Roseola

April 28, 2012

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Roseola - Is a viral infectious disease, which manifests itself in the form of a rash, spread very quickly on the skin. The lymph nodes of the patient while increasing, there is a slight increase in body temperature. Most often this disease affects children from one year to seven years. Infants under six months of age ill with rubella in very rare cases in view of their immunity Which is passed from mother to infant. After the baby is ill with rubella immunity is formed life. Rubella first difference from other diseases were described in 1829.

The causative agent of rubella

The causative agent of this disease is an RNA virus genome Rubivirus Togaviridae. The source and reservoir of the virus is a person who is ill with rubella in symptomatic form, or carries it obliterated. Approximately seven days before the onset of patient rubella rash man, he begins to shed virus. This process continues for five to seven days after the rash manifested.

The virus is transmitted by droplet infection . Infection usually occurs during prolonged and fairly close contact with the sick person. It is also possible infection by transplacental That most often occurs in the first three months pregnancy .

Infection occurs through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, it can also penetrate the skin. After that, the virus enters the The lymph nodes Which gradually takes its accumulation. Already in the incubation period of the virus spreads throughout the body.

Rubella refers to infections that may be eliminated in the coming years. Before the opportunity Vaccination And the children began to be vaccinated against measles, the disease is very common. Today, typical of rubella are raising the level of disease that occur periodically. So, every three to five years recorded moderate jumps illness, but more intense rise in the incidence takes place about once every ten or twelve years. In addition, in recent years very often fixed a kind of shift in age incidence: rubella occurs in older people - students, as well as women who are in their childbearing period. Number of rubella people greatly increased in the spring and summer.

Features rubella

German measles in children is fairly easy disease. But at the same time in adults rubella proceeds much more difficult. For example, if an adult develops rubella, the symptoms appear fever That lasts a long period, articular syndrome. It is also possible the development of organ pathology.

A serious problem is also congenital rubella . If you become infected with rubella pregnant woman may experience very severe complications, and as a result the child is born with severe malformations. If a woman has caught the infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, the birth defects in the fetus develops in about 90% of cases. In different periods of pregnancy, the virus is not the same effect on the developing fetus. These impacts most heavily on those bodies that are actively developing during the infection.

Rubella infection can cause abortion, stillbirth and newborn death in the neonatal period. Congenital rubella syndrome in the child manifested congenital deformities.

The symptoms of rubella

Rubella in children and adults has the same duration incubation period : It lasts from ten to twenty-five days. Next catarrhal period with rubella in children generally not expressed. With such current rubella symptoms appear since the advent exanthema . At the same time, rubella adults during this period is much more complicated. A person's body temperature may rise, in particularly serious cases, it rises to a critically high numbers. The patient complains of a pronounced malaise, myalgia, headache, poor appetite. As there is little catarrhal symptoms runny nose, rather dry cough, sore throat feeling. Man also marks the emergence of photophobia and lacrimation. During the examination the doctor often finds the patient redness of the mucous membrane of the throat, as well as conjunctivitis   When rubella in adults and children have swollen lymph nodes and sore .  The latter is especially true for neck and lymph nodes zadnesheynyh .  Lymphadenopathy when rubella may take up to three weeks, and catarrhal period lasts no more than three days .  After this period begins exanthema .  According to the observations of doctors, this symptom of rubella, which is considered the main disease syndrome, manifested in the majority of patients at once, on the first day of illness .  In children, the rash appears much more frequently than in adults .  The rash of rubella is composed of pinkish or reddish spots small round or oval, with smooth edges .  Stains appear on the unchanged skin, above the skin surface, they do not rise .  But if the rash in adults are often merged, when rubella in children of this merger is almost no .  In some cases, before the appearance of spots in the rubella symptoms manifested by severe itching of the skin .  As a rule, the first spots appear on the face and neck of the patient, as well as behind the ears and on the scalp for hair .  Thereafter, during the day the rash appears already in other areas of the skin, and, in this case, is not observed any regularity dissemination .

A typical picture of rash rubella - its location on the buttocks, back, and on the extensor surfaces of the legs and arms. No rash on the palms and soles of the patient. Sometimes, in parallel with exanthema   on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity occurs enanthema Which manifests itself in small isolated spots. When rubella in adults, the rash is more abundant and lasts much longer than in children. In some patients there is a merge rash, yet some people have a rash does not appear at all. In these special features of the rubella diagnosis is sometimes difficult to establish enough.

During presence exanthema increase the body temperature of the patient may be negligible, or it is normal. Clearly defined lymph nodes, which in this period enlarged and painful. In addition, when rubella symptoms sometimes appear soreness in the muscles and joints. In some cases, may result in dyspeptic phenomena in which an increase of the spleen and liver. In women suffering from rubella may manifest symptoms polyarthritis . Typically, exanthema period lasts no more than four days. The fading of the rash can be quite fast, and she disappears, leaving no trace.

Thus, rubella adult rubella proceeds similarly in children. However, in adults the symptoms more pronounced, and for a much more serious illness.

Diagnosis of rubella

When the diagnosis is important, first of all, pay attention to the differential diagnosis. Rubella is necessary to distinguish from scarlet fever . Measles . exanthema Having allergic genesis as well as enteroviral infections . The specialists pay attention to the symptoms of rubella, as described above, carried out a thorough examination and questioning of the patient. Sometimes the diagnosis may be hindered due to the absence of rash or draining.

It is important that every pregnant woman who had contact with patients with rubella, passed a full medical examination.

In the process of examination of the patient is required to conduct laboratory examination of blood to determine the appropriate changes ( leukopenia . lymphocytosis . increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate ).

Also in cases of suspected rubella is conducted serological diagnosis. But in this case may only retrospective confirmation of the diagnosis.

Complications of rubella

When rubella manifestation of complications is relatively rare. However, as a complication of the disease sometimes develop otitis . pneumonia . arthritis . sore throat In more rare cases, it may be thrombocytopenic purpura . Typically, the complications of the disease are manifested due to the addition of secondary bacterial infections. Very rarely in adult patients may develop encephalitis . meningoencephalitis   and encephalomyelitis . Any of these diseases occurs is very difficult.

When rubella in a pregnant woman's risk for the disease it is not. However, rubella negatively displayed on the fetus, causing birth defects and a number of diseases that develop in utero.

Treatment Rubella

If the patient has an uncomplicated form of the disease, he appointed mostly symptomatic treatment, which is possible in the hospital. As a rule, patients do not need rubella active therapeutic measures. Generally rubella provides treatment of bed rest, that all the rules of hygiene, vitamin complexes. If there are complications of rubella, the patient requires hospitalization. In this case it is possible treatment analgesics . sulfanilamidnymi means . Sometimes also it appointed antibiotics .

In identifying rubella in pregnant women at the gestational age of less than 28 weeks, the disease is considered to be an indication for abortion. On Bole late pregnancy introduced immunoglobulin   intramuscularly, and all measures are taken to protect the fetus.

Prevention of rubella

As measures of specific preventive maintenance applies rubella vaccine live vaccines That in addition to the causative agent of rubella also include viruses Measles   and Mumps . Vaccination against rubella can also be carried out with the use of single vaccines. Vaccination is carried out at a certain age: rubella vaccination mandatory children receive between 15 to 18 months, and girls 12-14 years of age. By using a wide vaccinal managed to significantly reduce the incidence of rubella in a number of countries.

According to many years of operating time, related to the issue of vaccination, the most effective vaccination scheme is the use of child immunization twice (the first time vaccination against rubella is made the child of 12-16 months, the second time - six years) later revaccination girls in their teens and women in their childbearing years .

As preventive measures in the foci of the outbreaks, some rules apply. So, it is important to isolate the rubella patient until the fifth day from the time when he had a rash. In child care centers in the rare cases of rubella do not declare quarantine. The means of emergency prevention for children and pregnant women who have had contact with patients with rubella is protivokrasnushny immunoglobulin.

Women who are in the first trimester of pregnancy should always be isolated from the sick man on a ten period from the beginning of his illness. If the disease still occurred in women in the first three months of pregnancy, it is recommended to interrupt. The children who were born with a congenital form of this infection, put on a clinical account.