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Schizophrenia - This is a very serious mental disorder-type, in which there is significant distortion of thoughts, actions and emotions of the sick person. The patient perceives reality in a special way and the same applies to other people. Schizophrenia is defined as the most disabling chronic disease. These patients face a number of problems in socialization in the society, communicating with other people in close relationships. In the course of the disease progresses the person becomes very withdrawn, he is frightened of many things. The symptoms of schizophrenia occur in the patient's life, because the disease can not be completely cured. However, with the help of properly selected treatment of schizophrenia can be monitored.
Features of schizophrenia
According to the generally accepted definition, schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which a person loses the ability to distinguish between real and imaginary. In many cases, people who show signs of schizophrenia behave oddly enough, with their behavior in some cases may even look like a shocking. If a person is a sharp change in the behavior and personal nature in connection with the loss of touch with reality, doctors say the manifestation psychotic episodes .
If we compare the symptoms of schizophrenia in different people, they can vary greatly. For example, some patients experienced only one psychotic episode, other people with schizophrenia are experiencing a lot of similar episodes, but between them they can live a relatively normal life complete. The symptoms of schizophrenia can be exacerbated and become less noticeable with recurrent disease and during remission.
The term "schizophrenia" refers to a variety of relatively complex nature of mental disorders. Yet at different types of schizophrenia in humans often manifest similar symptoms.
Types of Schizophrenia
According to the symptoms that are manifested in a patient, there are several types of schizophrenia.
The most frequently diagnosed in people paranoid schizophrenia . Patients with paranoid schizophrenia present a clear false beliefs, so-called delusions , That they are being persecuted or are going to be punished. However, a person who develops a paranoid schizophrenic, think, speak, express their emotions is normal.
With disorganized schizophrenia People often speaks and behaves generally incoherent, confused, in addition, such patients suffer anartiriey . Very often, in their behavior there is indifference, despondency, and sometimes they can behave quite adequately, and even childish. Because of the presence of a certain degree of disorganization in the behavior of people with symptoms of schizophrenia are not always able to lead a normal daily activities. So, sometimes it is difficult to take a bath, clean, prepare meals, etc.
Patients with catatonic schizophrenia the most prominent are the symptoms of a physical nature. Such people often are in a fixed state, and did not react to the world around them. They are characterized by stiffness While they seem frozen and have no desire to move. Sometimes these people are shown the specific body movements. For example, they can show the faces, to take a very unusual posture. Some people with this form of schizophrenia often repeat the words or phrases that have just said another person. Patients with catatonic schizophrenia are at high risk of exhaustion, malnutrition. In addition, these patients may be causing themselves bodily injury.
With undifferentiated schizophrenia Symptoms are expressed so clearly, that with their help is difficult to determine any other type of schizophrenia.
Patients suffering residual schizophrenia Syndromes of illness is not as intense as in other forms. It is often the person still occur delusions, hallucinations and other symptoms of schizophrenia, however they occur much less bright than the time when only diagnosed with schizophrenia.
The symptoms of schizophrenia
In schizophrenia in humans show some signs of the disease can be suspected development of this disease. The symptoms of schizophrenia are expressed changes in abilities and his personality, and at different times, they may show a different type of behavior. Typically, when the first signs of schizophrenia symptoms are very pronounced, and they appear suddenly.
In most cases, the symptoms of schizophrenia is partitioned into three different groups. Thus, determining disorganized symptoms . Positive symptoms and Negative symptoms .
When the manifestation positive symptoms the term "positive" is not always means "good." Such symptoms are evident for patients with schizophrenia. Accordingly, they are not present in a healthy person. Another name for these symptoms - psychotic symptoms. This category includes the following symptoms of schizophrenia:
- delusions Which are strange beliefs that have no real justification. This patient never leaves such ideas, even if it will clear facts that contradict this idea. So, very often occur in patients with schizophrenia delusions that he is, for example, God or Satan, that other people hear his thoughts that anyone deliberately puts his head in certain beliefs.
- hallucinations - A feeling of a sick person, who actually are not real. Schizophrenia can treat certain non-existent in fact subjects hear head feel any odors that do not exist in reality. Also, a person may feel that to him anyone touches, although in fact it does not. Experts say that the most common hallucinations in schizophrenia are just vocal hallucinations. Voters who hears the sick man can command his behavior, to comment on what the patient is doing, etc.
The bottom line disorganized symptoms It is that a person can not think clearly enough and, therefore, can not be an adequate response . For examples of such disorganized symptoms can become quite meaningless pronunciation of words or phrases that, accordingly, significantly hinders communication schizophrenic with other people . During the conversation, the patient can be very sharp transition from one thought to another, he has slowed movement . Another symptom of this type - the inability to make any decisions . A man in such a state can write a lot, and the meaning of his letter will not have . He often loses things, forget where they are . Also disorganized symptom is frequent repetition of gestures or movements - for example, the sick a long time walking around, doing mindless steps . He is very difficult to understand simple sounds, images, feelings that occur in everyday life .
Talking about negative symptoms , We mean the absence of rules of customary behavior in patients with schizophrenia . Among the negative symptoms should be noted the absence of the patient's emotions appropriate to the situation and appropriate mood . Thus, a person may begin to cry instead of laugh at jokes . An important symptom is the patient and isolation both from relatives and from social life and activities in general . In humans, there is no motivation, he loses life and the satisfaction of vital interest to become energetic mene . Accordingly externally marked negative changes: the patient should not be hygienic, it does not look after themselves . The man is in such a state, there are many problems in the labor sphere and in other activities . He has a very sharp change mood - happy for a few seconds ago, a person can suddenly get upset for no reason . Also, as a negative symptom of schizophrenia in a patient manifested catatonia . In this condition the patient as it freezes and remains motionless in the same position long period .
Causes of Schizophrenia
Until today, the exact causes of schizophrenia in adults and children have not been established for certain. However, it is known that schizophrenia is a disease, and its development has a clear biological basis. Therefore, a person with schizophrenia is not shown due to improper training or human weakness. For today decided to allocate a few factors that are crucial in the development of schizophrenia.
In the first place, one of the reasons that the patient develops schizophrenia, heredity . There is a clear trend of serial manifestation of schizophrenia in some families. I.e genetic factor matters, and the possibility of developing schizophrenia to a certain extent can be transmitted to future generations.
It is proved that the people who suffer from schizophrenia, there is an imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain. Thus, such patients have a very high sensitivity or produce a very large number of chemical brain called Dopamine . This substance is neurotransmitter , Its function - to promote the exchange of messages to nerve cells. If the body holds a certain imbalance of dopamine, the brain reacts differently to conventional stimulants, in a special sensing smells, sounds, visual images. As a result, the person has as hallucinations and delusions.
Also, the reason for the development of schizophrenia and may be violations of the human brain. According to recent studies in patients with schizophrenia were found violations of the structure of the brain and its functions. Yet the experts consider that, and the fact that these violations are not characteristic of all people with schizophrenia. At the same time, some healthy people as they occur.
The development of schizophrenia in humans can have an impact and some environmental factors. For situations in which a person experiences a strong stress . viral infection And too little expression of social interaction sometimes play the role of a trigger mechanism in the development of schizophrenia in a person who has inherited a genetic predisposition to the disease. It is often a manifestation of schizophrenia is typical for people who are experiencing a very strong change in how hormonal and physical nature. These changes are most common for young people, as well as for teenagers.
Wink schizophrenia can almost everyone, regardless of age, race, level of life. The most common early signs of schizophrenia emerge in people development during adolescence and in young people, which is already twenty years old. Both women and men are equally likely to suffer from schizophrenia, but in women it occurs mostly later - 20-30let, and men - in their teens. Schizophrenia in children under five years old are diagnosed in rare cases.
Diagnosis of schizophrenia
Diagnosis of schizophrenia performed in those patients that have corresponding symptoms. The specialist conducts clinical examination. Special tests for the diagnosis of schizophrenia to date does not exist. Therefore, doctors use a variety of research methods, such as X-rays. There are also laboratory studies of blood in order to completely eliminate the presence of a person of physical ailments that trigger similar symptoms. In the absence of physical causes that provoke symptoms, the patient is sent to a subsequent examination by a psychiatrist or psychologist. Others specialists to assess the condition of the patient apply different evaluation programs, psychological tests, and conduct interviews, specially designed for such a diagnosis.
To establish a diagnosis of "schizophrenia", the doctor evaluates the duration of symptoms. So, if a person has symptoms described above are observed for at least six months, he was set the diagnosis "schizophrenia". It is important that diagnosis is an experienced and came to diversify the process, as there is a possibility of incorrect diagnosis.
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Treatment of schizophrenia conducted primarily to reduce severe symptoms, reduce the chances of occurrence of relapses and the symptoms return after improvement.
Schizophrenia Treatment involves the use of multiple therapies. First of all, it medications. Initially used for the treatment of schizophrenia neuroleptics . With the help of the drugs of this type can not be completely cure schizophrenia, but the most pronounced symptoms are much easier.
Through pihosotsialnoy therapy successfully corrected the psychological, behavioral, occupational and social problems of the sick person. This therapy aims to educate patients control symptoms of the disease. It helps to learn to identify warning signs that indicate a relapse of the disease. Therefore, a person with the help of your doctor can develop a plan that will help prevent the recurrence of schizophrenia. Among the methods of psychosocial rehabilitation therapy should be made by means of which people with schizophrenia learn to fully master the social skills and as fully as possible to live in a society with this disease.
For the treatment of schizophrenia is also applied individual psychotherapy Which is used to improve the patient's ability to overcome the problems that are associated with his illness, as well as skills training for the resolution of such problems.
Through Family Therapy schizophrenia treatment is carried out to improve the daily communication with the sick person in the circle of his family. Also, people with schizophrenia sometimes attend special sessions of group therapy, where they can get support from other patients and to provide it to them also.
As a rule, people with schizophrenia are treated on an outpatient basis. But if the symptoms are very severe, and there is a danger that the sick person is able to cause himself injury, it may be admitted to hospital to stabilize his condition.
Treatment of schizophrenia is also carried out with the help of electroconvulsive therapy . This procedure is to transmit a series of electric shocks to the brain by a person attached to a man's head electrodes. Such attacks provoke seizures, and eventually is released neurotransmitters in the brain. This form of treatment for schizophrenia today used relatively infrequently. But if other treatments are not successful, or the patient suffers from severe depression or catatonia Then this technique can be applied.
There is also a method of treating schizophrenia, called psychosurgery . It consists in carrying lobotomy During which some disconnected neural pathways in the brain. In the past, this technique was used for the treatment of those patients diagnosed with severe chronic schizophrenia. Today the lobotomy is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia is extremely rare. After all, as a result of a lobotomy patient personality changes occur, which are irreversible.
According to experts, people who suffer from schizophrenia, are in some cases a risk primarily for themselves. So often recorded cases of suicide among such patients. It is also possible manifestation of violent behavior in those patients who use alcohol or drugs. Therefore, intermittent treatment of schizophrenia is mandatory.
If you are using adequate therapy, people with schizophrenia may have a high quality of life and work productively.
Prevention of schizophrenia
At this time, no known methods to prevent manifestations of schizophrenia. But with the help of early diagnosis and immediate appropriate treatment for the disease can be alleviated by reducing the number of relapses. Appropriate therapy is a guarantee that people will be able to subsequently enjoy a full life. It is important to take into account the fact that the very careful should be the people who have already been in the family symptoms of schizophrenia. Heredity in this case plays an important role, so it is important to these people in time to determine the appearance of the symptoms described above.
Schizophrenia in children
During the diagnosis of schizophrenia in children should be aware that the behavior adequate to children of a certain age, may be abnormal for another age . . . . . . .
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