Contraception

August 20, 2011

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Contraception - a method of family planning, in particular a method for preventing unwanted pregnancy . There are several methods of contraception:

• barrier contraception methods (condoms, IUDs, diaphragms, spermicides );
• hormonal contraception;
• combined oral contraceptives;
• postcoital contraceptives;
• biological methods;
• surgical contraception (male and female sterilization, abortion);
• abstinence.

Each of these methods is described in detail in a separate article, and as part of this review article, we only briefly describe the main advantages and disadvantages, especially the application of the principle of action of the most popular ones.

Barrier methods of contraception

Condom   It is one of the most common methods of contraception. The main mechanism of action of the condom is a barrier to penetration Sperm   in the female genital tract. Condoms made from rubber or processed collagenous material. The condom is an effective means of preventing sexually transmitted diseases through, they are easy to use, they can be applied in the case of women allergy to semen, they do not have serious contraindications. Common Errors in the use of a condom is its incorrect application, so you need to put on and take off the condom, to monitor its integrity.

Intrauterine contraceptive devices   (BMC) may be of various forms, in the form of loop . Umbrella . spiral . IUD is made from copper, silver and plastic. The most effective types of intrauterine contraceptives are "Koper T Cu 380 A" (containing copper), "Mirena" (with progesterone ), "Multiload Ku-150." It enters and removes Navy doctor.

IUD act on uterus   as a foreign body, causing a change in its contractile activity, accelerate peristalsis of the fallopian tubes, quickly moving the egg into the uterus before mucosa is ready for implantation, the inner endometrium while inflamed. Influenced by this, it violated the migration of sperm, accelerating their penetration into the uterine cavity and the death of a fertilized egg.

The advantages of the IUD is their reliability, that they can be used from 2 to 6 years. After removal of the Navy's ability to conceive quickly restored. Some IUD containing progesterone have a beneficial effect on the function of the reproductive system and can prevent the development of inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs. The disadvantages of the use of an intrauterine device is the possibility of perforation of the uterus, there is a possibility of ectopic pregnancy , May increase blood loss menstruation It increases the risk of infections urinary organs, inflammatory processes in the uterus and appendages. Contraindications to the establishment of an intrauterine device are pregnancy, lack of delivery in the past, inflammation in the genitals, ectopic pregnancy in the past, menstrual irregularities. Do not use the Navy and those who have multiple sexual partners and those who repeatedly suffered infections of the genital tract.

Methods of contraception include local spermicides Which kill sperm and are in the form of vaginal suppositories . ointments . Gels . vaginal tablets . This method can be used in contraception during lactation, as well as in combination with other agents. Since these drugs must be administered into the vagina before intercourse each, they can lead to dysbacteriosis vagina .

Contraceptive methods and the introduction of a dome-shaped cap made of latex - Aperture . Must use a diaphragm with spermicide, it is important to correctly enter it. She entered into before every sexual act, and it can be used for a long time when properly operation. The disadvantage of using a diaphragm is that the increased risk of disease cystitis Because it puts pressure on the urinary flow.

Hormonal contraceptives

Application hormonal contraceptives   can prevent ovulation. Usually they are produced in the form of tablets . patch But may also administered subcutaneously .

Also extended postcoital (emergency) contraception . For emergency contraception include various types of contraception that are used in the first days after "unprotected" sexual intercourse and prevent pregnancy. Such methods of contraception used, if a woman rarely is sexually active (multiple sexual contacts during the year), as emergency contraception in violation of the integrity of the condom or diaphragm displacement, if you have missed birth control pills, after the rape. The effectiveness of this method is 96% if applied within 72 hours after intercourse.

Postcoital preparations secrete large doses of hormones that contribute to the disruption of menstrual synchrony, a violation of the process of fertilization, as well as the suppression of ovulation.

For postcoital contraceptive methods include:

• method of application progestin contraceptive Postinor , One pill is taken within two hours after sexual intercourse, and another one after 12 hours;
• Combined oral contraceptives ( Regulon .   Germistat .   Femenal .   Marvelon ), When the tablets are taken in two equal doses.

The use of these pills can also cause vomiting, nausea, menstrual irregularities. Contraindications suffering from this kind of contraception thrombophlebitis , Liver disease, breast cancer, uterine.

• method of application of progesterone antagonists ( mifepristone );
• method of application antigonadotropnym drugs ( d Anole . danazol ) (Note that the last two methods are used much less frequently, since these drugs are difficult to obtain, due to their high cost);
• a method of introducing intrauterine devices ( spiral ) Within 5 days after intercourse.

Biological methods of contraception

The biological method of contraception is the traditional method of protection from unwanted pregnancy. This method is based on determining the time of ovulation, and abstinence from sexual intercourse pre-ovulatory period . The use of biological methods fertility control   It makes it possible to identify the days of the greatest probability of pregnancy, and these days to abstain from sex or use other forms of contraception. This method is applied when the pair does not want to use other methods of contraception for any reason.

4 apply the method of fertility control:

• calendar (rhythm) method When a woman has a menstrual calendar that within 8-12 months, notes duration of the menstrual cycle. Determined by the longest and shortest menstrual cycle, on what basis and set fertile days;
• temperature method Based on the measurement of basal body temperature, which is reduced before ovulation and increased before ovulation;
• Method cervical mucus Based on monitoring cervical mucus changes during the menstrual cycle (method of billing);
• Symptothermal method   It based on an assessment of the start time and duration of fertility, and the conduct of "menstrual calendar," the daily monitoring of cervical mucus and basal body temperature.

Biological methods of contraception have advantages is their innocence And the absence of adverse reactions. However, this method can not be applied if the woman irregular menstrual cycles, during lactation, as well as taking certain medications. It should also be noted that due to inaccuracies in determining the fertile days, this method is unreliable.

For biological methods of contraception and is coitus interruptus, ie When intercourse is interrupted before the semen gets into the female genital tract. The method is quite simple, but it has its drawbacks. It has a low contraceptive effect, this may lead to the development of stagnation in the pelvis, to dysfunction of the ovaries in women. Men have long-term use of this method can reduce the potency appearance of neurasthenia.

One of the traditional methods of birth control is the periodic abstinence (abstinence) . This is one way of contraception and effective method of protection from diseases transmitted through sexual contact. Indications for use are the withdrawal end of the third trimester of pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, urinary tract, reproductive organs, postoperative period after an episiotomy, a vasectomy.

Surgical methods of contraception

There is also a method of voluntary surgical sterilization When in the genital tract produce mechanical obstruction. In men violate cross-vas deferens, women - tubal patency. The disadvantage of this method is the fact that the effect of such an operation is practically irreversible. Sterilization is contraindicated those who suffer from diseases of the pelvic organs, heart disease, blood vessels, diabetes . The contraceptive effectiveness of this method is greatest.

Thus, today there are enough ways to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Each of them has its own properties, a different effect on the body. Therefore, women and couples should take responsibility for the choice of a suitable method of contraception. No matter whether used biological or surgical methods of contraception family planning should take into account the interests of both spouses.