August 2, 2011
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The typology of the drug and its history
The main type of drug hemp - marijuana , The most common in the countries of Western Europe and in America, and about the contents of drugs in many nations hemp was well known in antiquity. On the influence of cannabis and its properties on the human it has been described in detail in ancient Chinese and ancient Indian treatises. In the Islamic countries of the East, where alcohol features of religion is prohibited, but alcohol is not observed in principle, drugs made from cannabis, the most widely spread. Therefore, Muslims have used and still use narcotic drugs from cannabis, in particular hashish considering it an alternative to alcoholic beverages.
From a scientific point of view, cannabis has become the first investigated in the early XIX century, but the most accurate information about it, scientists were able to obtain the decades. The first article about cannabis and its features was published in 1810 by Roger pharmacist, later the scientific world of that time became known and the work of other scientists. In 1838, engaged in the study of cannabis WBOShanghnessy, in 1845-1846's article on this type of plant and published A.Brigham J.Moren de Tours, in 1860, the properties of hemp in his article describing a different author - JPHay. Therapeutic Properties Hemp investigated leading pharmacists and physicians at the time. But by the end of XIX century useful therapeutic properties of cannabis have been criticized, and this plant has since ceased to be used in medicine as drug .
But the time that US and European population had used cannabis for medical purposes, not passed in vain, although the first half of the twentieth century, the use of products made from hemp as a drug remained limited. In the 30 years of the twentieth century in the United States there was a strict ban on marijuana, and its storage and consumption severely punished by law. But in the 60s the abuse of marijuana, the growth of its popularity among European and American citizens as it has become a narcotic substance have the character Epidemic . Peak smoking marijuana in the United States, especially among young people and disadvantaged adolescents account for 70 years of the twentieth century, especially a lot of drugs from cannabis, according to statistics, was used in 1979. After that marijuana use began to decline, but in the early '90s the drug again came into vogue, and its use among young people has grown rapidly.
Definition and features of the consumption of marijuana and hashish
The name "marijuana" is derived from the Portuguese phrase " mariguango "Which the Russian language can be translated as" grass "," sen about ". These words themselves addicts most often referred to as narcotic drugs are consumed by them from hemp. Marijuana made of hemp stalks and leaves, the mixture is usually added and dried onto the flowers.
From the tops of the cannabis plant during its flowering has collected resinous substance, called hashish . They called themselves addicts consumption of hashish with the words " folly "," dirt "," plan "Among other names hashish, entrenched in the East and the West, including" marijuana "," hurrus "," Bang ". Besides as hashish resin lumps, known and hash oil Constituting concentrated cannabinoids, manufactured by means of extraction of tar compounds or raw material. The concentration of drugs in hashish significantly higher than in marijuana.
Drugs made from hemp, most often used during Smoking Area Although there are cases of adding a variety of drinks and ingestion with food. During smoking, contained in hemp active cannabinoids, very quickly absorbed into the blood, the process of drug use in food comes at a slower pace. The pharmacological action of the drug product is immediate, and the intoxication of hashish reaches its peak after the first half hour of drug use.
Smoking marijuana or hashish made Special cigarettes In which hemp is mixed and a normal tobacco using a certain proportion. Cannabis resin consumed in its pure form is extremely rare for smoking. Specific proportions in this case is difficult to call, many addicts they define the necessary dose of pure hashish depending on the quality of the resin, the number of puffs. It has the meaning and locality Where hemp grows, and its grade And the ability to inhale , Resulting in smoking hashish.
Symptoms of drug dependence of cannabis
As a rule, the euphoria can be felt only on the third time, and in the first moments of smoking a beginner occur only discomfort. When smoked cannabis may dryness in the mouth and nasopharynx, heaviness in the chest, difficulty in breathing. Quite often smoking hashish heart rhythms change, demonstrating a rather rapid heartbeat may occur dizziness , Nausea, vomiting passing in tinnitus. The drug, in addition to the euphoria and has a different effect on the mood of the addict, the person often becomes depressed and frustrated, he has a uneasy feeling .
As the addiction to narcotic drugs from cannabis picture cannabis intoxication is almost completely changed. At the initial stage of drug use, euphoria, ease the body and the feeling of flying, pleasant warmth spreads throughout the body, is observed within just a few minutes after smoking. When hashish intoxication a person feels their own motion as freely as possible, coordination of movements he remains at a normal level, by walking it does not require much effort.
The addict feels a distorted measurement of time and the world around him. The color scheme seems the most colorful, the sounds are perceived much louder than usual, surrounding objects look contrastly, and if time flows faster. In a state of intoxication of hashish addict distorted estimates the distance, the majority of subjects, both moving and always remain in their seats, looking away, at a considerable distance from the place where they are located, in fact.
Sensations during hashish intoxication, often accompanied by a raised insistence addict fooling around and laughing with or without cause, severe intoxication, usually accompanied by compulsive laughter . Rather, it is because of uncontrollable laughter and a sense of fun hashish in common and called "nonsense." Thoughts addict when hashish intoxication inconsistent, associative thinking is only superficial, and the addict feels fast for his own thoughts.
When the collective use of hashish addicts rarely clearly answer the questions of each other, their communication can be called formal, and often asked questions from the interlocutor can not find the answer. Questions from unauthorized drug addicts, are in the intoxication of hashish, as a rule, do not accept. And said someone from smoking hashish at random common word makes the whole company a strong unmotivated laughter and laughter.
During hashish intoxication in humans manifest symptoms such as an addiction violation of the autonomic nervous system Outwardly manifested as a dilation of the pupils and redness of the sclera, shine in the eyes, and the addicts often feel dry mouth. Duration intoxicated by drugs of cannabis depends on the dose of drug use, it lasts from an hour to several hours. When intoxication passes, a person begins to feel hunger sharply, then there drowsiness And covers the addict feel tired. The sweet smell of grass from the clothes a person to smoke hashish, come back in a few hours.
Narcotic effect of cannabis has been three or four days after smoking, the person becomes irritable, it appears emotional lability . asthenia Considerably deteriorating mood . Often, even before the first symptoms of euphoria addict is a sense alarm . Many addicts at each subsequent smoking tend to increase the dose of hashish in a twisted cigarette, but the euphoria is often replaced with the confusion and sense of fear, the addict covers rambling flow of thought, he is lost in space and time, ceasing to recognize reality.
When the addict becomes dependent from smoking cannabis during intoxication euphoria, he had almost no feeling, and talkativeness is significantly reduced, and the person often feels intellectual growth. He believes his abilities almost unlimited and own thoughts - very deep and meaningful, although quite banal judgments addict, his speech detailed and verbose. Proper thought himself an addict often feels like someone else's, if it at the same time two people get along, he seemed to see himself from the outside. During intoxication, which is characterized by hashish intoxication a person quite often have psychotic episodes, and at overdose Especially among teenagers, a high sensitivity to the components forming part of the drug cannabis, there are psycho-emotional disorders, and emotionally unstable personality disorder .
The mental state of the addict is accompanied psychomotor agitation , A drug addict manifests fear, visual hallucinations In which various scenes quickly follow each other, and quite often there are auditory hallucinations, drug addict embrace fantasy feeling. Hashish psychosis drug addicts often accompanied by bursts of unmotivated aggression dysphoric states And duration of acute psychosis may last several years.
Formation of hashish dependence
While consumption of narcotic drugs made from hemp drugs, patients often arises abstinence symptom . The symptoms of addiction are characterized by general malaise, weakness, and the patient feels tired, his appetite completely absent, quickens the heartbeat, sweating appears. At addict deteriorating mood, quite often there are signs of unwarranted aggression, there is malice, depression, during which the patient includes anxiety and panic attacks, insomnia appears. In different parts of the body are shown senestopaticheskie sensation Who expressed difficulty in breathing, pain in the heart, chest tightness, headaches in the temples, pain in joints and muscles.
Contained in narcotic drugs Hemp cannabinoids are quite soluble in fat, they can accumulate in the fatty tissues of the addict as a deposit. Harmful substances also accumulate in liver and lung of the patient. As a result, drugs to inhibit the production of body acetylcholine Significantly influencing its release and synthesis. In the human brain, in its various portions are special receptors that can bind cannabinoids.
Psychic dependence in smoking hemp products may not outwardly manifest for several years, if the person is using drugs only occasionally. In this case, over 50% of people who have fallen are not dependent on marijuana or hashish, can independently get rid of smoking products made from hemp. The main danger of cannabis among drug addicts - many of them move to the use of hard drugs, including opium . Constant hashish intoxication contributes to chronic intoxication, causes a change in the individual addict, the patient is amotivational syndrome , Expressed the deterioration of memory, decline of attention, quite frequent acute psychosis, lethargy, sexual disorders. Regular smoking of drugs made from cannabis, patients are observed somatic disorders In some cases cannabis smoking can lead to oncological diseases of the respiratory tract .
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