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Chloramphenicol It is an antimicrobial drug that is very effective on a range of both Gram-positive And Gram-negative organisms . Has pronounced bacteriostatic effect, and against certain strains bactericidal effect at high concentrations. Microorganisms slowly develop resistance to the drug. Levometsetin a short time after application orally absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Its bioavailability - 80%. Peak concentrations in plasma is observed through 1-3 hours after consumption. Chloramphenicol can penetrate blood-placenta and blood-brain barrier , Well as he is adjudged to be into breast milk. Drug metabolism occurs in the liver, excretion takes place through the kidneys. Some percentage of chloramphenicol is displayed through the intestines. Half life PM happens behind period of from polutorado 3, 5 hours. This period is increased in patients with impaired the functioning of the kidneys and liver.
Indications and methods of use of the drug:
The drug is used in treatment of patients with all sorts of infectious diseases, the occurrence of which provoke the bacteria with high sensitivity to the effects of chloramphenicol. Assign the given a PM, if the other means of against germs apply the it is impossible to, or they are ineffective, under the following illnesses of: of illness respiratory tract of an infectious the type of - pneumonia . lung abscess ; diseases of the abdominal cavity infection type - peritonitis . typhoid fever . shigeloz . paratyphoid . salmoneloz . The drug is also effective in treating meningitis . Trachoma . Chlamydia . of tularemia .
Chloramphenicol tablets administered orally, half an hour before eating, swallowing whole and abundant drinking. Those who feel sick after taking the drug should use it an hour after a meal. The period of treatment and the dose is individually determined by a specialist, guided by the situation. Adult patients consumed by 250-500mg formulation three or four times per day. In the event of serious infectious diseases to adult dose is increased to 500-1000 mg. The highest dose of levomitsetina - 1000mg four times a day - can be consumed only under the condition a finding of patient in a hospital for the control of activity of kidneys, liver and the blood picture.
Children from 3 to 8 years consume 125mg of drug three or four times a day. Children and teenagers from 8 to 16 years old can eat at 250mg drug three or four times a day. Typically, a course of treatment with chloramphenicol last week or week and a half. However, if the drug is well tolerated, the rate can be extended to two weeks.
Duration of therapy typically ranges from one to one and a half weeks. If the drug is well tolerated, and there is no side effects in the hematopoietic system, the duration of therapy can be increased up to two weeks.
The solution, which is prepared from a powder of chloramphenicol may be administered intramuscularly, and intravenously. Children drug is found only intramuscularly. To prepare a solution for injection into a muscle, the powder of the vial must be diluted in 2-3 mL of water for injection or novocaine 2-3 ml 0, 25% or 0 to 5%. Prepared solution is introduced deep into the upper outer quadrant of the buttocks.
To prepare a solution for intravenous administration of the jet, the powder of the vial should be diluted in 10 ml of water for injection or a 10 ml solution glyukozy5% or 40%. Introducing drug intravenously need for at least three minutes. Injections make through equal intervals time. The injections are carried out at regular time intervals. The period of treatment and the dose is individually determined by a specialist, guided by the situation.
Adult patients take 500-1000 mg of chloramphenicol twice or thrice a day. Patients with severe infectious diseases can take 1000-2000 mg twice or thrice a day. The day the patient can take 4000 as the maximum dose of the drug. Children and adolescents 3 to 16 years of taking the drug at a dose of 25 mg / kg body weight twice a day.
In ophthalmology solution used for injection or instillation parabulbar. Was dissolved with water for injection and 0, 9% sodium chloride. Injecting administered 0, 2-0, 3 ml of a 20% solution once or twice a day. In the form of instillation of 1-2 drops of chloramphenicol was instilled into the conjunctival sac of three to five times a day. When drug therapy is necessary to maintain control of the liver, kidneys, monitor blood picture.
Contraindications and possible side effects:
Do not take the drug to patients who are highly sensitive to the drug, as well as azidamfenikolu and thiamphenicol . Chloramphenicol can not accept patients with disorders of the blood, with severe liver disease, kidney disease, a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Do not carry out drug therapy in patients with fungal skin . eczema . psoriasis . porphyria . Also contraindications include acute respiratory infections. Chloramphenicol is not used as a type of prevention of infectious complications during operations.
This medicine is not used during pregnancy and breast-feeding is not indicated for children up to three years. Carefully use this drug for the treatment of the elderly and those who suffer diseases of the cardiovascular system . Under the careful supervision of specialist chloramphenicol must make people prone to allergies. With extreme caution should eat the drug those who works with dangerous machinery, as well as drivers are of motor transport.
During treatment with this drug in patients may have some side effects. In the gastrointestinal tract and liver: vomiting . nausea , Problems with digestion and a chair, a violation of intestinal microflora, stomatitis . glossitis . enterocolitis . In the case of larger doses may develop hepatotoxicity. In the hematopoietic system and the cardiovascular system: pancytopenia . granulocytopenia Fluctuations in blood pressure, erythropenia . anemia . agranulocytosis . leukopenia . collapse .
In the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system: headache, dizziness, confusion, a high level of fatigue, encephalopathy . hallucinations , Changes in hearing, vision, taste sensations. Also, may arise allergic reactions, increase in body temperature, cardiovascular collapse, dermatitis . superimposed infection .
Specific recommendations:
Do not use Chloramphenicol with cytostatic drugs, sulfonamides . cimetidine . ristomycin , Radiation therapy, or it may manifest oppression of the hematopoietic system. In the case of parallel use increases the effect of hypoglycemic agents and reduced efficiency oral contraceptives , Which is composed of Estrogens . Use of the drug with ethyl alcohol provokes disulfiramopodobnyh reaction .
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