20 minutes. However, sometimes Raynaud's phenomenon is observed in the patient for several hours. When a person manifests an attack of Raynaud's syndrome, his skin is always cold, also sometimes feels a sharp numbness, loss of feeling varying degrees, tingling in the limbs affected by storm.

Basically, in a fit of Raynaud's syndrome pain occurs after the end of the attack. In addition, the patient feels fever   and bursting observed hyperthermia skin. Over time, the patient manifested trophic changes: reduced skin turgor, drawn or flattened fingertips, there are sores that heal for a long time.

The disease often progresses over time. Initially described symptoms only on the tips of several fingers, but then they are already occur on all fingers, usually without affecting only the thumb.

During such an attack and toes, and the hands can be shown by picture type of marble, which is called livedo reticularis .

Besides these signs of the disease symptoms of Raynaud's syndrome manifested by numbness, cooling the skin, possibly a manifestation of pain. Between bouts of brush man often remain cyanotic, cold skin on them.

Diagnosis of Raynaud's syndrome

There are general and specific methods of diagnosis of Raynaud's syndrome. This Raynaud's disease is diagnosed with the deletion of all diseases in which this syndrome can manifest itself. Exclusion of diseases should confirm and further observation. The study patients were capillaroscopy to detect and clarify the type of vascular lesions of the skin. In addition, the diagnostic process is assigned laboratory analysis of blood.

Carrying out coagulation allows you to find the necessary data about the properties of blood. In addition, in some cases for the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon it is advisable to conduct immunological and radiological studies. Sometimes it is also carried out a study of finger blood flow using Doppler ultrasound, angiography and other methods.

There are also a number of clear medical criteria on which basis and establish the diagnosis. It is the presence of vasospasm, which is caused by exposure to stress or cold; the symmetry of the localization of the vascular attacks: the presence of normal arterial pulsation that palpated; periodic manifestations of vascular attacks over the past two years or more.

Treatment for Raynaud's syndrome

Effective treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon is dependent on the extent possible to eliminate the factors that trigger the expression of the syndrome, as well as to provide impact on the mechanisms that provoke disturbances in the operation of the vessels.

The attending doctor must advise the patient in the first place to prevent hypothermia, quit smoking, do not communicate with a variety of chemicals, and to warn other factors, provoking the manifestation of vasospasm. In some cases, quite dramatically change some of the conditions of employment or move to a place where the climate is warmer, and Raynaud's phenomenon disappears on its own.

In other cases, the treatment of Raynaud's syndrome involves the use of medication as the drugs having a vasodilating effect. In this case, effective drugs have effects - calcium antagonists. Most often, patients assigned to receive nifedipine . corinfar . kordafena . Moreover, used in the therapy, and other calcium entry blockers: diltiazem . verapamil . nicardipine .

If the patient holds progressive Raynaud's syndrome, in which case it is advisable treatment Vazaprostanom . This drug is administered by intravenous infusion, the rate is from 10 to 20 infusions. After the third infusion of the drug begins to act on the patient's condition, but the most noticeable its effectiveness after a full course of treatment. Seizure frequency, duration and intensity of their markedly reduced. The impact of the drug is maintained, usually for 4 to 6 months and the rate of its reception it is advisable to repeat twice a year.

Also during the combination therapy of this disease are used ACE inhibitors, namely preparation captopril . Acceptance of this drug is prescribed for a long period - from six months to a year. The dosages in which the patient takes the drug, determined on an individual basis by the attending physician. Also in the treatment of Raynaud's syndrome applicable ketanserin Which is mainly prescribed to patients of advanced age.

In addition to these drugs in the treatment of Raynaud's syndrome apply drugs that improve the general properties of the blood, reducing its viscosity. It pentoxifylline . dipyridamole   and other drugs.

The approach to treatment of this disease must necessarily be complex. Each patient must be aware that the treatment of Raynaud's syndrome can last for several years, and thus it is necessary the use of drugs belonging to different groups.

In the course of complex therapy is also used local treatment applications by 50-70% solution dimethyl sulfoxide in the areas that are affected when the disease attacks. Such aplikatsii effective as an adjunct to treatment with drugs with vascular and anti-inflammatory action.

The attending doctor must pay attention to whether there are in the treatment of side effects: swelling, nausea, headaches, allergies. In the case of the presence of such phenomena dose is reduced or canceled it completely.

Furthermore, in the treatment of Raynaud's syndrome, and others have been successfully used therapies - physiotherapy, psychotherapy, thermal treatments, electrophoresis, acupuncture , Reflexology. Also, when this illness is shown holding a massage.

Very rare in this condition it is advisable to use surgical treatment, which involves the removal located adjacent to diseased arteries nerve.

In most cases, the danger is not Raynaud's syndrome. Many patients are not worried because of too intense manifestations of this disease. However, be aware that in the most difficult cases, the progression of Raynaud's syndrome leads to development gangrene   and the subsequent amputation of the affected limb.

Preventing Raynaud's syndrome

Currently, there is no developed methods for primary prevention of Raynaud's syndrome. As a method of secondary prevention is important to prevent exposure of the human factors that provoke the development of vasospasm. Furthermore, as a secondary prevention applied medication Raynaud's syndrome, aimed at the underlying disease remission.

People who are susceptible to Raynaud's syndrome, should be in the cold season wear warm mittens and socks, waterproof boots, drinking hot tea and other beverages. It is also advisable not to abuse caffeinated beverages, which, like nicotine, provoking vasoconstriction.