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The structure of the peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system It connects the human limbs and organs of human central nervous system. PNS neurons are located in the body outside CNS That is, the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system of the person actually has no such protection, as the central nervous system, so it may be exposed to toxins and damaged mechanically. Consequently, the peripheral nervous system diseases - a relatively common phenomenon. Their treatment as treatment of diseases that affect the central nervous system, should be performed immediately. It can be subdivided in the peripheral nervous system somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system .
Peripheral nervous system of a person has a certain structure. It consists of ganglia . nerves , and nerves and special senses . Ganglia - a cluster of neurons that make up the knots of different size in different locations of the human body. Classified two types of ganglia - cerebrospinal and autonomic.
PNS nerves provided with a large number of blood vessels. It consists of nerve fibers, and each nerve consists of a different number of such fibers. Defeat all of the components of the PNS is the fact that its function is impaired. As a result, developing diseases of the peripheral nervous system.
Disorders of the peripheral nervous system
With the development of focal neuropathies affected individual nerve plexus, or part of it back. Such damage occurs due to injury, strong pressure or influence of other factors. As a consequence, in the affected area are observed violations Locomotive . sensitive and vegetative character.
With Multiple mononeuropathies at the same time it affected not one, but several nerve trunks. Defeat is not symmetrical. Typically, such a pathology seen in patients vasculitis . neurofibromatosis . hypothyroidism . sarcoidosis and etc.
With polyneuropathy there is a symmetrical lesion of the peripheral fibers having a diffuse character. Among the causes of polyneuropathy manifestations determined by inflammation of the nervous system, serious violations in nutrition and metabolism of endogenous intoxication. Polyneuropathy develop in patients with systemic and infectious diseases as a consequence of vaccination. This systemic disease is often observed in patients with aharnym diabetes and chronic alcoholism .
Causes polyneuropathy
Acute polyneuropathy provoked a number of different factors. The most common acute form of the disease occurs under the influence of bacterial infections that are accompanied by toxemia . Also, as the causes of acute polyneuropathy determined autoimmunity, poisoning, the use of a number of drugs, in particular, antibiotics And those drugs that are used during chemotherapy. The illness can occur in people suffering from cancer, which are accompanied by damage to the nerves.
Chronic polyneuropathy developed under the influence of diabetes mellitus, the systematic use of alcohol, low thyroid function, liver dysfunction, lack of body vitamin B12 or excess of B6 .
More often now, chronic form of the disease develops as a consequence of the continuous high level of sugar in the blood of a patient who does not take action to reduce it. In this case, determined by a separate form of the disease - diabetic polyneuropathy . By establishing diagnosis and treatment of polyneuropathy patient, the doctor must take into account those factors that influenced its development.
The symptoms of polyneuropathy
In the development of polyneuropathy in humans is a violation of the sensitivity, a manifestation of autonomic and motor symptoms. The most frequent violation of the motor function of the patient is polyneuropathy paresis Accompanied by hypotension and muscle wasting. Paresis of the most celebrated in the limbs. In severe disease process involves the muscles of the torso and the skull. To distinguish two types of symptoms in polyneuropathy: negative and positive symptoms. Negative symptoms is hypoesthesia, weakness and subsequent muscle, sensory ataxia (impaired coordination of movements), impaired GI motility, fiusirovanny pulse, strong or weak sweating, impotence . Positive symptoms are tremor, neyromiotoniya, fasciculations, paresthesia, pain and manifestation of restless legs syndrome, high blood pressure, tachycardia , Intestinal colic.
Violations sensitivity polyneuropathy can be quite diverse. Thus, the sensitivity may go down as well as completely absent. Periodically, there are paresthesias (tingling and "goose"), as well as the pain of a different nature. For example, pain may occur as a response to non-painful stimulus. Furthermore, the pain can be spontaneous.
Also featured is a polyneuropathy neuralgia , Manifested by pain at the site of nerve innervation. As a rule, it is usually permeates or sweep pain. It is also seen causalgia . This burning and persistent pain that develops at the site of nerve innervation due to his injury. This often develop a variety of autonomic disorders, impaired tissue nutrition.
Another manifestation polyneuropathy associated with the autonomic nervous system, it is erectile dysfunction in men, erectile dysfunction characterized by the inability to exercise and normal sexual intercourse.
Classification
Evaluating the course of the disease, experts allocate sharp . subacute and chronic polyneuropathy. In the acute form of the disease the symptoms are most pronounced after a few days or weeks after the onset of illness. Subacute polyneuropathy characterized by an increase of symptoms for several weeks. But they do not occur more than two months. Chronic polyneuropathy can develop for several years.
Provision has also toxic polyneuropathy (another name for the disease - Guillain Barre syndrome ), Under which the notes for a single phase. Consequently, once the symptoms are aggravated, then the disease gradually regresses. Initially, the patient may be signs of infectious gastrointestinal or respiratory disease.
Provided also porfiriynaya polyneuropathy . inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Proceeding with periodic relapses and remissions. When there is another aggravation of the disease, a neurological defect every time is becoming more profound.
With axonal polyneuropathy the disease progresses gradually, first and foremost, it involved the distal leg. In this type of polyneuropathy in the muscles of the patient very quickly appear trophic changes, concerned about the pain, impaired autonomic functions. The patient is marked sensory and motor failure.
With demyelinating polyneuropathy patient manifested early tendon reflexes. It violated the sensitivity of muscles and joints. The process involved and the proximal and distal extremities, with more pronounced paresis, but muscle atrophy seen less.
Diagnostics
Treatment
Appointing scheme polyneuropathy therapy, the doctor is required to a comprehensive approach to this issue. Given the fact that in this disease is often autoimmune processes take place, the patient should immediately appoint a receiving glucocorticoid funds ( prednisolone ), As well as drugs that are capable of suppressing immune processes in the body. Furthermore, in the treatment of polyneuropathies used large doses of vitamins, especially Group B and vitamin C . potassium salt . The therapy is appointed protein diet , Which the patient must adhere strictly to a certain period. It is also practiced by the use of antihistamine drugs and whose action involves improving neuromuscular conduction. Also appointed detoxification therapy. To do this, the patient is injected plenty of fluids to ensure the elimination of toxins from the blood. The blood is also purified by hemosorption and plasmapheresis.
It is important to take into account the fact that the treatment of polyneuropathy is assigned based on the reasons that have provoked such a disorder. So, if you factor in the development of illness, too high content of vitamin B6, after normalizing its level symptoms disappear. Diabetic polyneuropathy is slowing, and the symptoms become less noticeable if constantly monitor blood sugar. When cure of liver dysfunction, kidney cancer symptoms gradually disappear and polyneuropathy. If patients some cancer illnesses tumor is removed surgically, in some cases, it eliminates the pressure on the nerve and, as a result, the symptoms of polyneuropathy terminated. In hypothyroidism hormonal therapy practice means. When alcoholic polyneuropathy in the body there is a lack of vitamin B, and folic acid . If you eliminate the toxic effects of alcohol, as well as compensate for a deficiency of vitamins, the patient's condition normalized.
But sometimes determine exactly what the cause of the manifestation of the disease provoked impossible. In this case, a neurological disorder therapy provides pain relief and reduction of muscle weakness.
Practiced taking pain medications are also effective in some of the methods of physiotherapy. If the tactics of treatment of the disease has been built correctly and timely therapy is used, in most cases the disease is successfully cured.
Methods of rehabilitation after the disease include physical therapy, physiotherapy, massages. It is important to fully and rehabilitation phases.
Traditional methods of treatment polyneuropathy suggest vegetable intake fees are high in vitamins and strengthening effect, the use of adequate physical activity, heat treatments.
To prevent the development of this disease, it is important to treat the underlying disease as soon as they detect and prevent toxic effects when working with hazardous substances.
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