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Mammary cancer It is a malignant tumor, which appears in glandular breast tissue This form of cancer is considered to be the most common among women worldwide . After the seventies of the last century in the developed countries rapidly increased number of cases of this disease . Because the breast tissue are composed of similar tissue from both sexes, the disease is breast cancer occurs in men . However, the total number of cases of breast cancer in males is less than one percent . This form of cancer is the most studied, while continuing his studies . The oldest information on this disease has come down to us from 1600 BC - the case of tumors are described in the papyri found in Egypt . For centuries, doctors faced with such a disease that does not respond to treatment . Only in the seventeenth century, there were reports that the metastasis of cancer of lymphatic spread, affecting primarily The lymph nodes . After surgeons in the eighteenth century, guessed that the subject not only to the removal of the breast, but also lymph nodes Located near it, and pectoral muscle , Total mortality has been avoided.
According to research experts, the highest death rates due to breast cancer occur in the group of patients whose age ranges from 40 to 50 years. Risk factors for the disease are recognized: the emergence of Menopause aged for more than fifty years; lack of women giving birth or later childbirth (after the age of thirty); the presence of such a disease in relatives (mother, sister); fibrocystic breast Education chest.
Causes of Breast Cancer
According to available data, breast cancer occurs in the presence of precancerous breast disease. First of all, it is mastitis and fibroadenoma . Breast disease is a pathological condition that is manifested as a result of disturbances in hormonal regulation. The most common disease of the breast appears in their thirties, forties women. Symptoms of this condition is a constant pain in the chest, may be discharge from the nipple. When mastitis even very careful touch to the chest can cause pain. The mammary glands occur nodules of tumor types, denser than the breast tissue. The most pronounced of these nodules immediately before menses After it, they are reduced or disappear altogether. Over time, changes in the breast tissue may become rougher. It is especially important to carry out surgical treatment of focal mastitis. After all, according to studies, among those who refused surgery, breast cancer was shown four times more likely than other women.
In young women, and even girls appear benign nodules - fibroadenoma. This round dense nodules that have a clear demarcation of the underlying tissue. They occur under the influence of hormones, estrogen.
On the emergence of structures in the chest and directly affects the state of the female reproductive system as a whole. Thus, inflammation of the uterus cyst ovarian affect the increase in the number of female sexual hormones . Moreover, hormones are excreted with impaired cycles. In breast tissue, such phenomena adversely affected. For example, in tissues with fine brushes, gradually merging with each other. Between them while developing connective tissue, and symptoms of mastitis.
Thus, the main method of protection against developing breast cancer is to ensure the normal operation of the mammary glands. So, it is important to keep the first pregnancy, because abortion can provoke inflammation of the uterus and then infertility . As a consequence, disrupted hormone metabolism. This repeated pregnancy, breastfeeding a child up to a year or more positive effect on the function of the mammary glands. Also, to keep the hormonal balance in the body, it is important to maintain a regular sex life.
As a rule, women self-identify the presence of seals in the chest. Slowly but steadily the tumor grows. If it is near the nipple, the nipple may start to get involved in, and from time to time can go spotting. After this seal is already appear in the axillary region. It Metastasis tumor, moving through the lymphatic paths get to the axillary lymph nodes. The most dangerous when such symptoms are delaying a visit to a specialist. After all, these manifestations at first not particularly interfere with a woman - she fully works and lives. Sometimes, paying no attention to such education, the patient is constantly delayed visiting the doctor, which eventually become a fatal mistake.
Symptoms of breast cancer
After the appearance of seals symptoms of breast cancer is not very noticeable. But over time, picking up signs, besides gradually emerging signs of new diseases that have a significant impact on the daily lives of women. So, there is a noticeable deformation of the breast: the skin is pulled, manifested swelling. Later formed metastases in nearby lymph nodes. The tumor becomes more voluminous, it gradually penetrates into the tissue around, occupying areas of the skin, fiber ribs. Due to the proliferation of educational patient feels severe pain. After that, women are already turning to specialists, but treatment can already be ineffective.
So, if you start cancer treatment in the first stage of the disease, then a positive result will be achieved in 90% of cases and more. In the second step treatment has the effect of 60%, the third - to 40. In the fourth stage of the cancer disease can be cured even less.
Forms of Breast Cancer
To distinguish certain forms of the disease. To Cancer mastitopodobnogo characterized by the following symptoms of breast cancer: the rapid course of the disease, in which the breast is increasing rapidly, with the patient concerned about pain and swelling. The skin is hot, hard and reddish in color. All the symptoms are similar to symptoms of acute mastitis , So it is important to differentiate these diseases.
At rozhistopodobnoy form of cancer skin redness appears sharp, and redness may spread beyond the skin of the breast. Often the patient is strongly temperature rises, so this form of cancer is sometimes confused with erysipelas.
Another form of cancer - cancer armored . It occurs due to cancer infiltration through the lymph vessels and the skin slot. As a result, there is a thickening of the skin of a tuberosity. As a result, the chest forms a kind of shell. This form of cancer is particularly malignancy.
Planar defeat the nipple and areola it is typical for Cancer Paget . In the initial stages of the disease and the nipple wet flakes, these symptoms are often mistaken for signs of eczema. Next malignancy moves through the ducts into the gland, with its cancerous tissue appears node metastases in the lymph nodes. This form of cancer, as compared with other, develops slowly, thus affecting only the nipple.
The speed of progression of the disease as a whole depends on several factors, chief among which are age and hormonal status of the patient. For example, cancer in young women proceeds much faster short time develop metastases. In older patients the cancer may exist for ten years, and metastases do not appear at all.
Diagnosis of breast cancer
In the process of diagnosis of breast cancer is the most important moment of self breast checks that should be carried out regularly. In this way, education can be found in the breast at an early stage. The earlier a tumor is detected, the less traumatic surgical intervention will be. When you call a specialist on first inspection and palpation of the chest of the patient. At first inspection conducted woman standing with arms raised, and later - with downcast. Further examination is conducted it in a horizontal position. It is important to find out everything about the tumor: its presence, size . density . type borders . nipple retraction and other features. Compulsory studied as the second breast and axillary palpation performed and places above the collarbone. We also investigate the possibility of the liver due to metastases and produced X-ray light . In the diagnosis of breast cancer must be conducted a number of studies. When it comes to the initial stages of the disease, the laboratory shall be required general blood analysis . In the case of tumor metastasis is necessary to determine the localization of metastases. To determine the nature of the tumor, biochemical studies are needed. During the histological study can detect atypical and cancerous cells which occur in preneoplastic foci. When cytology reliability of the results is up to 80 - 96%. It has a high diagnostic value Bilateral mammography .
Treatment of breast cancer
The applied method of treatment of breast cancer depends on what stage the process remains tumor. If the patient has an early stage of breast cancer, the surgical intervention occurs primarily with preservation of organs and lymph nodes.
Thus, the zero stage cancer therapy generally has positive results. At this stage disease has not always cancerous, but most often it is a precancerous education. In this case it is necessary to visit a specialist. By further provisions of the therapy doctors. Thus, if there are small tumors, in such a case can be made lumpectomy During which abnormal cells are removed and pieces of tissue. After lumpectomy radiation therapy to destroy the abnormal cells may be missed during surgery. The development of malignant tumors inhibits hormone therapy, which uses tamoxifen. Another type of cancer is stage zero - lobular carcinoma . Its pathologic cells are formed in parts of the mammary glands.
Treatment of breast cancer in the first stage is treated by different methods. Successfully applied surgical treatment of the disease. If the tumor in the breast is relatively small, it is permissible conduct lumpectomy, in which only removes abnormal areas. It is also possible to remove the lymph nodes. To reduce the likelihood of cancer recurrence, radiotherapy is used, chemotherapy or treatment with hormones. Note that hormone therapy can last for a very long time - months or even years. Only then can a positive outcome. Some patients prefer to hold bilateral mastectomy That is, the removal of both breasts for fear of tumor formation. Later performed breast reconstruction. However, to date, experts prefer to use other methods in the fight against cancer cells.
During radiation therapy, which is now regarded as the standard treatment for breast cancer after lumpectomy destroyed abnormal cells that could not removed during surgery. When used chemotherapy drugs that attack cancer cells. Basically, this method is used, in order to prevent cancer relapse. With appropriate hormone therapy drugs that prevent entry of hormones in cancer cells.
In the treatment of breast cancer in the second and third stages of the expert recognizes that malignant tumors remain within the breast or go to the nearby lymph nodes. For treating tumors can be used lumpectomy, which is removed during formation, and some of the tissue and lymph node. Similar methods are used radiation therapy, the treatment of hormonal therapy and chemotherapy.
As a rule, in the fourth stage of the tumor has already spread to several other organs. This may be damaged lungs . liver . brain . bones . Because cancer cells are not arranged in a certain place, systemic therapies in this case does not apply. Any therapies do not guarantee the recovery of patients, but they can slow the progression of the disease and improve overall health for some time.
At this stage of breast cancer should be used as a method of treatment of chemotherapy. In parallel, applied hormonal treatment or immunotherapy . In the treatment and prescribe drugs that can effectively overcome the side effects of treatment: nausea . state of fatigue Penetration into the body Infections .
Preventing Breast Cancer
The most important rule of prevention of this disease is the timely disposal of a variety of seals in the chest. Most important is the normal rhythm of life of women in terms of its physiological characteristics. Self-examination, exercise regularly, allow vyvit formation in the breast at an early stage. Every woman who has already twenty years old, experts strongly recommend to do the following: every month to conduct a thorough self-examination of the breasts; the age of forty to be inspected by a specialist every three years after the age of forty inspection is held every year. After thirty-five years, women should undergo mammogram between the ages of forty to fifty years, such studies need to be held once a year or every two years.
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