Monday, October 29, 2018

Adolescents with overweight are more prone to cancer of the esophagus

October 17, 2013

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 Adolescents with overweight are more prone to cancer of the esophagus  Those teenagers who tend to be overweight in the future about twice as likely to suffer esophageal cancer Than teens who have always been a normal weight. Such findings made by Israeli doctors, guided by the results obtained in recent studies. They learned about a teenager who was about 17 years old. Researchers compared the body mass index of teenagers with national statistics on the incidence of cancer.

It was found that the risk of cancer was higher among those adolescents who were overweight. Also, a higher incidence was observed among representatives of sectors of the population with a low socio-economic status.

Scientists believe that the main cause of these indicators are particularly diet. The development of cancer illnesses affect the consumption of too much salt, and smoking.

So far, researchers have not in a hurry to talk about whether the risks will reduce the incidence of weight loss. However, doctors are unanimous: to improve overall health outcomes and adolescents, and older people should be sure to reset the weight of hardship. Moreover, it is best to do this with the help of daily physical activity. And in order to play sports, do not necessarily need to go to gyms.

Recently, experts expressed the view that even the most " advanced "Simulators allow you to get a much lower effect on employment than the usual basic exercises, in which the load is achieved by the weight of the person. This push-ups, pull-up, and other well-known throughout the exercise. If you regularly at least three times a week to train, doing these exercises 20-30 minutes , The physical form is excellent. By performing these exercises, you can not only lose weight but also improve motor skills, increase the performance of balance and mobility. The so-called everyday movements allow use several muscle groups at once and at the same time a positive impact on job Cardiovascular .

Silest

Description overdue on 29.03.2012

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 Silest  Contraception . It is a combination drug, the composition comprises two active components: norgestimate   and ethinylestradiol . The drug suppresses Ovulation   due to inhibition of synthesis gonadotropins , Suppression of work hypothalamic-pituitary system . Silest implantantsionnuyu able to change the ability of the endometrium, reducing transport function of the fallopian tubes, increases the viscosity of cervical mucus. Available in tablet form.

Indications and contraindications:

Silest prescribed as a contraceptive. The drug is not used with a deficit of antithrombin 3, thromboembolism . thrombophlebitis , Norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol intolerance. Silest contraindicated in breastfeeding, endometrial tumors, breast, when estrogen dependent tumors, sickle-cell anemia, pregnancy, cerebrovascular disorders, tumors of the liver, liver failure, severe course Diabetes , Liver tumors, high blood pressure, bleeding of the genitourinary system, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases , Lipid metabolism disorders, mononucleosis, otosclerosis , Hemolytic anemia. When uterine fibroids ulcerative colitis , Liver disease, tuberculosis . mastitis , Depression, kidney disease system, epilepsy, adolescents administered with caution.


Side effect:

Silest can cause eating disorders, worsening cholelithiasis , Breast tenderness, nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, chloasma, decreased libido , Changes in body weight, fluid retention, depression, headache, worsening of renal diseases system.

Mode of application:

Silest pills taken orally. To start the treatment on the first day of the menstrual cycle. The drug is taken daily for 20 days to 1 tablet then does not take the medication for seven days. During this period the woman should appear menstrualnopodobnye bleeding. After a seven-day break, the cycle of the drug is resumed. Silest desirable to take at the same time every day.

Special instructions:

After completion of dosing Silest women's reproductive function is restored, the sex glands start working in full and the usual mode, providing full and healthy birth .  Use of the drug after a miscarriage, abortion, childbirth is recommended to begin after the first menstrual cycle .  Before therapy, and every six months, you must undergo a gynecological, general medical examination, including blood pressure monitoring, urinalysis, cholesterol levels, the study of mammary glands, liver .  At the initial stage of the drug while breastfeeding may experience a decrease in the amount allocated milk .  Silest excreted in breast milk in small amounts .  Women with nicotine dependence when taking oral contraceptives increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (severe complications can not be excluded as a heart attack . stroke ). The risk depends on the age and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Vomiting and diarrhea, there is a decrease contraceptive action of the drug. If pregnancy occurs the treatment of an emergency stop. An increase in blood pressure, retrosternal pains, stabbing pains in the lungs and coughing, cerebrovascular disorders, visual impairment, occurrence of jaundice, phlebothrombosis, the first sign of phlebitis priemenie drug Silest stopped. While receiving the drug may cause bleeding that does not require discontinuation of therapy. When strongly pronounced bleeding necessary to gynecological examination. Regular intake of alcoholic beverages leads to a decrease in efficacy Silest.

Drug Interactions:

Phenytoin, carbamazepine , Antiepileptics, barbiturates, pyrazolone derivatives, sulfonamides   may increase the metabolism of steroid hormone medication. When concomitant administration of antibiotics (eg, rfampitsin, ampicillin, etc.) there is a decrease contraceptive effectiveness, due to changes in the intestinal microflora, and requires the use of additional methods for protection against unwanted conception. Use of a progestogen-estrogen drugs require dose adjustment hypoglycemic agents .

Enterosgel

Description overdue on 02-02-2012

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 Enterosgel  Enterosorbiruyuschee means.   The active substance acts hydrogel methylsilicic acid . The drug has Enterosgel detoxification, enveloping, enterosorbiruyuschee impact. The medicament adsorbed from the alimentary tract, blood incorporated radionuclides Viruses, allergens Products of incomplete metabolism, toxic substances. The drug improves the functioning of liver and renal systems, normalize intestinal function, eliminates signs toxemia And accelerate repair processes   mucosal lumen, stimulates removal of microflora and pathogens from the gut lumen. Enterosgel activate peristalsis   digestive tract, promotes membrane digestion, does not affect saprophytic microflora . Available in the form of paste and gel.

Indications and contraindications:

Enterosgel prescribed for intoxications of various origins: the poliksitoze kidney . pyelonephritis , Glomerulonephritis, septic states, alcohol intoxication, diarrhea, SARS . radiation injury , Preeclampsia, dermatitis, bronchial asthma, burn disease. Drug sverdstvo effective in diseases of the digestive tract: syndrome "irritable" bowel   ulcerative colitis . enterocolitis , Ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, and hypoacid giperatsidnom gastritis, cirrhosis . cholestasis , With post-resection syndrome after surgery on the gastrointestinal tract. Enterosgel is contraindicated in case of intolerance methylsilicic acid hydrogel.


Side effect:

In severe renal or hepatic pathology systems marked aversion to the drug through 2-3 hours. Flatulence, nausea and strengthening dyspeptic disorders is recommended to discontinue use of the drug.

Mode of application:

Enterosgel take three times a day recommended by the reception - two hours before a meal, it is permissible use enterosorbent a half hour after the meal. The drug must be thoroughly mixed in the ratio 1: 2 with water to obtain a homogeneous suspension. Depending on the stage and severity of the disease course of treatment can last from seven days to two weeks. For persons older than 14 years and adults single dose is 15 grams, which corresponds to 1 tablespoon. Children 7-14 years should take enterosorbent 1 dessert spoon, which corresponds to 10 grams of the drug Enterosgel. The daily dosage for adults is 45 g, for children - 15 grams. In severe underlying disease first three days of detoxification therapy take a double dose of the drug. In cirrhosis of the liver, obstructive jaundice   enterosorbiruyuschee means taking for six months. With ARI 15 grams of gel diluted with 200 ml of water for gargling.

Special instructions:

The first days of receiving the drug Enterosgel may be accompanied kratvovremennymi constipation . Individuals who are prone to constipation, it is recommended to do cleansing enemas . The drug can be taken during breastfeeding, pregnancy. After opening the package Enterosgel should be stored in gerpetichnoy container, protected from drying out. Sold in pharmacies without a doctor's prescription items.

Drug Interactions:

Enterosgel can be used in combination with other medicines, in compliance with the required time interval between doses. The drug can be combined with immunomodulators . adaptogens , Herbal remedies, bacterial agents (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, Lactobacillus).

Ketoconazole

Description overdue on 16.05.2012

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 Ketoconazole  Antifungals   It affects yeasts, dermatophytes , Eumitsety, dimorphic fungi, as well as streptococci and staphylococci. The principle is based on the impact of violations of the permeability of the cell wall, inhibiting the process of synthesizing enzyme ergosterol   in the membrane of the fungus. The drug does not affect the Zygomycetes, the causative agent of aspergillosis. Under the influence of the drug ketoconazole reduces education androgens . Ketoconazole is available as tablets and capsules.

Indications:

Ketoconazole prescribed for fungal infections of the digestive system, reproductive organs, eyes, recurrent course vaginal candidiasis When ringworm, trihofitii, systemic fungal infections, thrush, onychomycosis, folliculitis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, kotsidioidoze, paracoccidioidomycosis, candidiasis, blastomycosis, chromomycosis, fungal pneumonia , Fungal sepsis, paronychia, sporotrichosis, leishmaniasis, with pityriasis versicolor . The drug is prescribed for hirsutism , Kashin-Beck's syndrome, prostate cancer, for preventing fungal infections.

Contraindications:

Ketoconazole is not used during pregnancy, hypersensitivity, breastfeeding. When alcoholism, hypochlorhydria, achlorhydria, taking hepatotoxic drugs a drug used with caution.


Side effect:

Digestive system : Toxic hepatitis, diarrhea syndrome, constipation , Nausea, dyspepsia , Decreased appetite, vomiting, hypercreatininemia.   Nervous system:   paresthesia , Increased drowsiness, headache, dizziness. Urogenital:   impotence, oligospermia, gynecomastia, azoospermia, dysmenorrhea , Decreased libido in males. Bodies of blood:   hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia. Perhaps the development of allergic reactions in the form of photophobia, rash, skin rash, lihoralki, urticaria. Rarely observed alopecia.

Mode of application:

Capsules and tablets ketoconazole taken during meals, by mouth. Multicolored versicolor, ringworm: 1-8 weeks for daily 200-400mg. Onychomycosis: 3-12 months of 200-400mg daily to the normalization of laboratory data, a full recovery. Systemic mycoses: 2 weeks 200-40 mg per day, followed by 4-6 weeks of 200 mg. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: 3-5 days 200-400 mg daily. Paronychia: 200-400 mg per day. Fungal pneumonia, sepsis: 400-1000mg day. Kashin-Beck Syndrome: 600-1200 mg per day. In systemic mycosis duration of therapy is 6 months, in some cases longer.

Special instructions:

During antifungal therapy requires regular monitoring of the state of renal, hepatic systems, peripheral blood. If therapy is skin fungal disease begins with glucocorticoids, ketoconazole is used only two weeks after the cancellation of glucocorticoids. Patients with hypochlorhydria , Achlorhydria drug may be ineffective because of reduced absorption of the main substance. By drinking acidic drinks increases the absorption of the drug.

Drug Interactions:

Hepatotoxic drugs, ethanol increases the likelihood of damage to the liver parenchyma. Acceptance of alcoholic beverages can trigger the development of disulfiramopodobnyh reactions. Ketoconazole increases the likelihood of hypoglycemia It increases the level of sulfonylurea derivatives. Isoniazid . rifampicin   lower content of the drug in the blood. Ketoconazole weakens the effectiveness of amphotericin B. The drug increases the concentration of methylprednisolone, anticoagulants , Cyclosporine, triamzolama, midazolam, digoxin. Ketoconazole reduces the stimulating effect on the adrenal corticotropin, increases the bioavailability of the drug indinavir. In combination with astemizole, terdenadinom, cisapride increases the risk of severe Ventricular tachycardia   like "feast." In appointing oral contraceptives   increases the likelihood of bleeding "breakthrough". The drug increases the toxicity of phenytoin. Anticholinergic drugs, antacids, H2-blockers of histamine receptors reduce the acidity of gastric juice, which reduces the absorption of the ketoconazole.

Pikolaks

Description overdue on 04/09/2014

  • Latin name: Picolax
  • ATC code: A06AV08
  • Active substance: Picosulphate Sodium (Sodium picosulfate)
  • Manufacturer: "Farmak", Ukraine
Photos of the drug
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  • Composition
  • Product form
  • Pharmacological action
  • Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Side effects
  • Instructions on Pikolaks (method and dosage)
  • Overdose
  • Cooperation
  • Terms of sale
  • Storage conditions
  • Shelf life
  • Analogs
  • With alcohol
  • Reviews
  • Price, where to buy

 Pikolaks

Composition

The drops for oral use 0 contained 75% active ingredient: sodium picosulphate   - 7, 5 mg / ml and auxiliary substances: sorbitol, hydrochloric acid, sodium methyl hydroxybenzoate   and purified water.

Each tablet contains Active ingredient:   sodium picosulphate   in terms of 100% anhydrous substance 5 mg or 7 mg 5 and auxiliary components: lactose monohydrate , Corn starch and pregelatinized 1500 magnesium stearate, colloidal anhydrous silica.

Product form

This drug comes in drops for oral use 15 or 30 ml vials. Also in tablets of 10 pieces in the package, placed 1-3 in a cardboard blister pack.

Pharmacological action

Tablets and drops Pikolaks have a contact laxative effect.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

When treating Pikolaksom Ingestion its active ingredient   sodium picosulphate   It has a beneficial effect on the large intestine. Under the influence of bacterial flora of the drug is cleaved to form the active form - free diphenol .

Then the stimulation of sensory nerve endings of the intestinal mucosa, increase its motility. Receiving this medication is not causing tenesmus and   enterospasm .   Development of laxative effect occurs after 6-12 hours after a single dose application.

During treatment, infants marked lack efficacy, because they have a small amount of bacterial flora, generating sulfatase .

Indications

Pikolaks prescribed to patients in the case of:

  • atonic constipation Due to a change in power, prolonged immobilization, severe general condition, fever , Metabolic disorders and diseases of the cardiovascular system;
  • preparation for surgical and gynecological operations, as well as instrumental research;
  • adjust the chair at hemorrhoids   and Cracks in the anus .

Contraindications

It is not recommended to use the drug in any form:

  • increased individual sensitivity to the drug;
  • obstructive bowel obstruction . nausea . vomiting , Abdominal pain of unknown etiology and complicated by dehydration;
  • acute surgical abdominal pathology and after surgical interventions on the digestive tract.
  • lactation pregnancy.

Drops Pikolaks not prescribed for:

  • fructose intolerance .

Tablets are contraindicated in patients with:

  • lactase deficiency, galactosemia   and glucose-galactose malabsorption ;
  • under the age of 10 years.

Caution should be exercised in treating patients with hypokalemia . gipermagniyemy   and elderly patients.

Side effects

As the clinical practice, Pikolaks well tolerated by patients of different age groups. However, one should not exclude the development of side effects such as: indigestion . diarrhea . vomiting . nausea . intestinal colic . flatulence, pain in the anal area.


Also available: headaches, sleep problems, seizures, severe fatigue, tremor, various allergic reactions   and so on.

Long-term use of the drug contributes to addiction and Development constipation Which has the effect of " ricochet ". To avoid the development of undesirable symptoms are advised to take the drug once or short-term.

Instructions on Pikolaks (method and dosage)

It should be noted that the drop Pikolaks, instruction on the application recommends the evening. Young patients this form of the drug can be added to food. For accurate dosing of the drug is a special dispenser on the bottle. The duration of treatment and the dosage determines physician for each patient, taking into account his individual characteristics. Typically, for adults and adolescents of 10 years prescribed daily dose of 13-27 drops. Children aged 4-10 years is assigned an average daily dose of 7-13 drops of the drug. In the treatment of children up to 4 years of dispensing the drug is calculated by a special formula 250mkg / kg of the total weight of the child, ie 2 drops Pikolaksa per 3 kg body weight - once a day.

Patients with oncological diseases Who receive treatment with opioid analgesics, the dosage is calculated as the attending physician. In any case, it is not recommended to take a drop of more than 3 consecutive days.

Tablets Pikolaks recommended swallowed in whole with some liquid. The drug is prescribed for use in the morning or evening. Duration of therapy and dose sets for treating any particular patient. For adults and adolescents from 10 years to designate the average daily dose - 1 tablet. If necessary, the dose is increased to 2 units per day. The therapeutic course can not last more than 10 days.

Overdose

In case of overdose Pikolaksom patients may develop: diarrhea, pain in the stomach, reducing the level of potassium in the blood and other violations of water-electrolyte balance.

It is also not excluded ischemia mucosal colon. If the drug is used in high doses for a long time, it can occur in patients with: chronic diarrhea, intestinal cramps, hypokalemia , Renal failure, secondary hyperaldosteronism, urolithiasis disease   and metabolic acidosis . Hypokalemia can cause muscle weakness.

In such cases, usually assigned gastric lavage, reception enterosorbents and conduct further symptomatically.

Cooperation

Concomitant use with corticosteroids Pikolaksa or diuretic drugs increases the risk of water and electrolyte balance. Admission antimicrobial broad-spectrum in combination with a laxative effect Pikolaksom reduce its active ingredient - sodium picosulphate .

Terms of sale

The drug is available without prescription.

Storage conditions

Keep the medication you need in a place protected from the light and children, at a temperature of 25 degrees C.

Shelf life

Any form of the drug can be used within 3 years from the date of issue, subject to the conditions of storage. However, a drop Pikolaks after opening the bottle can be used no more than 28 days.

Analogs

Drugs with similar action are: Guttalaks, bisacodyl, Castor butter   and Senade .

Alcohol and Pikolaks

Experts do not recommend during treatment Pikolaksom abuse alcohol. The fact that alcohol slows down the reaction of the person, so it may just not notice the signal to empty the bowel.

Reviews Pikolakse

This drug is very popular among patients of different age groups. Therefore, reviews of Pikolakse can be found at medical forums discussing the problems of digestion and GI tract. In addition, users often say that this drug is used to treat children. It is successfully used in the treatment of constipation during dizbakterioza   and other problems. Many people say its high efficiency, which facilitates the intestine in a short time.

Quite often the drug used by patients suffering chronic digestive disorders . Unfortunately, they often experiment with the dosage or injected additional funds. As a result, they have side effects, mainly in the form of diarrhea. Therefore, experts recommend to abandon the self and to adhere strictly to doctor's appointments.

Price Pikolaksa where to buy

In Moscow, the price Pikolaksa tablets   It is from 49 rubles.

The drug in the drops   can be purchased at the price of 185 rubles.

Get the best price and buy

Saturday, October 27, 2018

Eufillin

Description overdue on 02/10/2013

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 Eufillin  Bronchodilator. Active component - aminophylline. The mechanism of action of the drug is aimed at blocking purine (adenosine) receptors increase cAMP accumulation in the tissues, the inhibition of phosphodiesterase, reducing the contractility of the smooth muscle, decrease in revenues through the channels of the cell membrane calcium ion. The main ingredient is a derivative of purine. The drug increases renal blood flow , Renders vazodilatirtee peripheral the impact of, renders a moderately expressed diuretic effect , Relaxes the smooth muscle of blood vessels (mainly kidneys, skin, brain), bronchi.

Under the influence of the drug reduced the rate of release of mediators of allergic reactions to stabilize the membrane of fat cells, stimulates the respiratory center, improving the operation of the intercostal muscles and respiratory muscles, stimulates contraction of the diaphragm It increases mucociliary clearance. Electrophoresis aminophylline has vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, resolving and analgesic effects. The medicament reduces the level of carbon dioxide in the blood, and its oxygen saturation, respiratory function by normalizing.

With hypokalemia   medication enhances ventilation. Eufillin tissue increases the need myocardial oxygen increases   coronary blood flow Increases heart rate and heart rate, stimulates the functioning of the heart, lowers the tone of the blood vessels, lowers blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation, reduces pulmonary vascular resistance, inhibits platelet aggregation rate, expanding the lumen of the bile duct, normalizes microcirculation It improves blood rheology, reduce thrombosis, increases resistance to deformation of erythrocytes. Aminophylline produced in tablet dosage form, capsules, suppositories, solution.


Indications:

Drug Usage Eufillin recommends prescribers at broncho-obstructive syndrome : COPD ( emphysema , Chronic obstructive bronchitis), asthma; at Sleep apnea , Edema syndrome on the background of renal pathology system in "pulmonary" heart, pulmonary hypertension . Indications for parenteral administration Eufillin: left ventricular failure with respiratory failure by type of Cheyne-Stokes and bronchospasm, disorders of cerebral circulation on ischemic type, apnea in newborns, asthmatic status .

Contraindications:

Eufillin not prescribed for epilepsy, intolerance to theophylline, ulcers of the digestive tract and in severe hypertension or hypotension, gastritis with high acidity, hemorrhagic stroke, heavy tachyarrhythmias , With hemorrhages in the retina of the eye. Eufillin children up to 3 years is not appointed. During pregnancy, prolonged hyperthermia, severe coronary insufficiency, with increased convulsive readiness, chronic heart failure , Frequent ventricular arrhythmia, disseminated atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, uncontrolled hypothyroidism , Recent bleeding from the digestive system, breastfeeding, prostatic hypertrophy, thyrotoxicosis, gastroesophageal reflux Eufillin used with caution. Rectal form of the drug is not indicated for diseases of the colon and diarrhea.

Side effect:

Nervous system:   limb tremor, agitation, dizziness, anxiety, insomnia , Headaches, irritability. Cardiovascular system:   increased frequency of angina attacks, cardialgia , Drop in blood pressure, arrhythmia, tachycardia, palpitations. The digestive tract:   diarrhea, exacerbation of peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease , Nausea, gastralgia, heartburn , Violation of appetite, vomiting. Perhaps the formation allergic Answer in the form fever, itching, skin rash . The treatment may increase urine output, feeling the tides-to-face, tachypnea , Chest pain, hematuria, albuminuria , Increased sweating, hypoglycemia. By reducing the dosage of the drug observed decrease in the severity of side effects.

Overdose:

Manifested by diarrhea, stomachalgia , Anorexia, tachypnea, motor excitation, cramps, photophobia, anxiety, tremor of the extremities, tachycardia , Flushing of the skin face, gastrointestinal bleeding, vomiting, nausea, ventricular arrhythmias, insomnia . In severe poisoning are recorded epileptic seizures , Drop in blood pressure, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia , Sputannosti of consciousness, necrosis muscle tissue, hypoxia, renal failure with myoglobinuria, metabolic acidosis .

Requires gastric lavage and bowel combination of polyethylene glycol and electrolytes, appointment enterosorbents, symptomatic therapy, hemodialysis, plasma sorption, hemosorption, forced diuresis . With the development of seizures carried out oxygen therapy Provide an open airway. For relief of an attack intravenous 0, 1-0, 3 mg / kg of diazepam. If severe vomiting and nausea administered ondansetron and metoclopramide.

Mode of application:

Average dose - 300 mg twice daily. Eufillin drug treatment is initiated with smaller dosages, gradually increasing the amount of drug to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Dose picked individually depending on the age group of the patient's weight, the nature and course of the disease pulmonary system, comorbidity. Maintenance dose for adults weighing 60 kg is 600 mg / day; less than 60 kg - 400 mg / day.

When liver disease and diseases of the cardiovascular system prescribed daily dosage of the drug Eufillin - 400 mg. Elderly patients with heart disease, liver and concomitant viral infection reduced the daily dose of medicament. For patients with reduced clearance of theophylline prescribed initial dose - 250 mg per day, 2 days the amount of drug increased to 500 mg per 1 reception. Eufillin ampoules is administered intravenously saline.

Special instructions:

Tablets retard not apply for emergency relief emergency conditions. We recommend caution when taking caffeine drinks and food in large quantities during the treatment. With good control of bronchial asthma and in the absence of pronounced side effects, correction mode 1 is performed every 6-12 months. Therapy prolonged forms of the drug is carried out under mandatory supervision in the blood levels of theophylline. Eufillin at pregnancy applies only under vital indications.

Drug Interactions:

The absorption of the drug decreases as the reception enterosorbents   and antidiarrheal agents. The probability of side effects increases with concurrent therapy glucocorticosteroids , ISS (developing hypernatremia ), Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system, drugs for general anesthesia (developing ventricular arrhythmias).

Moratsizin, estrogensoderzhaschie oral contraceptives, aminoglutethimide, carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampin, sulfinpyrazone, isoniazid, phenobarbital are inducers of microsomal oxidation and can improve the clearance of theophylline, which may result in the need to increase the dose. Simultaneous therapy inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (disulfiram, enoxacin, cimetidine, allopurinol,   linkomitsin Macrolides, mexiletine, verapamil, ticlopidine, thiabendazole, propafenone, methotrexate, recombinant interferon alpha, isoprenaline, fluoroquinolone) enhanced efficacy of theophylline, which necessarily require dose reduction.

Eufillin reduces efficiency beta-blockers , Drugs lithium, the opposite effect is observed in the treatment of diuretic drugs, and beta-agonists. The drug is not used in conjunction with other xanthine derivatives. The drug is compatible with antispasmodics. If necessary, use anticoagulants   the drug is prescribed with caution.

Chronic gastritis

September 12, 2011

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 Chronic gastritis  Gastritis   is an inflammation of the lining of the intestinal wall. Provided 2 forms of gastritis - acute , Rapidly flowing and chronic Flowing with frequent relapses. Chronic gastritis - a disease caused by chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the inner wall of the stomach and impaired production of hydrochloric acid, which leads to the degeneration and restructuring envelope. The disease not only leads to pain, to a violation of the process of digestion, but also to a decrease in efficiency, appearance of irritability, fatigue. The main forms of chronic gastritis are A chronic autoimmune gastritis   (up to 5% of all cases) and In chronic gastritis   (85% of cases caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori ), Other forms of gastritis occurs much less frequently.

Chronic gastritis A proceeds with the normal secretion gastric But when the recess is a reduction of inflammation of gastric juice. Hemorrhagic (erosive) gastritis is accompanied by stomach bleeding , Occurrence of erosion on the gastric mucosa, while maintaining gastric secretion. Rigid gastritis   characterized by inflammatory and scar changes antrum, its restriction. An independent form of gastritis is considered and reflux gastritis . Conventionally, to include chronic gastritis Giant hypertrophic gastritis   (or disease Menetries ). In addition, there are gastritis with low and high secretory activity.


Chronic gastritis - very widespread disease, which affects more than 50% of the adult population of the planet, and among diseases of the stomach is 85%.

The disease is the result of acute gastritis, but often it causes are:

  • eating disorders, eating cold food, eating spicy foods, excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages;
  • Malnutrition (deficiency of proteins, vitamins), food intake, which contains emulsifiers, preservatives, refined oil;
  • smoking;
  • stress, which leads to disruption of the normal rhythm of life, such as work at night;
  • long-term use of medicines that are irritating to the mucous membrane of the stomach;
  • Adverse factors associated with the production (metal dust, lead compounds);
  • genetic predisposition;
  • the impact of toxic products of disturbed metabolism ( diabetes );
  • chronic infectious disease ( syphilis . tuberculosis ).

In the majority of cases of chronic gastritis in the accompanying Chronic colitis . cholecystitis   and appendicitis .

Symptoms of chronic gastritis

 Chronic gastritis  Chronic gastritis A has no specific symptoms and the clinical picture of the disease is quite diverse. In chronic gastritis with secretory deficiency, the most common symptoms are a feeling of fullness, aching pain in brief epigastric Especially during and after the meal. Other common symptoms of chronic gastritis dyspeptic symptoms - nausea, vomiting, heartburn , Regurgitation, sour taste in the mouth. Also, patients may experience rumbling in the stomach, flatulence , Violation of the chair. On palpation of the epigastric region may be painful.

If chronic gastritis occurs in a normal or an increased secretion of gastric juice, it is considered surface And occurs more frequently in men at a young age. In this case, patients plagued by abdominal pain, acid regurgitation, heartburn, feeling of heaviness in the stomach after eating, constipation . Pain can also occur at night.

After contact with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori in the stomach, it starts to actively proliferate, which leads to a change in the normal production of gastric juice, and the emergence of erosion and stomach ulcer .

The general condition of the patient is usually not affected, but in chronic gastritis with insufficient secretion of gastric juice can be observed weight loss, fatigue.

Very often a patient with symptoms of chronic gastritis, liver disease, bowel, pancreas, but in this case gastritis is a consequence of these diseases.

Diagnosis of chronic gastritis

If you suspect gastritis doctor assigns holding ultrasound and X-ray inspection, as well as esophagogastroduodenoscopy During which you can spend gastric mucosal biopsy to detect helicobacter pylori bacteria. Diagnosis of chronic gastritis includes the study of gastric secretion by intragastric pH-metry   or by sensing frakionnogo . Informative method in the diagnosis of chronic gastritis is gastroscopy . With it you can see the big picture of gastritis - the nature of the pathological process, its localization and distribution.

However, the final diagnosis puts a gastroenterologist based on a comprehensive assessment of clinical and laboratory findings. It is important to rule out other diseases, such as ulcer . benign tumors of the stomach   etc.

Treatment of chronic gastritis

 Chronic gastritis  Generally, treatment of patients with chronic gastritis is conducted on an outpatient basis, and hospitalization is necessary in cases of acute illness and difficulties in diagnosis.

If during the tests the patient has been identified in chronic gastritis caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, the doctor appoints conduct eradication therapy Aimed at destroying bacteria. In this case, for 7-10 days under the special scheme adopted two kinds of antibiotics and antisecretory drugs ( lansoprazole . omeprazole ). Eradication therapy is a reliable way to deal with the bacterium.

During flare-appointed special diet . A gastroenterologist or nutritionist will help you choose the most suitable diet and a list of recommended dishes.

Treatment of chronic gastritis diet therapy depends on the type of gastritis, gastric secretory function of the state and the phase of the disease, and should take into account the concomitant diseases of the liver and biliary tract, intestines, as well as anemia, vitamin deficiency.

Power fractional recommended, 5-6 times a day. During the first day of exacerbation refrain from eating, after switching to diet food - jelly, soups frayed. Food should be thermally and mechanically gentle, it can not be smoked, sour, food, drink only in the form of heat. At the same time prescribe medications, enveloping the stomach wall, and adsorbs toxins.

When gastritis with normal or elevated secretion of gastric juice nutrition is aimed at eliminating inflammation in the gastric mucosa and the normalization of its work. In this case, a nutritionist appointed Diet # 1a   (up to 7 days), then - Diet №16   (up to 14 days), and is stretched by 3 months Diet №1 . Under these diets provide food to the patient in a liquid or a shabby, further added vitamins ( ascorbic acid . riboflavin ). Prohibited use of alcohol, juice, coffee, strong tea, acute fatty foods, canned goods, beans, peas.

In chronic gastritis with insufficient gastric secretion, diet aims to reduce inflammation in the stomach and its stimulation of the glandular system. In this case, compliance is shown diet №2 Which provides shchazhenie chemical stimulation gastric secretory activity. The body gets an increased amount of vitamins ( riboflavin . retinol ) And a sufficient amount of salt. Food in this case, a fraction, the food is well accepted in the grinding and thoroughly boiled form, and reception coffee, tea, juices, vegetable Nawar, broth, meat and low-fat varieties of fish provides stimulation of gastric secretory function. Due to insufficient production of gastric juices from the diet excludes foods that are rich in fiber, namely grapes, radishes, dates, as well as sharp, smoked and very salty food, cold drinks, pastry. Not recommended for whole milk, cream, porridge made of buckwheat and pearl barley, beans, pickled vegetables, mushrooms, soft drinks.

In periods of relapse is patients with chronic gastritis A constantly recommended diet, limiting themselves in alcohol, coffee, spicy, hot dishes, marinades, canned. Such prevention of chronic gastritis avoids frequent exacerbations.

During an exacerbation of autoimmune gastritis but appointed replacement therapy   - Drugs that stimulate the production of gastric juice, hydrochloric acid preparations. For stimulation of gastric secretion in the diet included strong broths, meat and vegetable soups, lean meat, fish, vegetables, fruit. At the same time passes and the treatment of anemia.

Bile reflux gastritis   It requires careful diet. The basic diet is made, as in the liver, during exacerbations prescribe chronic gastritis antacids   ( Maalox . almagel ), Appointed as preparations for the neutralization of bile acids   ( ursodeoxycholic acid . cholestyramine ), And to normalize gastrointestinal motility - metoclopramide drugs   ( raglan . Reglan ).

When treating hypertrophic gastritis   appointed high-calorie diet rich in proteins.

Drug treatment of chronic gastritis is conducted at an exacerbation of the disease. Patients with chronic gastritis in the period of acute appointed antacids   ( Rother . vikalin . almagel ). To resolve dyspeptic symptoms using drugs metoclopramide ( Reglan ). In chronic gastritis with insufficient production of gastric juice designate of vegetable origin, which have anti-inflammatory properties: camomile, St. John's wort, peppermint, Valerian .

From physical therapy methods in complex treatment of exacerbations of chronic gastritis, used electrophoresis novocaine And various heat treatments, as well as diadynamic modulated currents . Physical therapy   reduces symptoms of chronic gastritis, and normalize motor function of the stomach.

Patients suffering from chronic gastritis should be under medical supervision and checkups 2 times a year to adjust therapy and dietetics.

Prevention of chronic gastritis

Prevention of chronic gastritis is to prevent its relapse. It is important to observe the correct diet and rest, timely treatment of opportunistic diseases, elimination of overeating, alcohol, smoking, long-term use of certain medications.

Ribomunil

Description overdue on 05/28/2014

  • Latin name: Ribomunyl
  • ATC code: LO3AX
  • Active substance: Ribosomal-proteoglycan complex with typical bacterial antigens
  • Manufacturer: Pierre Fabre Medicament Production (France)
Photos of the drug
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  • Composition
  • Product form
  • Pharmacological action
  • Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Side effects
  • Instructions on Ribomunil (method and dosage)
  • Overdose
  • Cooperation
  • Terms of sale
  • Storage conditions
  • Shelf life
  • Analogs
  • During pregnancy (and lactation)
  • Reviews
  • Price, where to buy

 Ribomunil

Composition

The composition of the drug may vary slightly depending on the form of Ribomunyl:

  • AT pills In addition to the main active substances include silicon   (0.5 or 1.5 mg) magnesium stearate   (2 or 6 mg) sorbitol   (up to 294 mg or 98.4 mg). The number of additional components depends on the mass initially titrated ribosomes   - In the first case the active component - 0.75 mg, and in the second - 0.25 mg. Also added to the drug proteoglycans cell wall   in an amount of 1.125 mg or 0.375 mg.
  • The basis granules   is a mixture of active components is the same as with the number of tablets bacterial ribosomes   - 0.75 mg. Ie there is a part of: carbohydrate-protein membrane components   (1.125 mg) magnesium stearate   (2 mg) silicon   (0.5 mg) and sorbitol   (98.4 mg). However, to further enhance the effect and pharmacodynamics were added: D-mannitol 500 mg polyvidone   to 10 mg.

Product form

The product comes in two common forms:

  • Round, biconvex pills   milky odorless and tasteless. The blister 4 or 12 units, depending upon the amount of biologically active ingredient.
  • Whitish granules   Food odorless drinking solution as crumbly powder. At 500 grams in a bag, of which 4 pieces in a box, that is all - 2000 grams of the drug.

Pharmacological action

The complex of ribosome   and membrane proteoglycans   - Are components of pathogens of the upper respiratory tract, which contains copious amounts of antigenic structure identical bacterial. These components stimulate the production of specific antibodies, ie, possess immunomodulatory properties by activating the body's defense against a system of common strains aureus . Streptococcus . klebsiely   and others.


Membrane protein-carbohydrate elements can influence and non-specific immune response, which manifests itself as:

  • Intensive macrophage   and leukocyte phagocytosis .
  • Increased activity of the body's resistance factors (the synthesis of serum and secretory immunoglobulins . Interleukin-1   and Gamma-interferon ).

By producing biologically active mediators Ribomunil unspecific immune response can be used not only for treatment but also for prevention lesions of the upper respiratory tract .

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Experimentally trace the route of the components of the drug is not given possible, but there are theoretical concepts, according to which ribosomal-proteoglycan complex   lysed by immune cells in the body at the time of activation. Otherwise, after absorption, biologically active substances into the systemic circulation, where they interact with a nonspecific protection factors.

Indications

Ribomunil recommended for the prevention of indolent, recurrent infectious lesions   with possible serious complications. Very often it is used in pediatric practice, starting with 6 months of drug required to include in the course of medical treatment of ENT diseases as rhinitis . otitis . sore throat . sinusitis . laryngitis . pharyngitis .

It is also recommended to be used for the prevention Ribomunil infectious invasion of the respiratory tract   people in the relevant risk groups:

  • sickly;
  • with chronic pathology;
  • in the presence of asthma ;
  • if the work is associated with occupational hazards (miners, construction workers, and so on).

Contraindications

First of all, the therapeutic course with this drug should be available when intolerance or hypersensitivity to the constituent chemical components of the drug.

Do not use if Ribomunil autoimmune pathologies As it will cause degradation.

Use of the drug in periarteritis nodosa   and HIV infection   only under constant medical control (during inpatient treatment in a special compartment).

Side effects

As a rule, Ribomunil well tolerated in all age groups. However, early treatment can be observed transient undesirable effects, such as:

  • Hyperptyalism   - Increased salivation.
  • Dyspeptic symptoms - nausea . vomiting . diarrhea , abdominal pain.
  • Systemic allergic reaction to the components of the drug - angioedema . hives , Generalized itching.
  • The sharp rise in temperature to 39 degrees Celsius.

Instructions on Ribomunil (method and dosage)

It uses the drug orally on an empty stomach, preferably in the morning. Single dose depends on pharmacological forms:

  • 1 tablet at a dose of 0.75 mg of the active ingredient.
  • 3 tablets if the basic substance of 0.25 mg.
  • The contents of one sachet dissolved in boiling water, if the original form of the drug - pellets.

Driving therapeutic course: initially the drug is used the first four days a week for three weeks. Further, to maintain a constant concentration of the components - for the next five months - the first four days of every month. Thus, we achieve sustained strengthening of the immune system.

Instructions for use Ribomunyl for children under 2 years has its own characteristics. So the therapeutic course of prevention can be divided into two periods of three months, if there are difficulties with the introduction of the drug in the body of the child. You also need to watch the baby for a while, because the drug can cause breathing problems in the organic immaturity of the respiratory tract.

Overdose

At the moment, there are no reliable clinical evidence that the pharmacological agents can cause an overdose.

Cooperation

In the pharmaceutical field is not described cases of adverse drug interactions with ribomunil. So it safely administered with antibiotics . bronchodilators   and antiinflammatories.

Terms of sale

Ribomunil released in the pharmacy without a special prescription form, as it has severe side effects and contraindications with possible fatal outcome.

Storage conditions

The drug should be stored in a dry place out of reach for young children, at a temperature of 15-25 degrees Celsius.

Shelf life

Subject to the conditions of storage, the drug retains its activity for 3 years.

Analogs Ribomunyl

Group immunomodulators   bacterial origin is not numerous, but on pharmacy shelves can be found medicinal product similar ribomunil - it Broncho-munal . A positive feature is the analogue of a smaller number of possible side effects and a shorter course of conservative prevention, but its price is slightly higher.

When pregnancy

Special clinical studies Ribomunyl action on the mother and child during periods pregnancy   and Lactation   not carried out, because the drug can be used only under the supervision of qualified medical personnel.

Reviews ribomunil

Doctors about ribomunil confirm all the positive aspects of its use in diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Clinical experience shows that even under low-intensity, prevention of recurrent infections proteglikanovyh-ribosomal complex   It reduces the rate of bacterial origin Conservative treatment and promotes rapid healing.

Dr. Komarovsky in their TV shows and on the official website suggests applying Ribomunil and its analogs in pediatric practice. " Do not wait for the disease, it is much better to avoid its occurrence using the effective prevention of immunomodulators "- This is what he says about it.

Reviews on Ribomunil for children: the majority of parents in various forums advise to buy the drug only in proven pharmacy, as are cases of counterfeit drug, which may adversely affect the health of the child.

Price Ribomunyl

In Ukraine, the drug can be bought for 100-160 hryvnia, depending on the pharmacy. The most profitable to order the drug on the Internet. In Russia, the price of Ribomunyl for children is about 300 rubles (the lowest known cost - 260 rubles).

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Gentamicin

Description overdue on 05.03.2013

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 Gentamicin  Bactericidal antibiotics . The mechanism of action is aimed at binding the active substances to 30S subunit of the ribosome, a violation of the process of synthesizing protein for preventing the formation of complex information and transportation ribonuclease that is ultimately erroneous and incorrect reading of genetic information; formed non-functional proteins. The active ingredient in the drug - gentamicin sulfate. The drug has bactericidal action And at high concentrations is capable of killing microorganisms, to reduce the barrier and protective functions of cell membranes.

By the action of the drug are highly Gram negative bacteria , Klebsiely, esherihii coli, Proteus, Campylobacter, Salmonella,   staphylococci . Antibiotic-resistant Treponema, Neisseria, Clostridium, Streptococcus. The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is developing quite slowly. It has been observed that the strains resistant to kanamycin and neomycin, gentamicin resistance. The drug has no effect on protozoa, fungi and viruses. Dex-Gentamicin additionally contains in its composition and dexamethasone is produced in the form of eye drops. Gentamicin is produced in the form of solution, powder, aerosols, ointments, lotions. Gentamicin is not produced in tablets.

Indications:

Instructions for use of the drug gentamicin recommends prescribers at bacterial infections . Respiratory system: empyema , Bronchitis, pneumonia.   Urinary tract:   cystitis, pyelonephritis , Endometritis, gonorrhea, prostatitis, urethritis . Skeletal system, joints:   osteomyelitis. Gentamicin is prescribed for meningitis, pelvioperitonit, peritonitis, otitis, burns, wound infections, sepsis , Soft tissue and skin. The ointment is applied in sycosis, superficial folliculitis, dermatitis (eczematous, contact, seborrheic) at pyoderma "Vulgar" eels, asbtsessah skin, insect bites, burns, viral and fungal skin lesions, secondarily infected with bacterial agents. The drug is indicated for paronychia . Eye drops prescribed for keratitis, blepharitis, dacryocystitis,   Blepharoconjunctivitis , Meybomit, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, barley.


Contraindications:

Description of the drug gentamicin is not recommended to prescribe medication with neuritis of the auditory nerve, aminoglycosides intolerance, pregnancy, severe kidney disease, accompanied by azotemia and uremia . When botulism (medication violates neuromuscular transmission pulse that weakens skeletal muscles), Parkinson's disease, breast feeding, dehydration drug is used with caution.

Side effect:

The digestive tract: hyperbilirubinemia , Vomiting, nausea, elevated liver enzymes. Bodies of blood:   thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, anemia , Leukopenia. Nervous system : There is a psychosis in children, adults may seizures , Numbness, paresthesia, muscle twitching, drowsiness, headaches. Urinary Tract:   rarely observed renal tubular necrosis , Microscopic hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, renal dysfunction, nephrotoxicity. Senses:   labyrinth and vestibular disorders, hearing loss, irreversible deafness   and other manifestations ototoxicity . Allergic reactions such as angioneurotic edema, fever, itching and rash, eosinophilia. In children, there hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia. Rarely develops superimposed infection Fever. The use of eye drops can cause burning sensation, sensation of blurred vision, burning sore eyes . Eye drops do not have a systemic impact on the human body.

Overdose:

Manifested cessation of breathing, decrease the transmission rate of the neuromuscular impulse. Adults administered anticholinesterase drugs (Neostigmine) intravenous calcium supplements. It is recommended that prior to injection of neostigmine enter atropine intravenously. When a serious condition of the patient mechanical ventilation. If overdose is effective peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis (high efficiency).

Mode of application:

Gentamicin parenteral drug application: during normal operation of the renal system, with an average daily dosage of the underlying disease severity for adults is 3 mg / kg / day. The drug is administered intravenously, intramuscularly, 2-3 times per day. Perhaps intravenous drip for 1% -2 hours. Gentamicin in ampoules previously diluted in sodium chloride 0 to 9%. The daily dosage if severe of 5 mg / kg. The medicine in infectious and inflammatory processes in the urinary system, administered 1 time per day in the amount of 120-160 mg, therapy is designed for 7-10 days.

Treatment of gonorrhea: 240-280 mg once. When ascites, edema, obesity is calculated by the amount of the drug " dry "Or" great "Body weight. Gentamycin ointment applied to the affected area with a thin layer of 3-4 times per day. After surgical sponge with the drug Gentamicin Implant to festering wounds. When infectious eye diseases drug is used every 3 hours 1 drop; for more severe conditions medication used every hour. Eye ointment applied 2-3 times a day. Gentamicin ointment is designed for use at night and drops for the treatment of the day.

Special instructions:

Gentamicin during pregnancy and breastfeeding can be applied on the "life" readings. Aminoglycosides are able to penetrate in small amounts in the breast milk of nursing women, but the antibiotic is poorly absorbed from the digestive tract of the infant without significant influence. Gentamicin ampoules additionally contains in its composition of sodium bisulfite, which can cause the development of allergic response in patients with a history of allergenic. Treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract should be accompanied by increased fluid intake. Recommended for the entire course of treatment to control the level of active substance in the blood to prevent overdose.

Patients with abnormal renal systems are more common manifestations nephrotoxicity That requires careful monitoring of kidney function, be sure to respect for dosages. It should be regular research work and function vestibular   for the prevention of hearing loss at high frequencies. According to the results of audiometric tests, shall adjust the dose of gentamicin. In some cases the development of resistance to an antibiotic drug which requires replacement. Gentamicin drops can be used during pregnancy, breastfeeding. Conjunctival sac is able to stir only 1 drop of antibiotic. In the absence of positive dynamics on the background of antibacterial therapy physician shall adjust the doses of the drug, or substitute medication. Gentamicin price depends on the form of preparation.

Drug Interactions:

Never mix water syringe with other drugs (heparin, amphotericin B, capreomycin, cloxacillin, benzyl penicillin, aminoglycosides). Gentamicin is able to enhance muscle relaxant effect   curariform drugs. Under the action of the drug decreases efficiency antimiastenicheskih medicaments.

Polymyxin, methoxyflurane and other drugs that block neuromuscular transmission pulse, increase the risk of nephrotoxicity manifestations, may stop breathing. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity increases in the treatment   "Loop" diuretics , Cisplatin. Expanding the range of activities and increased antimicrobial effect was observed in concurrent therapy penicillin antibiotics (carbenicillin, ampicillin). The toxic effect of aminoglycosides increases with parenteral administration of indomethacin.

Vitrum Antioxidant

Description overdue on 02/06/2014

  • Latin name: Vitrum Antioxydant
  • ATC code: A11AA04
  • Active substance: Multivitamins & Minerals
  • Manufacturer: Unipharm, Inc., USA
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  • Composition
  • Product form
  • Pharmacological action
  • Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Side effects
  • Instructions on Vitrum Antioxidant (method and dosage)
  • Overdose
  • Cooperation
  • Terms of sale
  • Storage conditions
  • Shelf life
  • Cautions
  • Analogs
  • During pregnancy (and lactation)
  • Reviews
  • Price, where to buy

 Vitrum Antioxidant

Composition

The tablets contain the antioxidant drug Vitrum Vitamin A (retinol acetate) . vitamin C . beta-carotene . copper . vitamin E . zinc . selenium . manganese .

Auxiliary components include croscarmellose, calcium carbonate, triacetin, MCC, colorants, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, propylene glycol, stearic acid, titanium dioxide.

Product form

It is produced in the form of tablets kapsulovidnyh red color coated. There may be a particular smell. The polyethylene bottles produced 30, 50 or 60 tablets.

Pharmacological action

Vitrum has antioxidant antioxidant effect , As well as compensates for the deficiency minerals and vitamins.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

The complex of vitamins and minerals has a protective effect on the body from the damaging effects of free radicals and the external environment. Slows the aging process, reduce the risk of diseases such as atherosclerosis, cataracts, blurred vision, as well as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Improves brain function.

Vitamin A   necessary for the normalization of the function of organs and metabolic processes. It provides structural integrity to tissues, increases the activity of leukocytes, stimulates the protective functions of the organism, and destroying carcinogenic free radicals. It is necessary for the prevention of cancer, ophthalmic, and cardiovascular disease.


Vitamin E   - Natural antioxidant, it prevents the oxidation of lipids, promotes the normalization of metabolism and redox processes.

Vitamin C   participates in the reconstruction of tissues, the oxidation of biologically active substances. It helps to neutralize some toxins, is essential in the immunological processes, increasing the synthesis of antiviral agents.

Zinc   stored in the composition of many enzymes, he promotes the assimilation vitamin A, and since same play of in processes hematopoiesis.

Brass   stimulates the formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin, which is involved in the exchange of energy and faster recovery.

Manganese involved in the synthesis of immunoglobulins and blood, it is part of an enzyme that helps protect the body against peroxide radicals.

Selenium   It is part of enzymes that interact with vitamin E to the protective operations and protect biological membranes against free radicals. It has a positive effect on the immune system, promoting formation of antibodies, and thyroid function.

Indications

Recommended take the drug in such cases:

  • during treatment antibiotics ;
  • for prophylaxis shortage minerals and hypovitaminosis ;
  • for stays in adverse ecological conditions;
  • during recovery, as well as after an illness;
  • to reduce the effects of bad habits;
  • to enhance immunity;
  • in the treatment of Cardiovascular . cancer . neurological and ophthalmological diseases.

Contraindications

Vitrum antioxidant is not to be taken in the following cases: thyrotoxicosis . myocardial infarction , Hypersensitivity, chronic pancreatitis . diabetes . heart failure , Chronic glomerulonephritis . sarcoidosis in anamnesis, urolithiasis disease , Galactose malabsorption, glucose metabolic copper or iron, thrombosis Expressed cardiosclerosis , Hypervitaminosis E, A, cholelithiasis . thrombophlebitis .

Side effects

Receiving drugs can cause such side effects:

  • loss of appetite, diarrhea , Stomach pain, mucous membrane irritation, vomiting, dyspepsia , Nausea;
  • crystalluria . renal failure , Kidney stones and urinary tract;
  • allergic reaction ( eczema . angioedema . itch , Bronchospasm, anaphylactic shock . hives . hyperemia skin);
  • myocardial dystrophy . arterial hypertension ;
  • the metabolism of copper and zinc;
  • leukocytosis . hemolytic anemia . erythropenia , Hemolysis, thrombocytosis . gipertrombonemiya ;
  • excitement, sleep disorders, irritation, fatigue, headache;
  • bone pain, blurred vision, fever, skin peeling.

Long-term use with high doses can lead to Arrhythmia . hyperglycemia , Renal failure, seborrheic rashes . paresthesia . Lactate dehydrogenase , Hair loss, of hyperuricemia .

Instructions on Vitrum Antioxidant (method and dosage)

Take 1 tablet a day after meal. The course of treatment is an average of 1-2 months.

The repetition rate is possible after the recommendation of a doctor.

Overdose

When possible overdose symptoms such weakness, reduced blood clotting, nausea, gematomegaliya , headache, kreatinuriya , Fatigue, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea , Blurred vision, dyspepsia , Decreased performance.

In identifying the above symptoms should immediately remove the drug, take a ktivirovanny coal , Induce vomiting and then carry out the symptomatic treatment.

Cooperation

Do not take antioxidant with Vitrum Silver preparations   and gland . indirect anticoagulants   (eg, neodikumarin . bishydroxycoumarin ) trisamin .

It is forbidden to take a nonsteroidal   and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs   ( Ibuprofen . diclofenac sodium . prednisolone ) And cardiac glycosides   ( digoxin . digitoksin ).

Vitamin C enhances the absorption from the gastrointestinal tract Penicillin . gland . aluminum and etinilestradila . Also, it reduces the degree of efficiency anticoagulants . tricyclic antideperssantov   and Heparin .

During a course of treatment should not take other preparations containing vitamins .

Terms of sale

Possible sale of the drug in pharmacies without a prescription.

Storage conditions

The optimum storage temperature - 25 ° C.

Shelf life

5 years.

Cautions

Do not exceed the recommended dosage prescribed in the Regulations.

Analogs

Analogues of the drug be considered as a means: Vitrum Prenatal . Vitrum Centrum . Vitakal . Ginsomin . Prenatal Multimaks . Triovite . Supervit .

During pregnancy and lactation

The drug is absolutely contraindicated.

Reviews for Vitrum Antioxidant

The score put drug users - 5 out of 5 points. Positive feedback from patients emphasize the natural composition, which includes vitamins and minerals, reduction in the incidence point, the emergence of energy, normalization of sleep and reduced fatigue.

Price Vitrum Antioxidant where to buy

In Russia, the price of the drug per pack 60 pcs. It is 523 rubles, its price in Ukraine - 375 UAH.

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Psychology of Stress

January 24, 2012

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 Psychology of Stress  Stress   It referred to as a condition in which a person is in mental tension created during the very difficult conditions. From time to time occur in life difficulties, events are not easy to carry. As a consequence, people react emotionally, which is accompanied by a variety of physiological and psychological changes. Today, there are a lot of theories and approaches to the definition of stress. Experts believe one of the most correct theories that which once offered G. Cellier. According to this theory, all organisms is inherent in the mechanism which is responsible for maintaining balance and internal balance. Subject to the influence of external stimuli, the balance may be disturbed. Accordingly, in the body occur protective and adaptive reactions, which cause increased arousal . The body adapts to stimuli by a disorder that is stress. Accordingly, if the stimulus is present, the stress becomes more pronounced. The body goes through subsequent reactions, he is trying to protect itself from the effects of stress. But to overcome stress is not always possible, so this state may trigger the development of diseases and even death. If the stress lasts for a long period, due to too much stimulation of the nervous system appear different diseases: migraine . back pain . hypertension . diabetes . impotence .

Causes of stress

To understand what is stress, you should find out what are the reasons for its occurrence. By definition, experts stress the cause of symptoms can be almost any situation where a person has a strong emotional arousal. One should bear in mind that stress can provoke not only the negative events and positive emotions. So, it may be marriage, birth of a child. Stress can also occur due to a less serious situations, for example, after the conflict in the queue or in transport.

Signs of stress

The most pronounced and often show symptoms during stress, as a rule, are: depression . rapid heartbeat . headache . sleep disturbance . sexual dysfunction .

Psychology of Stress

In order to efficiently and effectively deal with the occurrence of stress, you need to realize that a stress is a psychologist. There are a number of features that should pay close attention. Thus, women are experiencing stressful situations more often than the stronger sex. Women are more emotional, so the stress is often manifested in them failures . anxiously . depression . Under the influence of stress provoking situation develops alarm reaction. This occurs because of the powerful ejection into blood noradrenaline   and adrenaline . In the development of stress all body systems begin to work in emergency mode.


However psychology stress is such that moderate stress voltage to some extent has a beneficial effect on the body. After all, with such a situation, it is a kind of hardening of the physical and psychological possibilities of man. But it is important to stress influences were not too long-term. Otherwise, their negative effect is obvious.

Experts studying the psychology of stress, argue that such situations and their effects on the body can cope by focusing on the positive aspects of life and to make myself thinking about success and happiness.

Types of Stress

 Psychology of Stress  Today decided to allocate certain types of stress. The approach to each type of stress has to be different. So, emotional stress   directly related to the emotions, emotional reactions. When in nutrilichnosnom stress   irritability and dissatisfaction manifested as a result of inner feelings and resentment, which leads unrealized human needs. The consequence of this internal conflict is stress.

Among the different types of stress and release Work stress Which appears due to chronic fatigue and frequent manifestations of negative emotions in the workplace. Work stress can be a consequence of the unjust measures and other production problems.

Financial Stress   It manifested when human costs are much higher than its income. The stress of this type develops when a sudden unforeseen and unexpected expenses, there is no financial ability to buy the right things.

Social stress   Problems arise as a consequence of political or economic nature. Typically, a group of people shown. Environmental stress - the result of a negative influence on the organism of environmental factors.

In this case, the kinds of stress are shown by one of the classifications, but there are others.

Stress Management

Today, stress is considered to have almost a daily occurrence, and can be encountered in any circumstances. To avoid the negative phenomena that provoke stress, difficult, and sometimes impossible. However, to increase resistance to stress, using the method of stress management, the power of each individual. There are a number of methods that allow you to learn how to manage stress. The proposed method can be used alternately or in combination. The main thing is to be allowed to carry out the effectiveness of stress management, and subdue it.

To understand how to relieve stress in a particular case, first of all, you should get rid of repressed emotions. Emotions do not have access, destructive act on the body, causing over time the emergence of mental and physical ailments. Consequently, these experiences need to release. Psychologists recommend to use the most appropriate method: Make a set of intense exercise, draw their own problems on paper, loudly sing or shout. Thus, this method of stress management has long massively practiced in Japan. Office workers do not know what is stress, as always "discharge" in specially designated areas.

Effectively acting as switching attention. Do not succumb to bad thoughts. It is better to switch to think of something pleasant or engage in a positive and fun experience. Psychologists stress to switch to use an imaginary painting of something pleasant and beautiful. After a while, switching stress will become a habit.

Use as a method of relaxation. Relaxation is very useful for the organism. For its implementation should include a pleasant melody, and being in a comfortable position, try to relax as much as possible. It is also possible to use aromomasel, relaxing baths.

 Psychology of Stress  In addition, the win is always a stressful situation helps Chocolate (due to its ability to raise Serotonin . endorphins   and other substances, a positive influence on the mood), fresh air into the room, walking at a fast pace, favorite music and aroma.

Decide how to relieve stress, and you can during the harvest, which helps to clear the area from unnecessary things. Besides the cleanliness of the human subconscious and associated with positive changes for the better.

Understand how to get rid of stress, and friends can help: it is desirable to meet regularly with them or make an appointment with someone from old acquaintances. Communication - is an effective method of getting rid of the stress state.

In addition, advising how to relieve stress, psychologists mention the positive impact on the human process of cooking food, home comfort, writing poems and short stories, reading entertaining books. Each person can exist and own technique to combat stress.

Prevention of stress

In order to be effective prevention of stress in daily life, it is necessary first of all to make the existence of a healthy and correct. To adequately respond to stressful situations, it is necessary to revise the attitude to life, to learn to concentrate on the home and relax if necessary. To understand how to get rid of stress in a given situation, it is important to realize that a person can consciously influence the ongoing processes in his body, applying autoregulation .

Using autoregulation can apply four main method for preventing stress. This relaxation technique, first aid after an acute stress Antistress restructuring, autoanaliz personal stress. Relaxation - It is the ability to relax and "unload" himself from thoughts that provoke stress. Pause acute stress concentration allows willpower. It is important to stress the definition of personal rights, because the stress manifests itself at all on their own, individually.

As the most suitable method autoanaliza experts define conducting so-called stress diary to help determine what the stress in each case and will be an effective method for preventing stress in the future. For the application of this method requires a lot of patience, because in the diary for some time have to celebrate when and how to show signs of stress, under what circumstances it happened, what sensations took place. After analyzing the records for a certain period, people will be able to understand exactly what triggers stress, and determine how to relieve stress, if it is manifest in the next time.

Stress and Pregnancy

 Psychology of Stress  Gestation   - A difficult and long period, and there is nothing surprising in the fact that during the childbearing woman often experiencing stress tests. The reason for this is not only in the difficulties which often accompany pregnancy, but also in the features of physiological changes in a woman's body. Stress during pregnancy provoke anxiety and inner pregnant woman, because she was constantly overwhelmed thinking about the future, about the health of the child about the upcoming birth. Stress during pregnancy appears under the influence of psychological and physical factors. No doubt, repetitive stress situations can carry harmful for women and the unborn child. However, a mild stress, as a rule, does not affect the baby and the mother negatively. Besides stress phenomena modest woman prepare for the changes that are coming to her in the near future.

A strong and prolonged stress during pregnancy can cause some complications of pregnancy, women are feeling unwell, increased toxicity, and even some diseases in children. Therefore, every woman, waiting for the appearance of the baby should be able to get rid of stress, and, if possible, even to avoid such trouble. It is important to the predominance of positive emotions. A woman should as much as possible to carry out every day, to ensure a full and healthy sleep at night and rest during the day. However, if you yourself overcome stressful situations a woman can not, in that case you need to get expert advice and try to overcome stress through its recommendations.

Erespal

Description overdue on 05.06.2014

  • Latin name: Eurespal
  • ATC code: R03DX03
  • Active substance: Fenspiride (Fenspiride)
  • Manufacturer: Les Laboratoires Servier (France)
Photos of the drug
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  • Composition
  • Product form
  • Pharmacological action
  • Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
  • Indications Erespal
  • Contraindications
  • Side effects
  • Instructions for use Erespal (method and dosage)
  • Overdose
  • Cooperation
  • Terms of sale
  • Storage conditions
  • Shelf life
  • Cautions
  • Analogs
  • Babies
  • With alcohol
  • During pregnancy (and lactation)
  • Reviews
  • Price, where to buy

 Erespal

Composition

Composition tablets   as follows: Each tablet contains the active ingredient - fenspiride hydrochloride , And also additional substances - Valium . calcium hydrogenphosphate . Macrogol 6000 . silica . povidone . titanium dioxide . magnesium stearate . glycerol .

Composition cough syrup   as follows: active ingredient - fenspiride hydrochloride , Additional substances: flavor . glycerol . licorice extract . Sunset Yellow S . Propyl . methyl parahydroxybenzoate . saccharose . saccharin . potassium sorbate . water .

Product form

Cough lozenge   They have a cover of white color, sold in packs of 30 pieces.

Syrup   is realized in vials from plastic on 150 ml, It is orange transparent liquid in which precipitate may form. If you shake the bottle, he disappears. The vial is placed in a cardboard box.

How to use the drug - oral.

Pharmacological action

As evidenced by Wikipedia, the tool provides antispasmodic . antihistamine . inflammatory effects .

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Erespal (Eurespal) prevents bronchoconstriction , Slows exudation . The anti-inflammatory effect that has fenspiride Due to the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism. Antibronhokonstriktornoe the effect produced by inhibiting the process of biologically active substances: histamine . Serotonin . bradykinin . In addition, the drug blocks the α-adrenergic receptors, when stimulated increased production which is marked bronchial secretions.


Prevents bronchospasm . If the agent is assigned in large doses, it reduces the production of various inflammation factors.

The drug is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The highest concentration of active substance in plasma was about 2 and 5 hours after oral administration. The half-life is 12 hours.

After kidney derived approximately 90% of the drug, the remaining 10% is excreted through the intestines.

Indications Erespal

Indications for use of the drug - a disease of upper and lower respiratory tract:

  • laryngitis . nasopharyngitis ;
  • bronchitis ;
  • tracheobronchitis ;
  • bronchial asthma   (in the complex treatment);
  • hoarseness, cough, scratchy, disturbing patients whooping cough . flu . measles ;
  • respiratory diseases infectious character whose symptoms are a cough;
  • sinusitis . otitis .

Thus, indication to the application Erespal - it is diseases accompanied by cough and by other symptoms illnesses of respiratory ways. Indications syrup are the same as for use in tablet formulation. In the appointment of of the complex treatment the doctor determines the, what kind of form of the drug it is desirable to prefer. From what pills Erespal can find details of the instructions that came with the drug. Also described in detail from what helps the medicine in the annotation to the syrup.

Contraindications

Notes the following contraindications to reception means of:

  • a high level of sensitivity to the active agent or other components;
  • Children under two years.

Syrup with caution is used to treat people who have celebrated fructosemia . galactose malabsorption glucose . diabetes , The deficit sucrase or isomaltase, so-both as a part syrup there are sucrose.

Side effects

If syrup or tablets Eurespal cause any side effects, be sure to consult a doctor and inform him in detail about what is happening.

When treating Erespalom may experience side effects:

  • The functioning of the cardiovascular system : In rare cases it appears tachycardia Which is reduced by means of reducing the dose.
  • The functioning of the gastrointestinal tract Frequently observed disorders of the stomach and intestines, epigastric pain, nausea; sometimes manifested vomiting diarrhea .
  • The functioning of the central nervous system : Rarely observed drowsiness, dizziness, sometimes manifest.
  • There may be fatigue, severe fatigue.
  • The reactions of the skin : In rare cases, there hives . erythema , Rash, can sometimes to disturb an itch of the skin.
  • Perhaps the expression of sensitivity to dye a part of the funds.

Instructions for use Erespal (method and dosage)

The drug in tablets applies only for treatment Adults patients. In the treatment must be strictly complied with the instructions for use of tablets and syrup.

Instructions on Erespal tablets   next.

The drug should be taken before meals. The day in chronic inflammatory diseases is recommended to use two tablets of 80 mg - morning and evening. In acute course of the disease your doctor may prescribe a course of treatment, comprising receiving three tablets - morning, afternoon and evening. Your doctor may prescribe an individual scheme, like taking pills. Also individually determined by the duration of the therapy.

Instructions on Erespal cough syrup   next. Take the syrup can be an adult, and he is assigned to the children after the age of twelve. At night you can take from 3 to 6 tablespoons means (45-90 ml). Children and adult treatment lasts as many days as appoint the doctor.

Drug Administration in the form of syrup not carried children up to 2 years.

Erespal children appointed considering how old was your child, how much it weighs. At the same dosage of the syrup is carried out so that a daily dose of cough medicines is not exceeded. Guide on syrup for children provides that daily dose dividable into 2 or on 3 admission. The syrup should be drunk before meals.

Children under 2 years means not assigned. If the treatment of respiratory diseases require children under a year, the doctor prescribes safe analogues for children of this age.

The day is recommended to use 4 mg per 1 kg of body weight of the child.

Babies weighing less than 10 kg, is appointed by means of 2-4 teaspoons per day (10-20 ml). Babies, weighing more than 10 kg, is appointed by 2-4 tablespoons of means of per day (20-60 ml of).

How many days a child drinking a tool depends on the disease and the doctor's recommendations. Reviews for syrup indicate that the improvement observed after 2-3 days of this treatment.

Overdose

If has occurred an overdose of means of, you need to immediately same to address for medical help. After overdose there may be a distance sleepiness or excitation . sinus tachycardia . nausea and vomiting .

In this condition the patient is carried out gastric lavage, is constantly monitored ECG . When the need to maintain vital body functions.

Cooperation

Abstract indicates that a special study of the interaction fenspiride with other drugs have been conducted. In connection with the probability of increasing sedation while taking histamine H1 receptors Erespal not recommended to be taken with sedatives .

Terms of sale

The implementation of the drug is carried by prescription.

Storage conditions

You do not need to comply with special conditions at storage facilities. Erespal must be stored at room temperature, away from children.

Shelf life

The syrup can be stored for 3 years, tablets - 2 years.

Cautions

Often patients the question arises, Erespal - it antibiotic   or not. In fact Erespalom treatment can not replace antibiotic. Therefore, if necessary, shall be appointed an additional antibiotic.

To people, ill with diabetes Prescribers tablets as saccharose contained in the syrup.

Due to the presence in syrup Sunset yellow   people with intolerance acetylsalicylic acid And other NSAIDs may develop bronchoconstriction.

We do not were carried out studies, which have allowed would have to draw conclusions about the influence of Erespal on ability to drive transport and work with accurate mechanisms. However, when used somnolence can occur, especially if the drug is combined with sedatives or alcohol. It will be appreciated that such a combination may impair the reaction.

Analogs Erespal

The drugstore chain can find similar drugs that have the same. Analogs syrup and tablets Erespal on the effects on the human body - it Stoptussin . Fenspiride . Ascoril . Flyuditek . Mucosolvan . Ambrobene . Price analogs can be either higher or lower. But despite the desire to find cheaper counterparts, on what can be replaced by 80 mg tablets or syrup Erespal should ask your doctor. In some cases, the drug can be replaced Erespal Bronhikum . It apply at bronchitis, how at dry, so and at wet coughing.

Is it better or Sinekod Erespal?

Sinekod   - A drug which is the direct impact of antitussives. Its active ingredient - butamirata . This remedy is applied mainly when unproductive coughing. Erespal Sinekod and simultaneously receive is not recommended. In this case, be sure to consult with your doctor.

Is it better or Erespal Mucosolvan?

Assign a drug for the treatment of an adult or a child should only be a doctor. Erespal more effectively reduces inflammation and helps Mucosolvan liquefaction and expectoration of sputum. That is Mucosolvan used in wet cough. Often patients are also interested in whether you can take Erespal and Mucosolvan simultaneously. The compatibility of these drugs acceptable. However appoint Mucosolvan and Erespal together can only be a doctor, as required to comply with the special regimen of these funds.

Is it better or Erespal Ambrobene?

Patients also arises the question of whether we can use in the treatment and Erespal Ambrobene together. The active ingredient of the drug Ambrobene as Mucosolvan - Ambroxol hydrochloride. So the answer to the question of what to prefer, or Erespal Ambrobene is similar.

Which is better: Prospan or Erespal?

Prospan   - A drug with mucolytic effect, the basis of which - dry extract of ivy leaves. Nevertheless, determine the, that the exactly which the drug worth using when coughing, at a rhinitis, and others., May exclusively the doctor.

Is it better or Erespal Ascoril?

The drug Ascoril has composed just three active substances - salbutamol . Bromhexinum . guaifenesin . It acts on the body as a bronholikik, mucolytic. Erespal Ascoril and simultaneously appointed only on the testimony of a doctor. The patient also can not independently to answer, that it is better - Erespal or Askolril, so-as the should be necessarily take into account a diagnosis and individual peculiarities of the patient.

Questions regarding Erespal combine with other medications for cough occur in people very often. For example, you can receive and Erespal Flyuditek   together? Does the treatment of cough, so that Erespal and ACC   can be used together in one scheme of therapy? Despite the fact that the strict guidelines of the incompatibility of these drugs is not, on their own, without consulting a doctor, to combine all means of cough can not be.

Thus, before, than the to answer, at what coughing to take this or that preparation, you must to study carefully annotation and consult to the doctor. At what coughing appoint or nominate and drink definite syrup or tablets, it depends on its active substances and Actions on the organism.

Babies

Erespal in the form syrup is appointed by only to children, whom were already executed two years. For infants the drug does not apply. Infants who developed respiratory tract infection, other medications.

With alcohol

Alcohol and receive Erespal combine is not recommended, since alcoholic beverages enhances the sedative effect of the drug. Man, compatible Erespal and alcohol intake, will feel marked weakness and drowsiness.

During pregnancy and lactation

Data on the use of fenspiride hydrochloride during pregnancy are absent or limited. But if in the course of treatment was found Erespalom pregnancy, there is no need to interrupt her.

No information regarding the fact whether fenspiride gets into breast milk. Therefore when feeding is recommended not to take this remedy. It should treat infectious diseases of the respiratory tract by other means, why a woman should see a doctor.

Reviews Erespale

Reviews on Erespal in tablets and syrup are found both positive and negative. Positive feedback is left mainly those who receive funds or give his children after a doctor's appointment. It is noted, in particular, rapid action means a decrease in symptoms of the disease - coughing, breathlessness, improve general well-being of the patient. Doctors about Erespal syrup in most positive.

However, there are different resources and negative opinions about the drug. Patients celebrate manifestation of of certain side effects - of weakness, of insomnia, tachycardia, of nausea and etc.. Often negative opinions is left those who started treatment a means of independently, not having defined, from some cough is used this medicine, whether it is possible to drink at dry cough, how to accept - up to or after a meal. Note that Erespal - a potent drug, so it can not be used, guided only by the approval of members of the forum that the drug is recommended Dr. Komarovsky   or other expert.

Price Erespal where to buy

Cost cough syrup Erespal   150 ml on average 210-250 rubles. Cost Erespal tablets   It is about 300-330 rubles. 30 tablets of 80 mg. The cost of the tablets in Donetsk and other regions is about 100-120 UAH. 30 tablets.

How much are the tablets or syrup Erespal in cities such as Odessa, Kharkiv, you can see exactly specific points of sale.

Get the best price and buy