April 6, 2012
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Syphilis - this is a common venereal disease, which in the absence of proper treatment can last for many years. For syphilis is characterized by undulating development, while latent phase of the disease alternate phases of exacerbation. When the active form of syphilis disease symptoms appear on the skin and on the mucous membranes of the body. At the same time when the latent period of syphilis clinical symptoms do not appear.
The spread of syphilis
To date, the incidence of syphilis in men and women is constantly increasing. The causative agent of the disease is pale treponema . This very moving microbe has a spiral shape. During microbial growth begins to divide into parts. Propagated pale treponema for thirty-three hours. If microbial growth conditions unsuitable, then there is degeneration of Treponema, after which it is stored in the cysts and in the L-forms.
Syphilis is transmitted primarily sexually . In the mucosa of the genitals, mouth, rectum always present small defects, and through which there is an infection. In more rare cases possible Household path of infection during direct contact with someone who has syphilis. Very rarely syphilis infection occurs through a variety of everyday objects - in this case we are talking about the so-called domestic syphilis. Objects, which is transmitted through the home syphilis, should be contaminated with detachable elements syphilitic patient.
In addition, the child may become infected from a sick mother or vnutriutrbno Or during childbirth . Moreover, infection can occur during breastfeeding.
From the point of view of the theoretical possibility of infection with syphilis and during blood transfusion and organ transplant donors. However, in practice, such a phenomenon is possible because in the health care environment is thoroughly tested organs and blood.
The course of syphilis
The course of syphilis usually divided into incubation period , and primary . secondary and tertiary periods.
Duration incubation period usually lasts about a month. This is the time of contracting the disease before the patient chancre . If a person is treated in parallel antibiotics from some other disease, the incubation period of syphilis can be extended. In this period of contracting syphilis from man it is impossible, so the serological reactions of the blood result will be negative.
With primary syphilis pale treponema begin to multiply rapidly in the place where they entered the body. At this point, there is a small ulcer, which has a smooth and flat bottom. In some cases, you may receive several round ulcers. This is a chancre. Such an ulcer does not bring noticeable discomfort and pain, therefore, very often people do not notice its occurrence. About a month later the ulcer disappears without treatment, can only small scar . But this syphilis in the human body continues to grow. In primary syphilis patient can already infect other people, even though signs of syphilis are expressed more softly. A certain portion of the bacteria contained in the chancre, begin to migrate to the lymph nodes, which are located nearby. At the same time the lymph nodes are enlarged, but the pain is not observed. Further, the bacteria enter the blood stream and blood flow throughout the body of man.
Already in the sixth or seventh week after infection with syphilis can be detected, because the reaction becomes positive Wasserman.
Signs secondary syphilis begin to appear in a patient in different periods - after about 2-10 weeks after infection. On human skin on all body may occur nodules . pustules . spots . However, such phenomena rarely disturb the patient and they disappear on their own without treatment within a few weeks. At this stage, the beginning of the secondary latent syphilis. For recurrent secondary syphilis is characterized by the return of signs of syphilis: a person changes the skin on different areas, characterized by hair loss, the appearance of small spots on the neck. Moreover, all these elements are very contagious, but they do not cause pain. At this time, there is the highest risk of infection from syphilis in human life. For the disease at this stage is characterized by undulating course: syphilis symptoms appear and disappear again. This disease can last for even a few years. In carrying out serological blood they will be positive.
Congenital syphilis
Transmission of syphilis in women during pregnancy placenta occurs already from 10 weeks gestation. In most cases, the infection of the fetus occurs 4-5 months pregnant. The most frequently (in almost all cases), infection of the fetus occurs if a woman holds secondary syphilis. When the late forms of the disease in utero infection occurs less often. Very rarely syphilis is transmitted from mother to unborn child, patients with primary syphilis.
After intrauterine infection has occurred, the fetus sometimes die, and there is termination of pregnancy. There is also the possibility of the birth of a dead child in time. Newborn can survive, but grow it will have to show signs of syphilis. The manifestation of syphilis in children aged from one to two years, similar to the symptoms of secondary syphilis.
Symptoms of syphilis
The main first symptom of syphilis in men and women is described above chancre. It can appear virtually anywhere in the body, which has taken root pathogen. The chancre can have different sizes: 1-3 mm (so-called dwarf chancre) to 2 or more centimeters (giant chancre).
In addition, at the end of the primary period of syphilis, some patients complain of malaise, headache, lack of appetite, painful joints and bones. Periodically, the body temperature can rise to 38 degrees. It is also likely manifestation indurative swelling of the genitals.
In the secondary period of syphilis on the skin appear multiple syphilitic rash. These rashes may occur anywhere and they disappear without a trace. The most common manifestation of secondary syphilis is considered spotty rash that emerges symmetrically, very bright and exuberant. Approximately two months later it disappears. At relapse of syphilis already appear less bright rashes. They mostly occur at those places where the mechanical action on the skin: in the inguinal folds under the breasts, the mucous membranes and others. Often such rash connected papular sifilit - Rash in the form of nodules. Furthermore, when syphilis relapse often occurs alopecia of the scalp and other skin integument nestled hair. Perhaps as a focal and continuous baldness.
Most of the patients in the secondary period of syphilis do not notice violation of general condition. Rarely fights headaches, increased body temperature.
Sometimes there headache , Fever, malaise, loss of appetite.
Patients at the stage of tertiary syphilis lesions often appear as nodes or bumps. Later bumps regress or softened, and in their place appear sifilisnoy ulcers. As a result, destroyed tissue.
Diagnosis of syphilis
To establish a diagnosis of "syphilis", the doctor thoroughly examines the history data and assigns conduct laboratory and clinical research.
With the help of laboratory analysis conducted research chancre discharge, erosion, papules, whose origin can be syphilitic. Very often, the symptoms of syphilis may resemble symptoms of other diseases. Therefore, to confirm the diagnosis is necessary to conduct specific laboratory diagnosis. For this applies blood serum By which one can determine the presence of antibodies Produced by the body to fight against Treponema pallidum. In addition, a Wasserman - A special study of the blood from the cubital vein.
Method may also be used immunofluorescence Which is based on the presence of specific emission pale treponem in the fluorescence microscope. By reaction of immobilization pale treponem can recognize false positive result RVs that sometimes occurs in healthy people.
Individually doctor can prescribe also computed tomography and other methods of investigation, but this rarely occurs.
Complications of syphilis
Quite often, as the effects of syphilis appears osteoarthritis . The cardiovascular system is also subject to complications sometimes seen syphilitic myocarditis Later disrupted the functioning of the aortic valve, periodically there are attacks angina . As a result of impaired blood flow in a patient comes myocardial infarction .
Respiratory system prevents cough breathlessness Perhaps the manifestation of symptoms tuberculous pneumonia . Gastrointestinal strikes syphilitic gastritis . While the impact of the disease on the liver may manifest symptoms hepatitis . Perhaps the emergence of hepatic Coma Leading to death.
Often, as a complication in patients with syphilis develop balanitis . balanoposthitis . phimosis . gangrenizatsiya . When defective treatment of the disease disease becomes the tertiary stage of syphilis, and subsequently result in death. Therefore, it is important to complete the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in both sexual partners.
Treatment of syphilis
First of all, it is important to consider that treatment for syphilis should be comprehensive and at the same time the patient should be fully dolechit. It is important that treatment for syphilis conducted by specialists narrow profile, that is, skin and venereal diseases. In addition, therapy should begin the process as early as possible. Self-medication in this case is absolutely unacceptable.
The most important part of a comprehensive treatment of syphilis in men and women is treated with antibiotics . These drugs are effective in all stages of syphilis. The most effective treatment for syphilis therapy is water-soluble penicillins That helps to ensure the desired concentration of the antibiotic in the blood. It does not matter the way of contracting the disease: using antibiotics and cured syphilis, which is sexually transmitted, syphilis and home.
However, even with antibiotic treatment recovery of damages that have arisen in the last stage of syphilis, is not going to happen, and the consequences of syphilis remain forever. Sometimes used in the treatment of syphilis and other drugs, antibiotics, e.g., ceftriaxone .
In parallel to the process of the treatment applied immunotentiation . antiallergic agents And the appointment of vitamin complexes . In general, the administration of these drugs for the treatment of syphilis doctor must take into account the individual characteristics of the course of syphilis in men and women. Furthermore, methods of treatment of syphilis depends on what stage of the disease occurs in a patient.
After the main course of treatment for syphilis is important to monitor the patient's laboratory for one year. To do this, an analysis of PB.
Prevention of syphilis
If you are forced to close contact with someone who is sick with syphilis, it is important to take all measures to the disease does not spread. It is enough to observe all rules of hygiene, and avoid close physical contact with an infectious patient. If you follow all these rules, the risk of infection decreases markedly.
It is important to remember the prevention of syphilis in the case of high-risk sexual contact. If there is a suspicion that there has been contamination of the disease as early as possible to carry out preventive therapy (it is desirable to do so no later than two hours after sexual intercourse). Several weeks later, it is imperative to make all necessary laboratory investigations.
All patients with syphilis in the special account for them and carried out follow-up after treatment. In addition, the mandatory serological survey carried out in pregnant women to prevent the unborn child congenital syphilis.
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