Adenoma

March 16, 2012

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Adenoma - A benign tumor nature, neoplasia of glandular epithelium. Accordingly, it can develop into all the organs that contain glandular epithelium. As a rule, such a tumor is hormone-dependent. Adenomas can be subdivided according to their localization, according to occur and its symptoms. Basically signs adenomas become pronounced when adenoma due to increase in size begins to squeeze some education are important for the normal functioning of the body.

Hypophyseal adenoma

Until today, the reason why there are pituitary adenoma It remains unclear. It is believed that factors that have the appearance of adenomas, are infectious processes in the human nervous system, injury to the brain, the skull, the negative impact of some factors on the fruit in the process of pregnancy .

Most often adenoma pituitary   occurs in people 30-40 years of age, both men and women, the tumor appears equally often. Pituitary adenomas are classified according to size, highlighting microadenomas   (formation of no more than 1 cm), and macroadenoma . From the standpoint of hormonal function release hormonally inactive   and hormonally active adenomas pituitary . In turn, the hormonally active pituitary adenomas classified into prolaktinomy . kortikotropinomy . somatotropinomy . tirotropinomy . gonadotropinomy .

Symptoms of pituitary adenomas occur, depending on what is the function of hormonal tumors. If a person holds hormonally active adenomas, then its main manifestations are specific hormonal disorders. If diagnosed with hormonally inactive adenomas, the mainly observed in patients of various disorders, as well as suffer from headaches. When a large pituitary adenoma is sometimes a person feels a sharp and sudden onset of headache, it falls acuity, and if in the pathological process involved hypothalamus , It is also possible impairment of consciousness. The headaches are aggravated by the acceleration of the growth of adenomas, which can occur, for example, during pregnancy. Also similar symptoms manifested when there is bleeding into the tumor. It is hard, however, is not fatal complication of pituitary adenomas.

For diagnosis it is necessary to conduct a full hormonal and ophthalmologic research. An important method of diagnosis of a pituitary adenoma is magnetic resonance imaging, which can be used to detect adenomas, the size of which is less than five millimeters. Yet visualizing adenoma not possible in every case. Sometimes a specialist appoints as computed tomography. It is important that diagnosis of adenoma was carried out comprehensively. During diagnosis it is necessary to differentiate tumor hormonally inactive nature, as well as tumors that are not localized in the pituitary.

Treatment of pituitary adenomas is performed using of drugs - dopamine agonists . serotonin antagonists . somatostatin analogues . inhibitors of cortisol production . Most often in the treatment of pituitary adenomas is assigned to the drug parlodel   ( bromocriptine ), Which exhibits the highest efficiency in the treatment of prolactin . If you want to be appointed as surgical treatment of pituitary adenoma, which is used transsphenoidal   and transcranial   removal of adenomas. As adjunctive therapy in the irradiation. The method of radiosurgery is used to treat small adenomas. It provides an introduction to the use of radioactive substances adenoma. If the patient is a violation of view, as well as bleeding in the adenoma diagnosed, it is possible the use of neurosurgical care.

It is important that for a certain type of tumor was selected individual method of treatment. Patients who were treated pituitary adenomas, should remain under the constant supervision of specialists - a neurosurgeon, endocrinologist.

With regard to the prognosis of pituitary adenoma, it depends on what the size of the tumor, as well as its hormonal function. In patients with prolactinoma and somatotropinomy convalescence with a "hormonal" point of view comes in 20-25% of cases, patients mikrokortikotropinomah cured in 85% of cases.

Adrenal adenoma

Adrenal adenoma   - A benign tumor that occurs in the inner glands. But over time, benign adenomas can develop into a malignant tumor. In addition, adrenal adenomas may have a negative effect on the organs adjacent and have a negative impact on human health in general.

Today adrenal adenoma is diagnosed quite often. However, it detected mainly by chance, during the examination of the abdominal cavity. Some adrenal adenomas produce large amounts of the hormone Cortisol . But in most cases, these adenomas do not produce hormones.

There is the following classification of adrenal adenomas: stands adrenocortical . pigmentary   and onkotsitarnaya   adenoma.

With adrenocortical   adenoma, which is the most common, there is a node that is similar to the capsule. It is much less common in people pigment   adenomas, which sometimes may be accompanied by Cushing's syndrome . Pigment adenomas have a size of no more than 2-3 centimeters.

Outward appearance onkotsitarnoy   adenoma often resembles other types of adenomas. This type of tumor is very rare. Adenoma has a granular structure, its cells are large with plenty of mitochondria .

The adrenal glands consist of a mixture of human and cerebral cortical layers, which are the basis for the emergence of favorable adenomas. The cortical layer of the adrenal gland is responsible for the production of steroid hormones and the development sometimes becomes excessive. As a result, formation of adrenal adenomas.

A sign of adrenal adenomas are phenomena that occur as a result of hormonal changes. In this disease can manifest masculinization   women and feminization   men. Another symptom of adrenal adenomas is becoming dramatic weight gain, and later perhaps a manifestation of hypertension. Symptoms of the disease manifests as a consequence of the presence of syndromes that have arisen because of the excess hormones produced by the adrenal glands.

For diagnosis initially conducted tests for determining pituitary adenoma, and only after that a study carried out for the presence of adrenal adenomas. Using radiographic methods of investigation can be to get a clear picture of adenoma.

Treatment of adrenal adenoma carried by surgery. If surgery is made before the modification occurred in the adenoma cancer, that is, kartsenomu , The recovery occurs in most cases. When kartsenome adrenal survival is not more than 40%. It is therefore important early treatment of this disease.

Thyroid adenoma

Benign tumors and is thyroid adenoma . She looks like a knot oval or round shape, with well defined fibrous capsule. The disease develops slowly and can occur in people of any age, but is most often adenoma thyroid sick women, especially after forty years. Quite often, the tumor has impressive size, so that it can compress adjacent organs and structures of the neck. Over time, this can be transformed into a tumor thyroid cancer .

Thyroid adenoma is a dangerous disease, as a result of thyroid tumor starts to produce excessive amounts of hormones. At the same time inhibits the function of the pituitary gland decreases production of thyrotropin, and the rest of the functions of thyroid tissue are reduced.

Thyroid adenoma usually divided into follicular . makrofollikulyarnuyu   ( colloidal ) microfollicular . embryonic . Fetal   and other types of adenoma.

The main clinical sign of adenoma of the thyroid gland is the presence of a node in the thyroid gland. This node typically has an oval or circular shape, its surface is smooth, clearly defined edges. In some cases there are multiple adenomas, sometimes combined with the adenoma and cancer goiter . Thyroid adenoma violated only in rare cases.

When toxic adenoma of the thyroid gland in humans is reduced body weight, although power remains unchanged. The person becomes irritable, it does not tolerate cold and heat, he often quickens the heart rate, and it occurs even during sleep. Also, when an adenoma of the thyroid gland appears strong sweating and high levels of fatigue.

In the development of the disease impairs the function of the gastrointestinal tract, people suffering from high blood pressure, sometimes a long time, there is a high body temperature. There is also the development of changes in the cardiovascular system. Gradually, man is manifested heart failure.

Diagnosis of thyroid adenoma performed using ultrasound, and cytology. To obtain material for Biopsy   held puncture site. Further aspiration biopsy is performed, which in most cases makes adenoma distinguish from malignant tumors.

Treatment of thyroid adenoma in most cases carried out by surgical operation. Before the surgery, the patient takes a course of drugs that suppress thyroid function. It is important to ensure patient compliance protein diet, proper rest and sleep. Later adenoma removed surgically. In some cases, older patients received therapy tirotoksicheskoy adenoma using radioactive exposure Iodine .

Also there is a method of treatment in which a node is entered ethanol . Such injection produces several times with a view to the destruction site and as a consequence, the termination hormone adenoma.

BPH

With prostate adenoma   It occurs prostate tissue growth, and as a result of its dimensions greatly increased. There is a statistics according to which about half of men over the age of fifty suffer from BPH.

The main cause of this disease is considered to be sedentary. Prostate adenoma often develops on the background of hormonal changes in men. Therefore, the disease is typical for the elderly.

The prostate is a man under the bladder and surrounds the urethra on all sides. When formed adenoma in the prostate first appears a small nodule. It grows, gradually squeezing the urethra. Such education is benign. When prostate adenoma patient noted an increase in the prostate gland. He disrupted the flow of urine: urine stream is always sluggish, and in the end it becomes intermittent urination. Time urination increases, but in order to completely empty the bladder, a person has to strain your abdominal muscles.

Man feels frequent urge, not a long time holding back urine when the urge is forced to urinate at night.

If time does not Priya measures gradually patient man comes kidney damage manifests itself renal failure . Due to the delay of urine in the bladder due to incomplete emptying his kidney stones can occur. There is also a high risk of urinary tract infection.

In severe cases there may be a manifestation of acute urinary retention. Thus there is a complete clamping of the urethra, and urine does not pass at all. The patient is thus a very strong pain in the abdomen. A similar phenomenon may occur at any stage of the development of BPH. In this condition the patient requires emergency surgery. In some cases, the disease can occur without obvious symptoms.

Diagnosis of prostate adenoma carries a specialist urologist. It uses digital examination of the prostate, ultrasound diagnostics, uroflowmetry, X-ray and other methods, which appoints the doctor.

Currently practiced a lot of ways to treat BPH. When the manifestation of the first symptoms of adenomas doctor prescribes medication. For this purpose, drugs that act on the muscle fibers of the prostate by relaxing them. As a result of reduced pressure on the urethra. It is also possible prescriptions which reduce prostate volume. As a result, similarly facilitated by pressure on the urethra.

If BPH is manifested in the severe form, patients received surgery.

Furthermore, some applicable methods for treating non-operational adenoma. So, sometimes used balloon dilation of the prostate, which can be used to expand the narrowed area. Also installed prostatic stents in the constriction. It is used and the method of thermotherapy of the prostate.

As preventive measures to prevent the manifestation of adenoma is necessary to adhere to the principles of healthy eating, do not abuse alcohol, to provide an active lifestyle and moderate exercise. It is important to have regular examinations by a urologist to detect the disease at an early stage.