Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

January 25, 2012

Related Articles:

• Reviews Norkolute endometriosis
• Dermovate merhem
• Instructions for use Femoden
• Visanne

Tweet

Hyperthyroidism   - A condition which is characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormone, a group of diseases caused by the body. This causes acceleration of the body and related complications. Hyperthyroidism   - The presence of excess thyroid hormone, can be caused by hyperthyroidism Or other diseases of the thyroid gland - thyroiditis . nodular goiter . Graves' disease .

Increased production and accumulation in the body of the thyroid hormones in 70-80% of cases associated with increased activity of the thyroid gland at von Basedow disease, Graves'   or called diffuse toxic goiter . Also, the reason can be a node or multinodular goiter. Seals thyroid as nodes provoke an increase in activity of the organ.

Causes of hyperthyroidism can also be transferred as a result of inflammation of the prostate viral infections - subacute thyroiditis As well as hyperthyroidism causes a large amount of drugs containing thyroid hormones .

In hyperthyroidism increased tissue oxygen consumption, it increases the formation of heat and accelerates energy metabolism. Tissue sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation and catecholamines   increases.

Hyperthyroidism provokes increasing ratio estrogen   to androgens . This is due to the increased conversion of androgens to estrogens, increasing content circulation globulin That with normal sex hormone binding. Condition causes men gynecomastia .

Also under the influence of thyroid hormone is destroyed Cortisone Which leads to adrenal insufficiency . It is promoted and the accompanying autoimmune diseases , Women are more prone to illness.

Prevention of hyperthyroidism often neglected, thus burdening the overall picture of the disease. Improper diet, lack of physical activity and other factors lead to diseases of the thyroid gland.

In the course of the disease, there are three forms: mild . moderate severity   and heavy . The latter form of the disease occurs when the wrong treatment or prolonged his absence. The most common complication of hyperthyroidism occur in severe illness.

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism causes disruptions to many organs and systems. Excess levels of hormones causes the body to adjust to this mode of operation, thus violating many processes. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism are many changes, both internal and external.

External changes primarily noticeable as the skin. In patients with increased sweating, skin moist in the form of thin, fine hair. The nails of the patient is also amenable to change, there is a painful detachment of the nail plate. Signs of violations is also exophthalmos , There is an increase in the external eye crack and the eyeballs, eyes are bulging. Appears swelling and hyperpigmentation century .

On the part of the cardiovascular system may develop heart failure as the heart can not cope with the volume of blood supply to organs and tissues, to accelerate its work. Observed symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as the hypertension . tachycardia . increased heart rate . The respiratory system appears breathlessness Reduced lung capacity.

In mild to moderate disease progression in patients often increased appetite, severe course contrary characterized by its absence. Body weight is reduced, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea . Violations of the musculoskeletal system   lead to the development osteoporosis Reduced bone mass, there is a disruption in the structure of bones. Potassium accumulates in bones that enhances reflexes thereby impaired motor activity. Signs disorders are fatigue and muscle fast tremor . Patients have increased excitability, nervousness, frequent insomnia. They were overwhelmed with fear and anxiety, increased intelligence and speech activity.

With the genitourinary system observed frequent urination . In women is a violation of the monthly menstrual cycle. Menses accompanied by severe pain, scanty secretions, nausea and vomiting. There is a general weakness, headache   and fever. In men, in turn, reduces the potency is increased and the mammary glands. Disturbances in the reproductive system are related to improper production of sex hormones, which often leads to infertility , Both women and men.

Because of disturbances in metabolism that causes hyperthyroidism, patients may form thyrogenous diabetes . Increased glucose, are frequent fever.

In less severe hyperthyroidism observed moderate weight loss, tachycardia within 100 beats per minute, there is no violation in the gland itself apart from the thyroid gland. For the average severity of hyperthyroidism is characterized by a pronounced weight loss, tachycardia in the range of 100-120 beats per minute, short-term changes in heart rate. Observed gastrointestinal disorders, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, lowering blood cholesterol levels. Gradually growing signs of adrenal insufficiency. Severe hyperthyroidism include virtually all of the above symptoms.

Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism

Suspicion of hyperthyroidism and diagnosis occur in the presence of clinical manifestations. The appearance of the patient and laboratory data are reason enough for a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. First of all determine the presence of high blood levels of thyroid hormones.

Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism also includes ultrasound of the thyroid gland. This makes it possible to determine the presence of nodules in the body and install the illness which caused hyperthyroidism. Appointed as an electrocardiogram to determine violations of the cardiovascular system caused by hyperthyroidism.

Often, when necessary, designate computed tomography , Layered images of the thyroid gland can detect the exact location of seals. On the basis of these indications endocrinologist appoints the course of treatment.

From laboratory tests appointed general blood analysis As well as analysis on the hormone content. When the diagnosis play an important role data on past illnesses, especially those which employ surgery. It is also important to know which drugs are taken ill or receives at the moment. It is mandatory to complete a medical examination is appointed.

Treatment of hyperthyroidism

In the treatment of hyperthyroidism, an integrated approach is assigned diet, hydrotherapy and other physiotherapy . The patient should be monitored carefully endocrinologist. Treatment of hyperthyroidism in the early stages of lung has a more favorable prognosis, reduce the risk of serious violations in the work of other organs and complications of hyperthyroidism advance cropped.

Practiced Three methods of treatment of hyperthyroidism On the choice of method is influenced by many factors. As a rule, the main indicators are the patient's age, type of violation, the current form of hyperthyroidism, presence allergic reactions to medication drugs , Co-morbidities.

Conservative treatment   hyperthyroidism more effectively at an early stage of development of hyperthyroidism. This method is aimed at reducing the activity of the thyroid gland and the production of hormones. Appointed antithyroid drugs They prevent entry and accumulation in the thyroid gland Iodine , Due to which thyroid hormones are produced. Thus, the work of the gland slows down considerably.

Surgical treatment   It is used in the presence of iron in a single node causing its increased activity. Also, surgery is indicated in a separate section of Pumping thyroid. When you remove a small portion of the prostate tissue of its normal work, further functioning quite stable. If diagnostic data indicate growth of large area or multinodular goiter, surgery is contraindicated otherwise develop hypothyroidism   - The state of the opposite hyperthyroidism.

Along with the traditional methods of treatment used alternative method . Treatment of hyperthyroidism radioiodine . Radioiodine therapy is the single dose capsules or an aqueous solution in the content, which has a radioactive iodine. Since the drug reaches the bloodstream thyroid cells have the greatest activity and accumulates therein gradually damaging cells. The process takes place for a couple of weeks. Under the influence of radioactive iodine for thyroid size is significantly reduced, respectively, decreases its activity, and levels of hormones in the blood drops to normal levels.

Treatment of radioiodine therapy does not guarantee full recovery in some cases, a second drug. A side effect of radioactive iodine development of hypothyroidism. In such a case requires replacement therapy, which lasts for the entire life of the patient. Prescribe drugs containing thyroid hormones, their daily use makes it possible to maintain a normal level of hormones in the body.

Complications Hyperthyroidism

If untreated, hyperthyroidism or severe course there is a risk of complications. Most often it is thyrotoxic crisis As a rule, there is a crisis with severe concomitant diseases or untreated Grave's disease . When tireotoksicheskom Stroke sharply increasing signs of hyperthyroidism, aggravated symptoms booming violations in the work of other bodies. The most common complication occurs in women in 70% of cases of acute crisis develops into a severe form.

Prevention of hyperthyroidism

For the prevention of hyperthyroidism should undergo regular check-ups by an endocrinologist. The favorable impact on the strengthening of the thyroid gland is hardening. The diet should be rich in vitamins and minerals. It is reasonable to control the intake of iodine, the use of iodine-containing foods should be balanced. Died be taken and sunbathing, sunbathe, visit the solarium. Often myths about the usefulness of certain procedures and products lead to disturbances in the functioning of the thyroid gland, which have serious consequences.

Adenoma

March 16, 2012

Related Articles:

• The use of energy drinks promotes addiction to bad habits
• Walnut prevents prostate cancer
• Androkur
• Hormone ftorokort ointment or not?

Tweet

Adenoma - A benign tumor nature, neoplasia of glandular epithelium. Accordingly, it can develop into all the organs that contain glandular epithelium. As a rule, such a tumor is hormone-dependent. Adenomas can be subdivided according to their localization, according to occur and its symptoms. Basically signs adenomas become pronounced when adenoma due to increase in size begins to squeeze some education are important for the normal functioning of the body.

Hypophyseal adenoma

Until today, the reason why there are pituitary adenoma It remains unclear. It is believed that factors that have the appearance of adenomas, are infectious processes in the human nervous system, injury to the brain, the skull, the negative impact of some factors on the fruit in the process of pregnancy .

Most often adenoma pituitary   occurs in people 30-40 years of age, both men and women, the tumor appears equally often. Pituitary adenomas are classified according to size, highlighting microadenomas   (formation of no more than 1 cm), and macroadenoma . From the standpoint of hormonal function release hormonally inactive   and hormonally active adenomas pituitary . In turn, the hormonally active pituitary adenomas classified into prolaktinomy . kortikotropinomy . somatotropinomy . tirotropinomy . gonadotropinomy .

Symptoms of pituitary adenomas occur, depending on what is the function of hormonal tumors. If a person holds hormonally active adenomas, then its main manifestations are specific hormonal disorders. If diagnosed with hormonally inactive adenomas, the mainly observed in patients of various disorders, as well as suffer from headaches. When a large pituitary adenoma is sometimes a person feels a sharp and sudden onset of headache, it falls acuity, and if in the pathological process involved hypothalamus , It is also possible impairment of consciousness. The headaches are aggravated by the acceleration of the growth of adenomas, which can occur, for example, during pregnancy. Also similar symptoms manifested when there is bleeding into the tumor. It is hard, however, is not fatal complication of pituitary adenomas.

For diagnosis it is necessary to conduct a full hormonal and ophthalmologic research. An important method of diagnosis of a pituitary adenoma is magnetic resonance imaging, which can be used to detect adenomas, the size of which is less than five millimeters. Yet visualizing adenoma not possible in every case. Sometimes a specialist appoints as computed tomography. It is important that diagnosis of adenoma was carried out comprehensively. During diagnosis it is necessary to differentiate tumor hormonally inactive nature, as well as tumors that are not localized in the pituitary.

Treatment of pituitary adenomas is performed using of drugs - dopamine agonists . serotonin antagonists . somatostatin analogues . inhibitors of cortisol production . Most often in the treatment of pituitary adenomas is assigned to the drug parlodel   ( bromocriptine ), Which exhibits the highest efficiency in the treatment of prolactin . If you want to be appointed as surgical treatment of pituitary adenoma, which is used transsphenoidal   and transcranial   removal of adenomas. As adjunctive therapy in the irradiation. The method of radiosurgery is used to treat small adenomas. It provides an introduction to the use of radioactive substances adenoma. If the patient is a violation of view, as well as bleeding in the adenoma diagnosed, it is possible the use of neurosurgical care.

It is important that for a certain type of tumor was selected individual method of treatment. Patients who were treated pituitary adenomas, should remain under the constant supervision of specialists - a neurosurgeon, endocrinologist.

With regard to the prognosis of pituitary adenoma, it depends on what the size of the tumor, as well as its hormonal function. In patients with prolactinoma and somatotropinomy convalescence with a "hormonal" point of view comes in 20-25% of cases, patients mikrokortikotropinomah cured in 85% of cases.

Adrenal adenoma

Adrenal adenoma   - A benign tumor that occurs in the inner glands. But over time, benign adenomas can develop into a malignant tumor. In addition, adrenal adenomas may have a negative effect on the organs adjacent and have a negative impact on human health in general.

Today adrenal adenoma is diagnosed quite often. However, it detected mainly by chance, during the examination of the abdominal cavity. Some adrenal adenomas produce large amounts of the hormone Cortisol . But in most cases, these adenomas do not produce hormones.

There is the following classification of adrenal adenomas: stands adrenocortical . pigmentary   and onkotsitarnaya   adenoma.

With adrenocortical   adenoma, which is the most common, there is a node that is similar to the capsule. It is much less common in people pigment   adenomas, which sometimes may be accompanied by Cushing's syndrome . Pigment adenomas have a size of no more than 2-3 centimeters.

Outward appearance onkotsitarnoy   adenoma often resembles other types of adenomas. This type of tumor is very rare. Adenoma has a granular structure, its cells are large with plenty of mitochondria .

The adrenal glands consist of a mixture of human and cerebral cortical layers, which are the basis for the emergence of favorable adenomas. The cortical layer of the adrenal gland is responsible for the production of steroid hormones and the development sometimes becomes excessive. As a result, formation of adrenal adenomas.

A sign of adrenal adenomas are phenomena that occur as a result of hormonal changes. In this disease can manifest masculinization   women and feminization   men. Another symptom of adrenal adenomas is becoming dramatic weight gain, and later perhaps a manifestation of hypertension. Symptoms of the disease manifests as a consequence of the presence of syndromes that have arisen because of the excess hormones produced by the adrenal glands.

For diagnosis initially conducted tests for determining pituitary adenoma, and only after that a study carried out for the presence of adrenal adenomas. Using radiographic methods of investigation can be to get a clear picture of adenoma.

Treatment of adrenal adenoma carried by surgery. If surgery is made before the modification occurred in the adenoma cancer, that is, kartsenomu , The recovery occurs in most cases. When kartsenome adrenal survival is not more than 40%. It is therefore important early treatment of this disease.

Thyroid adenoma

Benign tumors and is thyroid adenoma . She looks like a knot oval or round shape, with well defined fibrous capsule. The disease develops slowly and can occur in people of any age, but is most often adenoma thyroid sick women, especially after forty years. Quite often, the tumor has impressive size, so that it can compress adjacent organs and structures of the neck. Over time, this can be transformed into a tumor thyroid cancer .

Thyroid adenoma is a dangerous disease, as a result of thyroid tumor starts to produce excessive amounts of hormones. At the same time inhibits the function of the pituitary gland decreases production of thyrotropin, and the rest of the functions of thyroid tissue are reduced.

Thyroid adenoma usually divided into follicular . makrofollikulyarnuyu   ( colloidal ) microfollicular . embryonic . Fetal   and other types of adenoma.

The main clinical sign of adenoma of the thyroid gland is the presence of a node in the thyroid gland. This node typically has an oval or circular shape, its surface is smooth, clearly defined edges. In some cases there are multiple adenomas, sometimes combined with the adenoma and cancer goiter . Thyroid adenoma violated only in rare cases.

When toxic adenoma of the thyroid gland in humans is reduced body weight, although power remains unchanged. The person becomes irritable, it does not tolerate cold and heat, he often quickens the heart rate, and it occurs even during sleep. Also, when an adenoma of the thyroid gland appears strong sweating and high levels of fatigue.

In the development of the disease impairs the function of the gastrointestinal tract, people suffering from high blood pressure, sometimes a long time, there is a high body temperature. There is also the development of changes in the cardiovascular system. Gradually, man is manifested heart failure.

Diagnosis of thyroid adenoma performed using ultrasound, and cytology. To obtain material for Biopsy   held puncture site. Further aspiration biopsy is performed, which in most cases makes adenoma distinguish from malignant tumors.

Treatment of thyroid adenoma in most cases carried out by surgical operation. Before the surgery, the patient takes a course of drugs that suppress thyroid function. It is important to ensure patient compliance protein diet, proper rest and sleep. Later adenoma removed surgically. In some cases, older patients received therapy tirotoksicheskoy adenoma using radioactive exposure Iodine .

Also there is a method of treatment in which a node is entered ethanol . Such injection produces several times with a view to the destruction site and as a consequence, the termination hormone adenoma.

BPH

With prostate adenoma   It occurs prostate tissue growth, and as a result of its dimensions greatly increased. There is a statistics according to which about half of men over the age of fifty suffer from BPH.

The main cause of this disease is considered to be sedentary. Prostate adenoma often develops on the background of hormonal changes in men. Therefore, the disease is typical for the elderly.

The prostate is a man under the bladder and surrounds the urethra on all sides. When formed adenoma in the prostate first appears a small nodule. It grows, gradually squeezing the urethra. Such education is benign. When prostate adenoma patient noted an increase in the prostate gland. He disrupted the flow of urine: urine stream is always sluggish, and in the end it becomes intermittent urination. Time urination increases, but in order to completely empty the bladder, a person has to strain your abdominal muscles.

Man feels frequent urge, not a long time holding back urine when the urge is forced to urinate at night.

If time does not Priya measures gradually patient man comes kidney damage manifests itself renal failure . Due to the delay of urine in the bladder due to incomplete emptying his kidney stones can occur. There is also a high risk of urinary tract infection.

In severe cases there may be a manifestation of acute urinary retention. Thus there is a complete clamping of the urethra, and urine does not pass at all. The patient is thus a very strong pain in the abdomen. A similar phenomenon may occur at any stage of the development of BPH. In this condition the patient requires emergency surgery. In some cases, the disease can occur without obvious symptoms.

Diagnosis of prostate adenoma carries a specialist urologist. It uses digital examination of the prostate, ultrasound diagnostics, uroflowmetry, X-ray and other methods, which appoints the doctor.

Currently practiced a lot of ways to treat BPH. When the manifestation of the first symptoms of adenomas doctor prescribes medication. For this purpose, drugs that act on the muscle fibers of the prostate by relaxing them. As a result of reduced pressure on the urethra. It is also possible prescriptions which reduce prostate volume. As a result, similarly facilitated by pressure on the urethra.

If BPH is manifested in the severe form, patients received surgery.

Furthermore, some applicable methods for treating non-operational adenoma. So, sometimes used balloon dilation of the prostate, which can be used to expand the narrowed area. Also installed prostatic stents in the constriction. It is used and the method of thermotherapy of the prostate.

As preventive measures to prevent the manifestation of adenoma is necessary to adhere to the principles of healthy eating, do not abuse alcohol, to provide an active lifestyle and moderate exercise. It is important to have regular examinations by a urologist to detect the disease at an early stage.

The eighth month of pregnancy

July 4, 2012

Related Articles:

• Medicine Atsipol
• New studies are able to convince pregnant women to quit smoking
• Djufaston during pregnancy
• Treatment of cervical polyp

Tweet

Gestation   is coming to a logical denouement: the eighth month - the time when the expectant mother is engaged in registration of maternity leave, and is actively preparing for motherhood. At this time, the baby is already fully occupies the space in the womb, so sometimes it pushes even deliver some pain and discomfort expectant mother. In addition, a woman may experience pain and in view of the preparation of the uterus to the generic process: so manifest Braxton Higgs .

8 month of pregnancy - a perfect time to relax. A woman should walk a lot, to protect yourself from stressful situations, receive positive emotions from reading books, communicating with the beautiful. It will take a little time, and so free, measured life will remain in the past and plunge into the world of female new pleasant hassle.

The development of the child on the eighth month of pregnancy

When the eighth month comes to an end pregnancy , The child is already weighs almost two kilograms, and its "growth" is approximately 40 cm. In this period, the baby begins to open his eyes and to distinguish light changes. After all, if a woman goes out into the bright sunlight, the uterus becomes much lighter and the child notices. This fact is confirmed by the fact that the fruit in bright light starts to blink. Pregnancy Week 29 which is already behind us, signs and other achievements of the developing child. Studies confirm that for 8 months of development the child feels pain, distinguishes between taste and smell.

During this period, the fetus may take the position that will remain before delivery . At this time, most children already are in the womb head down. However, up to 36 weeks of gestation in the womb is still plenty of room for the kid had taken a different position. Therefore, the expectant mother should not worry ahead of time, if the doctor told her the wrong position of the baby.

8 month of pregnancy - this is the period when the baby's heart is almost completely developed and takes the final shape. But even at such a late stage of development of the heart and cardiovascular system it has features that are characteristic of the fetus. The child at this stage of development in all the blood vessels circulating venous blood and blood saturated with oxygen. Only from mother to child by the umbilical vein passes clean arterial blood. In this regard, it is important that maternal blood was saturated with the most oxygen As well as other important substances for the baby. If not enough oxygen in the blood of female child may be at serious risk. Therefore, during pregnancy, the expectant mother must not only refrain from smoking itself, but not to be around people who smoke. In the presence of cardiovascular disease in women, which also affects the blood oxygen saturation, the woman must be constantly consulted with experts and receive adequate treatment.

Other organs of the child are formed at this time is not less active. The baby's liver is actively shaped segments, improving blood flow to the liver. Intensive works pancreas,   providing the child's body insulin .

At the same time, the baby's lungs end formed alveoli Which covers a special ingredient - Surfactant That is characteristic of mature functionally lungs. The respiratory center is also formed, and the child may already own breathing. Therefore, pregnancy, 8 months, which is already behind us, can result in the birth of a viable baby. But still much better if the baby will be born in time.

It grows and develops at the time and the baby's head: eight months, its value is already equal to 60% of the size of an adult. General view of the baby is also changing: it quickly accumulates subcutaneous fat layer, and the skin is smoothed. Now the child is much less wrinkles and the skin becomes red and rather pink. There is still vernix, but the primary bloom fades.

The appearance of a woman eight months pregnant

Pregnancy 30 weeks where a woman has gradually increased belly at this stage can deliver more than noticeable discomfort. The uterus gradually rose to the ribs, and sometimes even the expectant mother may feel that it is difficult to breathe. It was at the end of the eighth month of the uterus is the most highly. Yet every woman, evaluating own appearance at this time, to be aware of the fact that pregnancy is always evolving with individual characteristics. Therefore, it makes no sense to compare the size and shape of their own bellies belly with other pregnant women in the same period. Even the size of the baby does not affect what would be the stomach.

During this period, actively increasing the weight of the pregnant woman, and it becomes more slow and clumsy. In an average week grows 500 grams of weight. But if these figures are much higher, you should consult your doctor as it is fraught with the presence of Hidden edema . Perhaps he will recommend to spend a few days of discharge. Yet if the weight gain at this time is approximately ten kilograms, then, as a rule, a woman quickly comes to its former shape after childbirth.

In the last months of pregnancy a woman's appearance can comprehend another change related to the particular hormonal. It's too intense growth of hair on the skin. The fact is that during the childbearing hair loss in women is significantly reduced, but the new hairs continue to grow. However, after the birth of a baby situation has changed dramatically, and the amount of hair on the skin returns to normal.

Health of the woman in the eighth month of pregnancy

At 8 months pregnant woman is gradually overcome by nervousness. It may suffer from extreme fatigue, do not sleep at night.

At that time, many expectant mothers are diagnosed as unpleasant phenomenon as preeclampsia . This disease is characterized by increased Blood Pressure   and the occurrence of edema. In this case, it is important to regularly take urine samples, as the appearance of protein in it, you can talk about the development of preeclampsia. In such a case urgent treatment in a hospital. However, if the pregnancy is 31 weeks at the end, is going well, it is likely, preeclampsia does not occur. Preeclampsia most often develops in women who have a history of a certain pathology of pregnancy.

At this stage, a woman carrying a baby can also overcome the constant attacks Heartburn And very frequent urination. At night, it is sometimes necessary to get up several times. The fact that the uterus during this time greatly increased, so its pressure affects other organs.

Besides these troubles at this time a woman may suffer from frequent manifestations constipation . nausea . continuous gassing . difficulty breathing . Due to the fact that diaphragm presses the uterus, the woman becomes progressively harder to breathe. Before birth the uterus drops and breathing becomes easier. And on the eighth month of pregnancy, doctors advise women to try as much as possible to keep your back straighter, which will breathe more deeply. But if a woman says not only heavy breathing, and pain in the chest, accelerated pulse and blue lips and fingertips, you should contact your doctor as soon as possible.

In the eighth month of pregnancy, often manifests itself Varicose veins of the legs And rectum. There may be swelling of the legs, which appear more pronounced in the evening. A person may also swell.

What worries a woman eight months pregnant

During this period, women continue to celebrate a number of sensations that bothered her before, in the earlier stages of pregnancy. However, these phenomena are gradually added, and other sensations. Thus, pregnancy, 32 weeks is coming to an end, there is a very strong and constant activity of the child. Vaginal discharge continue to emerge, but at this time their number may increase. At this stage of pregnancy, women are often concerned about the recurrent nosebleeds, blood appears and gums during of cleaning teeth.

Especially future mother at this time concerned about pain in the back, as her posture varies greatly due to the increased abdomen. These feelings can add and appearing periodically itchy belly. This is not surprising, as the skin stretched considerably.

Because breast expectant mother periodically released colostrum Thus there is preparation for the upcoming stage breast-feeding   baby.

In addition to the above-described physiological characteristics of the pregnant woman and overcome psychological difficulties. By the end of the eighth month in most expectant mothers get the feeling much boring pregnancy and the desire to see the child as soon as possible. This adds a sense of confusion, fatigue, feeling of weakness. At this time, a woman obsessed with a variety of fears associated with future delivery, child health, their own future status of the mother. In addition, women are often worried and even irritates her current appearance. To allay fears, it should communicate with women having a positive birth experience, as well as to get as much positive emotions.

Incorrect position of the child

If in recent weeks eighth month of pregnancy the doctor told the woman about breech position of the fetus , It should try to intensify the process of turning the child. Optimal management of labor provides cephalic. Therefore, in the last eight weeks of pregnancy a woman can do special exercises to stimulate the baby's rotation.

Sometimes practiced outer turn the baby's head, the doctor who performed the first stage of labor. By controlling the fetal ultrasonography, a specialist turns the child, putting his hands to his stomach woman. But such a procedure doctors sometimes are afraid to perform because of the possibility of manifestation of some complications.

If the baby is in a breech position longitudinally, perhaps his birth naturally. However, the physician should carefully maintain delivery, controlling the process by means of electronic devices and making decisions about the use of epidural anesthesia , The use of forceps, cuts of the perineum. In addition, if a generic process with malpresentation child physicians must be ready at any moment to resort to caesarean section . The position of the child before birth by probing the doctor will determine the woman's abdomen.

Sex on the eighth month of pregnancy

If pregnancy is not complicated by certain medical conditions or other factors, the doctors do not prohibit a woman sexual relations until delivery. However, if a doctor warns a woman of a certain risk of miscarriage, that sex should not be practiced. Especially risky sex to women who nurture multiple pregnancy, as well as those who at the time already had a preterm birth. Also, sexual relationships in the last months of pregnancy is forbidden to women who have Proposition placenta, unexplained bleeding, premature separation of placenta, fetal membranes cracking.

However, in the last months of pregnancy a woman should think about the fact that with the advent of a small child in the family of her husband should not be deprived of attention and care. Consequently, even at this time it is important to find a close psychological contact with her husband and together try to prepare for the upcoming changes.

Recommendations woman in the eighth month of pregnancy

Doctors recommend at this time to sleep on his side. It is important to avoid poses on her back, as in such a situation occurs compression of the inferior vena cava. As a result, the heartbeat becomes more intense dizzy. To ensure the most comfortable position during sleep, you can use some small pillows, placing them at the back and abdomen.

Sometimes, in the last months of pregnancy a woman can manifest urinary incontinence   due to the pressure of the uterus on the bladder. This can happen when a woman laughing, sneezing, coughing. To this phenomenon disappeared after the baby is born, you should regularly Kegel exercises That strengthen the pelvic muscle tone.

Doctors do not recommend at this time of a woman to travel far from home. Such an adventure because of the presence of a certain burden on a woman's body during the transfers and threaten the health of women and of the fetus. In addition, during the development process of premature birth doctor will be very far away.

If a woman feels good, even in this period of pregnancy it can drive a short distance, wearing his seat belt. However, long travel should be avoided so long as the seat in one and the same position is extremely undesirable.

In the eighth month of pregnancy under normal health conditions a woman can continue to take a bath, because of the entry of microorganisms protect the fruit shell, plug of mucus, which is located in the cervix and the amniotic fluid. But every expectant mother should think about the fact that her movement is now extremely awkward, so taking a shower and bath to be very careful not to slip. To avoid this, you can put in a bath or shower cubicle rubber mat. And coming out of the bath, you can ask for help a loved one.

It is time to significantly reduce the intensity of exercise. Yet easy, not straining exercises a woman can perform every day. It is important to pay attention to breathing exercises, which greatly facilitate the condition of the woman in labor.

To avoid swelling, should renounce the use of large amounts of salt. Eating desirable small, frequent meals.

The eighth month of pregnancy - a time when a woman has to collect all the things that will be useful to her in the hospital. Let everything be done, because generations will begin very soon.

Research on the eighth month of pregnancy

In the last months of pregnancy, a woman often visited a gynecologist. Traditionally, each visit being identified weight and blood pressure parameters, laboratory analysis of urine. The doctor is required to measure the height of the uterine fundus, will hear the fetal heartbeat. In the eighth month, it is also important to find out the position of the fetus and its size. In addition, the woman have to show the doctor a limb, that it has determined whether it is susceptible to swelling and manifestations of varicose veins.

Thyroid Hypothyroidism (myxedema)

March 19, 2013

Related Articles:

• Testosterone Decanoate
• Stone therapy: finding peace
• Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• Sex Hormones

Tweet

Hypothyroidism   - It is not a disease but a condition in which the human body there is a very low level hormones Thyroid . In this case, we are talking about the paucity of the gland, or in the body of the development of certain pathological processes that affect the hormonal metabolism. As diseases are defined exclusively symptoms of hypothyroidism. The first time he described the symptoms as early as 1873 . Later, in 1878, there was also the definition of " myxedema "Denoting the presence of mucosal edema of the skin in severe forms of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism affects women more often (the disease is diagnosed in about 1 in 50 women and 1 in 1,000 males). In most cases the disease is detected in adult women, and with age, its prevalence is increasing.

Causes and types of hypothyroidism

The thyroid gland produces a hormone thyroxine Which is responsible for the metabolic processes in the body. Together with the circulating blood hormone misses all cells and organs.

Hypothyroidism thyroid gland may develop in several ways. But above all, endocrinology involves the definition of two types of the disease: primary hypothyroidism and secondary hypothyroidism .

If a patient develops the primary form of the disease , It is associated with reduced production of thyroid hormones in connection with pathological processes in the prostate. Secondary hypothyroidism It develops as a consequence of changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary system, which causes the thyroid gland. Sometimes symptoms of hypothyroidism occur for no apparent reason, and then we are talking about idiopathic form of the disease .

Primary hypothyroidism develops differently. With alternation   the development is often damaged thyroid tissue in connection with the attack of the immune system. In this case, a so-called diagnosed autoimmune hypothyroidism Which reasons - the presence of certain defects of the immune system that lead to the fact that it determines the thyroid cells as foreign. Such defects can occur due to injury, taking medication, exposure to parasites, infections, radiation, etc..

Iodine Deficiency   path indicates that the human body is not received sufficient Iodine . As a result, the thyroid gland can not function normally. It is especially important to take care of elimination of iodine deficiency for those planning to conceive a child in the near future.

Primary hypothyroidism can be both congenital , So Acquired . ABOUT congenital   hypothyroidism it is in when the thyroid is completely absent, or it is underdeveloped. As a result, the body is marked shortage of thyroid hormones. Sometimes also noted a hereditary defect enzymes Who are directly involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Because of this, the thyroid gland absorbs iodine is not in sufficient quantity.

Acquired primary   hypothyroidism - a consequence of the operation, in which the thyroid gland is removed. It must be removed if the iron has been exposed to radiation and after some inflammatory diseases, after ingestion of certain medications, as well as in prostate tumors. If symptoms gipotireoza- a result of the operation, then the person is necessary for life to take drugs that contain hormones.

Hypothyroidism in children can be either congenital or acquired. Primary congenital hypothyroidism in newborns can occur as a consequence of disturbances in fetal development. The earlier a child was a violation of the thyroid gland, the more seriously affected his health. For example, congenital myxedema may appear cretinism Which is a very serious disorder and leads to the deterioration of physical and mental development of the child. Condition requires immediate treatment, since children suffering from this disease develops slowly and have a number of health problems.

There is another classification. When pronounced symptoms diagnosed overt hypothyroidism And the absence thereof in a patient is determined subclinical hypothyroidism . If this diagnosis is almost no symptoms, but when analyzing laboratory notes certain laboratory parameters. To confirm the diagnosis, always carried a second blood test for thyroid-stimulating hormone. If changes are present, the doctor prescribes the appropriate treatment. However, treatment in this case is shown not in all patients. It is important to restore the hormone levels, especially in patients of reproductive age, especially those planning pregnancy . But for older people, especially those who have cardiovascular disease Such stabilization is better not to.

Symptoms

In hypothyroidism (myxedema) in humans indicated a reduced level thyroxine   - Thyroid hormone. This state is shown next to the different symptoms. First of all, myxedema provokes a human constant feeling of fatigue. The patient suffers from weight gain, dry skin, constipation, he observed, expressed brittle hair. A number of these manifestations can be noted, even considering the photo rights. Symptoms of hypothyroidism are also manifested feeling cold, depression, difficulty in mental reactions. All these signs - the result of a tangible slowing of metabolism.

One of the main signs of myxedema is mucosal swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. If the mucous swelling pressure on the skin of a finger, the deepening of her remains. As a result, changes are expressed on the face of the patient: it becomes puffy, features grubeyut and bags under the eyes appear.

Myxedema thyroid can trigger other symptoms that occur less frequently than described above. Due to the swelling of the vocal cords voice can be very low. In women, the disease manifests itself particularly irregular or heavy menstrual periods, decreased sexual desire. Sometimes it leads to illness infertility . Furthermore, in the elderly can markedly reduce memory and marked severe disorientation .

But sometimes provoke such symptoms and other diseases, so diagnosis in some cases, require a thorough inspection. The development of the symptoms of hypothyroidism is often relatively slow, so the patient can gradually deteriorate, as the reduction process in the body of thyroxin. After a course of intensive treatment of the symptoms usually disappear.

Complications

If the disease is not cured in a timely manner, the patient increases the risk of Heart Failure . Due to shortage of thyroxine increases blood lipids. Particularly serious is the combination of hypothyroidism and pregnancy. In expectant mothers suffering from this disease, significantly increases the risk of symptoms of anemia, preeclampsia   (Late toxemia ). In addition, these women are at risk to have a baby prematurely. Often, women with hypothyroidism, babies are born with low birth weight, a high risk of stillbirth and severe postpartum bleeding . In rare cases, a very serious complication - hypothyroid coma . But if taken timely treatment of disease, the complications usually do not develop. Overall prognosis is favorable.

Diagnostics

If the specialist suspects that the patient develops hypothyroidism, initially it determines the level of TSH hormone and hormone gland. A doctor in the diagnosis of studying history, examines the thyroid gland using palpation. By analyzing blood to determine the availability antibodies   and accordingly, the features of the immune system. Visual assessment of the state of the thyroid gland is also an important point in the research process.

Rate changes in it, allowing radionuclide scanning, CT, MRI, ultrasound. But in the process of diagnosing doctor's attention is drawn not only to the state of the thyroid gland, but also on the changes that occur in other organs and tissues. It is therefore very important individual approach in each case.

Treatment

Treatment of hypothyroidism is practiced only after the final and accurate diagnosis. Despite the fact that from ancient times, people practiced the treatment of folk remedies, to date, experts say that the main method of treatment of a thyroid gland - is s amestitelnaya therapy . This method of treatment is that the patient, who noted the shortage of hormones, administered drugs containing them. The doses of these agents are selected only individually, but to take drugs with hormones must be every day.

In determining how to treat hypothyroidism, your doctor takes into account the cause of the disease. Depending on this, replacement therapy is prescribed for months, years, or until the end of his life. If the causes of illnesses in adults and children persists, the use of these drugs must continue throughout life. In this case, no folk remedies or herbal remedies do not have much influence the desired action. In the course of complex therapy is also practiced reception vitamins (the most important in this case to take vitamins A, B12), nootropic drugs such as, glutamic acid . Practiced physiotherapy, to the same patient, it is important to provide daily nutrition.

If thyroid broken due to the development in humans of iodine deficiency, it is necessary to make up for this deficiency. However, it should be remembered that the self, and, consequently, uncontrolled intake of iodine can bring significant harm to the body. After the activity of the substance impairs thyroid condition. Iodine dosage prescribed to clear and they should be consumed only in a designated doctor dosage form. However, national treatment of hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency, nevertheless involves the introduction of the diet foods high its contents. It is a seaweed, seafood, nuts, iodized salt.

Autoimmune hypothyroidism and treated with products containing thyroid hormones. In addition, sometimes the treatment is practiced glucocorticoid drugs Which can suspend autoimmune responses in the patient. Also, expertise evidence of effective impact on the patient's condition therapies . Some doctors practicing homeopathy as treatment of disease. If the treatment of the disease to start on time, then we can talk about a favorable prognosis.

Prevention

To prevent development of the disease, it is imperative to include in the diet of foods high in iodine. It is worth instead of regular salt to start using iodized. As a tonic periodically should take vitamin mixture, walk in the fresh air on a regular basis to take care of cleanliness. The normal thyroid gland and can disrupt regular stresses . It is therefore important to prevent serious emotional disturbances and failures and, if possible, on a regular basis to practice a relaxation technique.

Renal failure and anuria

June 14, 2013

Related Articles:

• Foodborne diseases
• Blood in the urine of women
• Treatment of chronic pyelonephritis
• How to protect yourself from infection by intestinal infections?

Tweet

Acute renal failure - A condition in which there is a sudden stop or a very sharp decline in the function of both kidneys or a solitary kidney. As a result of this state is shown azotemia That is rapidly growing, and observed heavy water-electrolyte disturbances.

In the same time anuria It is a severe condition of an organism in which completely stops the urine flow into the bladder, or during the day it enters no more than 50 ml. A person suffering from anuria, and no urination, and urge him.

What's happening?

The pathogenesis of the disease is the leading circulatory problems in the kidneys and lowering the level of oxygen being delivered to them. As a consequence, there is a violation of all the important functions of the kidney - filtration . excretory . secretory . As a result, the body dramatically increases the content of the products of nitrogen metabolism, seriously disturbed metabolism.

Approximately 60% of the symptoms of acute renal failure were observed after surgery or injury. About 40% of cases the disease manifests itself in the treatment of patients in a hospital. In rare cases (about 1-2%) developed the syndrome in women during pregnancy .

Distinguish acute   and chronic   stage renal failure. Clinic of acute renal insufficiency may develop over several hours. If the diagnosis performed in a timely manner, and all measures were taken to prevent such a condition, the renal function recovered completely. Presentation of treatments carried out by a specialist.

It defines several types of acute renal failure. Prerenal kidney failure develops as a result of acute disorders of blood flow to the kidneys. Renal   renal failure - the result of renal parenchymal lesions. Postrenal   renal insufficiency - a consequence of severe disruption of the flow of urine.

Causes

The development of acute renal failure occurs during the production of traumatic shock, in which the damaged tissue. Also, this condition develops under the influence of reflex shock, reducing the amount of circulating blood due to burns, loss of blood. In this case, the state is defined as   shock kidney . This happens when a serious accident, serious surgical interventions, injuries, myocardial infarction , Transfusion of incompatible blood.

A condition called toxic kidney It manifested as a result of poisoning by toxins, intoxication medication, alcohol abuse, substance abuse, exposure.

Acute infectious kidney   - Consequences of serious infectious diseases - hemorrhagic fever . Leptospirosis . It can also occur during severe infectious diseases, which is rapidly developing dehydration.

Acute renal failure develops due to obstruction of the urinary tract. This occurs when the patient is growing tumor, there are stones, observed thrombosis, embolism, renal artery, ureter injury occurs. Furthermore, anuria sometimes becomes severe complication pyelonephritis   and acute glomerulonephritis .

In pregnancy, acute renal failure is most common in the first and third trimesters. In the first trimester of this condition can develop after a abortion Especially conducted in non-sterile conditions.

Renal failure develops as a result of postpartum hemorrhage and preeclampsia in the last weeks of pregnancy.

It provided a number of cases where you can not clearly define the reasons for which the patient developed acute renal failure. Sometimes this situation is when the disease affects several different factors.

Symptoms

Initially the patient is not directly manifested symptoms of renal failure and signs of the disease, which leads to the development of anuria. It can be signs of shock, poisoning, symptoms of the disease itself. Further symptoms in children and adults manifest decrease in the amount of urine. Initially, its quantity is reduced to 400 ml daily (this state is called oligouriya ), After a patient is allocated not more than 50 ml urine per day (defined anuria ). The patient complains of nausea, he also observed vomiting, appetite disappears.

A person becomes sluggish, drowsy, he had marked inhibition of consciousness, and sometimes there are convulsions and hallucinations.

Changes and skin condition. It becomes very dry, pale, can appear swelling and bleeding. The man breathes deeply and often, he says tachycardia , Disturbed heart rhythm and blood pressure rises. May also marked diarrhea and abdominal distention .

Anuria is cured if treatment is started anurii timely and properly conducted. To do this, the doctor should clearly identify the causes of anuria. If therapy is carried out correctly, the symptoms gradually disappear and anuria period begins when urine output is restored. During the improvement of the patient is characterized by anuria daily diuresis of 3-5 liters. However, in order to health was completely restored, it is necessary from 6 to 18 months.

Thus, the disease is divided into four stages. At the initial stage of the human condition depends on that reason, which provoked renal failure. In the second step oligoanuricheskoy dramatically decreases the amount of urine, or it may be completely absent. This stage is the most dangerous, and if it continues for too long, there may be coma and even death. In the third, diuretic stage the patient is gradually increasing the amount of urine that is released. Then comes the fourth stage - recovery.

Diagnostics

Patients with suspected renal insufficiency or with signs anurii appointed a number of surveys. First of all, is to consult a urologist, biochemical and clinical blood tests, ultrasound, intravenous urography. Anura easy to diagnose, since according to the survey of the patient can understand that he has a long time there was no urination and urgency to it. To differentiate it from the state of acute urinary retention, bladder catheterization is performed to confirm the absence of it in the urine.

Treatment

All patients who have symptoms of acute renal failure, must be delivered urgently to the hospital where the diagnosis and subsequent treatment is carried out in the intensive care unit or in the Department of Nephrology. The leading role in this case is as much as possible before the beginning of the treatment of the underlying disease to eliminate all the causes that led to kidney damage. Given the fact that the pathogenesis of the disease is most often determined by the influence on the shock body, it is necessary to carry out promptly protivoshokovym events . Decisive importance in the choice of treatment is the classification of types of the disease. Thus, in patients with renal failure caused by loss of blood, held its compensation by introducing substitutes. If initially there was poisoning, be sure to carry out gastric lavage to remove toxic substances. When severe renal insufficiency should be carried out hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.

Especially serious condition causing end-stage chronic renal failure. In this case completely lost kidney function, and toxins accumulate in the body. As a result, such a condition can lead to serious complications. Therefore, chronic renal failure in adults and children should be subjected to appropriate treatment.

Treatment of renal disease carried out gradually, subject to certain stages. Initially, the doctor will determine the causes that led to the fact that the patient showed signs of kidney failure. Further steps must be taken to achieve a relatively normal urine volume, which is released in a human.

Depending on the stage of renal failure should be conservative therapy. Its purpose - to reduce the amount of nitrogen, water, and electrolytes, which enter the body, this amount corresponded to that derived from the body. In addition, the important thing is to restore the body diet   with renal failure, continuous monitoring of its condition, as well as monitoring of biochemical parameters. Especially careful to treatment should be if there is kidney failure in children.

The next important step is to carry out the treatment of anuria dialysis . In some cases, dialysis therapy is used to prevent complications in the early stages of the disease.

Absolute indications for dialysis patient - is symptomatic uremia, a buildup of fluid in the patient, which is not amenable to removal by using conservative methods.

Particular importance is given to feeding patients. The fact that hunger and thirst   can dramatically worsen the condition of the person. In this case it is shown low-protein diet , I.e. in the diet should dominate fats, carbohydrates. If a person can not eat on their own, necessarily intravenously administered glucose and nutrient mixture.

Complications

The course of acute renal failure is often complicated by infectious diseases. It is in this course of the disease can end in death.

As complications of the cardiovascular system is circulatory failure . Arrhythmia . hypertension . pericarditis . Often, acute renal failure observed manifestation of neurological disorders. Those patients who are not on dialysis, can celebrate   severe drowsiness , Impairment of consciousness, tremors and other disorders of the nervous system. More often such violations occur in the elderly.

On the side GI   complications occur often. This may be nausea, anorexia, bowel obstruction.

Prevention

To prevent the development of such a dangerous condition of the body, above all, must be timely to provide qualified assistance to those patients who are at high risk of developing acute renal failure. These are people with severe injuries, burns; those who have just suffered a serious operation, patients with sepsis, eclampsia and others. Very carefully, use those medications that are nephrotoxic .

To prevent the development of chronic renal failure that develops as a consequence of a number of diseases of the kidneys, it is necessary to prevent the exacerbation of pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis. It is important for chronic forms of these diseases is required to observe strict diet prescribed by your doctor. Patients with chronic kidney disease should be monitored regularly by a doctor.

Pulmonary embolism

June 15, 2012

Related Articles:

• Flebodia, reviews hemorrhoids
• Hydrocephalus in children
• Campaign: a healthy heart!
• What are the medicinal properties of red wine have?

Tweet

Pulmonary embolism   (a shortened version - PE) - a pathological condition in which blood clots   rapidly clog branch pulmonary embolism . Blood clots in the veins occur initially systemic circulation rights.

To date, a very high percentage of people suffering from cardiovascular disease, it is due to die of pulmonary embolism. Quite often, PE causes of death of patients in the postoperative period. According to medical statistics, die about a fifth of all people with the manifestation of pulmonary thromboembolism. Thus fatal in most cases occurs within the first two hours after development of emboli.

Experts say that the incidence of pulmonary embolism is difficult to determine, since about half of the cases the disease goes unnoticed. Common symptoms are often similar to symptoms of other diseases, so diagnosis is often incorrect.

Causes of pulmonary thromboembolism

The most common pulmonary embolism occurs due to blood clots, originally appeared in the deep veins of the legs. Therefore, the main cause of pulmonary embolism is often the development thrombosis   the deep veins of the legs. In more rare instances, thromboembolism trigger blood clots from veins of the right heart, abdomen, pelvis, upper limb. Very often, clots occur in those patients who, due to other ailments constantly comply with bed rest. Most often it is the people who suffer myocardial infarction . Lung Disease As well as those who received a spinal cord injury, underwent surgery on his hip. Significantly increased risk of thromboembolism in patients thrombophlebitis . It is often manifested pulmonary embolism as a complication of cardiovascular diseases: rheumatism . infective endocarditis . cardiomyopathy . hypertension . coronary heart disease .

However, pulmonary embolism, and sometimes strikes people without symptoms of chronic diseases. Typically, this happens when a person stays for a long time in a forced position, for example, often depart by plane.

To the human body formed thrombus, the following conditions: the presence of damage to the vascular wall, slow blood flow to the site of injury, high blood clotting.

Damage to the walls of the veins often occur in inflammation, in traumas and in intravenous injections. In turn, the flow of blood slows down due to the development of heart failure in a patient, by prolonged forced position (wearing a plaster bed rest).

The reasons for increased blood clotting doctors determine the number of violations of the hereditary nature, and such a state can trigger eating oral contraceptives , Disease AIDS . A higher risk of blood clots is determined in pregnant women, people with a second group of blood, and in patients obesity .

The most dangerous are blood clots that have one end attached to the vessel wall, and the free end of the thrombus is then in the vessel lumen. Sometimes it is just a small effort (person may cough, make a sudden movement, strain), and there is separation of the blood clot. Next, the bloodstream is the blood clot in the pulmonary artery. In some cases, clot hits the wall of the vessel and divided into small pieces. This may occur occlusion of small vessels in the lungs.

Symptoms of pulmonary thromboembolism

Experts identify three types of PE, regardless of how much of the pulmonary vascular lesions observed. With massive pulmonary embolism   more than 50% of affected lung vessels. In this case, the symptoms of thromboembolism expressed shock, a sharp fall Blood Pressure , Loss of consciousness, there is a lack of right ventricular function. The consequence of hypoxic brain with massive embolism are sometimes brain damage.

Submassive thromboembolism determined in lesions from 30 to 50% of the vessels of the lungs. In this form of the disease a person suffers from shortness of breath But the blood pressure is normal. Violation of the functions of the right ventricle is less pronounced.

With nonmassive thromboembolism   the function of the right ventricle is not broken, but the patient suffers from shortness of breath.

According to the severity of the disease is divided into thromboembolism acute . subacute   and chronic relapsing . In the acute form of the disease begins PE sharply manifested hypotension, severe chest pain, shortness of breath. In the case of sub-acute thromboembolism occurs growth of right heart and respiratory failure symptoms infarcted pneumonia . Recurrent thromboembolism chronic form characterized by the repetition of shortness of breath, symptoms of pneumonia.

Symptoms thromboembolism directly dependent on how the process is massive, and the condition of blood vessels, heart and lungs of the patient. The main symptoms of pulmonary thromboembolism is a severe shortness of breath and hurried breathing . The manifestation of dyspnea is usually sharp. If the patient is in a recumbent position, it would become easier. The occurrence of shortness of breath - the first and most common symptom of pulmonary embolism. Shortness of breath shows the development of acute respiratory failure. It can be expressed in different ways: sometimes the man think he lacks a little air in some cases shortness of breath is particularly pronounced. Also featured is a strong thromboembolism tachycardia : Heart beats at a frequency of greater than 100 beats per minute.

In addition to dyspnea and tachycardia occur pain in the chest or a feeling some discomfort. Pain may be different. For most patients there was a sharp dagger chest pain. The pain may last for several minutes and several hours. If embolism develops the main trunk of the pulmonary artery, the pain can wear rending character and felt behind the breastbone. When massive embolism pain may spread to the sternum. Embolism small branches of the pulmonary artery can occur without any pain. In some cases, may occur Harkany blood, blue or paleness of the lips, ears, nose.

When listening to an expert reveals rales in the lungs, systolic murmur on the heart. During the echocardiogram revealed thrombi in the pulmonary arteries and the right heart, and there are signs of right ventricular function. On the X-ray visible changes in the lungs of the patient.

As a result of occlusion decreased pumping function of the right ventricle, resulting in the left ventricle receives enough blood. It is fraught with reduction of blood in the aorta and arteries, which provokes a sharp drop in blood pressure and shock. Under such conditions, the patient develops myocardial infarction . atelectasis .

Often the patient is an increase in body temperature to subfebrile, sometimes febrile indicators. This is due to the fact that the blood is thrown many biologically active substances. Fever   It may last from two days to two weeks. A few days after pulmonary thromboembolism some people may have pain in the chest, coughing, Harkany blood, symptoms of pneumonia.

Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

In the process of diagnostics performed a physical examination of the patient to identify specific clinical syndromes. The doctor can determine wheezing, hypotension, determines the body temperature, which rises in the early hours of the development of PE.

The main methods of examination in thromboembolism should include carrying out an electrocardiogram, chest radiography, echocardiography, biochemical blood.

It should be noted that approximately 20% of cases of thromboembolism can not be determined with the help of the ECG, as no changes are observed. There are a number of specific features, determined in the course of these investigations.

The most informative method of analysis is considered ventilation-perfusion lung scan. It carries out research by angiography.

In the process of diagnosing thromboembolism also shown holding a tool inspection, during which the doctor determines whether phlebothrombosis lower extremities. To detect venous thrombosis applied radiopaque venography. Carrying an ultrasonic Doppler blood vessels of legs reveals patency of veins.

Treatment of pulmonary embolism

Treatment thromboembolism directed primarily to activate perfusion lung . Also, the goal of therapy is to prevent symptoms postembolic chronic pulmonary hypertension .

If there was a suspicion on the development of PE, step prior to hospitalization, it is important to immediately ensure patient adherence to strict bed rest. This will prevent the recurrence of thromboembolism.

Manufactured CVC   for infusion therapy, and careful monitoring of central venous pressure. If there is acute respiratory failure, the patient produce tracheal intubation . To reduce severe pain and relieve the pulmonary circulation, the patient must take opioids (for this purpose is preferably used a 1% solution Morphine ). This drug is also effective in reducing dyspnea.

Patients who have an acute right ventricular failure, shock, hypotension, intravenous reopoligljukin . However, this drug is contraindicated in high central venous pressure.

In order to reduce the pressure in the pulmonary circulation is assigned intravenous eufillina . If the systolic blood pressure less than 100 mm Hg. Art., this medication is not used. If the patient diagnosed with pneumonia infarction, it is prescribed therapy antibiotics .

To restore the patency of the pulmonary artery, is used as a conservative and surgical therapy.

Methods of conservative therapy include the implementation and maintenance of thrombolysis thrombosis prophylaxis for the prevention of re-embolism. Therefore, thrombolytic treatment is performed for the rapid restoration of blood flow through the occluded pulmonary arteries.

Such treatment is carried out in the case, if the doctor is confident in the accuracy of diagnosis and can provide a complete laboratory control of the process of therapy. Be sure to take into account a number of contraindications for use of this treatment. These are the first ten days after surgery or injury, presence of concomitant diseases, in which there is a risk of hemorrhagic complications, the active form TB . hemorrhagic diathesis . esophageal varices .

If there are no contraindications, treatment Heparin   begin immediately after having been diagnosed. Doses should be adjusted individually. Therapy continues appointment anticoagulants . The preparation warfarin   patients shown to take at least three months.

People who have clear contraindications to thrombolytic therapy, removes the clot surgically (thrombectomy). Also, in some cases, the installation of suitable cava filters in the vessel. This mesh filters that can trap blood clots come off and do not allow them to get into the pulmonary artery. Such filters are inserted through the skin - mainly through the internal jugular or femoral vein. Install them in the renal veins.

Prevention of pulmonary embolism

For the prevention of thromboembolism is important to know what kind of conditions predispose to the appearance of venous thrombosis and thromboembolism. Especially pay attention to their own state must be people who suffer from chronic heart failure, forced a long time to comply with bed rest, are massive diuretic therapy for a long time taking hormonal contraceptives. Furthermore, the risk factor is a number of systemic connective tissue diseases and systemic vasculitis . diabetes . The risk of thromboembolism increases with stroke , Spinal cord injury, prolonged catheter in the central vein, the presence of cancer and chemotherapy. Pay particular attention to their own health should be taken for those who have been diagnosed Varicose veins of the legs , Obese people suffering from cancer. Therefore, to avoid the development of pulmonary embolism important time to leave the state of postoperative bed rest, to treat leg veins thrombophlebitis. People who are at risk, it is shown LMWH prophylaxis.

To prevent symptoms of thromboembolism periodically receiving relevant antiplatelet agents : There may be a small dose acetylsalicylic acid .

Respiratory diseases

December 13, 2012

Related Articles:

• Noksprey
• Aldetsin
• Reviews on kodterpin
• Strong headaches and eye

Tweet

Respiratory system consists of a person nasal passages . larynx . trachea . larynx . bronchi   and light . Human lungs are surrounded by a thin connective sheath, which is called pleura . Right and left lungs are in the chest. Light - a very important body, as from his work depends, and the bloodstream. Therefore, in diseases of the lungs, in which damage lung tissue disturbed respiratory functions, not only, but also pathological changes occur in the human circulation.

Activity respiratory controls respiratory center Which is located in the medulla oblongata.

Causes respiratory diseases

The main reason why a person develops respiratory diseases are pathogens. These are viruses, bacteria, fungi, and more rarely - parasites. Typically, as the pathogens are allocated pneumococci . mycoplasma . Haemophilus influenzae . Legionella . Chlamydia . Mycobacterium tuberculosis . respiratory viral infections . influenza viruses type A and B .

In some cases, the disease is the only type of agent. In this case we are talking about monoinfection Which is diagnosed more often. Less commonly occur in humans mixed infection Caused by several types of pathogens.

In addition to these reasons, the factors that provoke respiratory diseases may be external allergens . In this case, we are talking about household allergens that is dust and house dust mites, which are often the cause of asthma. Also, the human respiratory system may be affected by animal allergens, yeasts and mold spores and fungi, pollen from a variety of plants, as well as allergens from insects.

Negatively affect the state of these bodies, some professional factors. In particular, in the process of electric welding allocated evaporation steel, nickel salts. In addition, respiratory diseases provoke some medicated drugs, food allergens.

Negative impact on human respiratory system has polluted air, which recorded high levels of certain chemicals; household pollution in residential areas, the climatic conditions are poorly suited to man; active and passive smoking.

As precipitating factors stands out as too frequent use of alcohol and other chronic diseases of man, foci of chronic infection in the body, the genetic factor.

Symptoms of respiratory diseases

Each specific respiratory diseases manifest certain symptoms. However, experts allocate some symptoms that are characteristic of several diseases.

One of these features is considered breathlessness . It is divided into subjective   (in this case, the person complains of shortness of breath during an episode of hysteria or neurosis) objective (a person changes the rhythm of breathing, as well as the duration of exhalation and inhalation) and the sochetannuju   (there is an objective dyspnea accession subjective component, where the respiratory rate increases in some diseases). In diseases of the trachea and larynx is shown inspiratory   shortness of breath, at which hampered breath. If the bronchi are affected, there is expiratory dyspnea, which is difficult when already exhale. Mixed   shortness of breath characteristic of pulmonary embolism .

Severe forms of dyspnea is considered suffocation Occurring in acute pulmonary edema . Sudden attacks of breathlessness are characteristic of asthma.

Cough   - Two of the most characteristic symptoms of respiratory diseases. Coughing occurs in humans as a reflex reaction to the presence of mucus in the larynx, trachea or bronchi. Also cough appears if the respiratory system gets a foreign body. At various ailments manifested different types of cough. In the dry pleurisy and laryngitis person suffers from bouts of dry cough, in which phlegm is not allocated.

Cough, at which allocated different amounts of sputum, characteristic of chronic bronchitis a . pneumonia . TB . oncological diseases of the respiratory system .

When inflammation in the bronchi or throat cough, usually permanent. If a person is sick flu . ARI   or pneumonia , The cough bothers him periodically.

In some diseases of the respiratory system of the patient manifests itself hemoptysis In which, together with phlegm when you cough blood is released. This symptom may occur in some severe diseases of the respiratory system, and cardiovascular ailments.

In addition to the above symptoms of patients with respiratory diseases may complain of pain. The pain may be localized in different places, sometimes it is directly related to breathing, coughing spells or a certain position of the body.

Diagnostics

To diagnosed patient correctly, the doctor should review the patient's complaints, to inspect and examine with palpation, auscultation, percussion. These methods allow you to define additional symptoms, allowing accurate diagnosis.

On examination can determine the pathology forms the chest and breathing characteristics - frequency, type, depth and rhythm.

During palpation voice can estimate the degree of jitter, which when pneumonia   can be enhanced, while pleurisy   - Weakened.

When examined using percussion can determine the decrease in the amount of air in the lung edema or fibrosis. If an abscess in the share or part of the share of light no air; in patients with emphysema, the air content increases. Furthermore, percussion allows to define a patient's lungs.

With auscultation can assess breathing and wheezing to listen to, the nature of which is different for different diseases.

In addition to these research methods are used as methods of laboratory and instrumental. The most informative are the different types of X-ray techniques.

With endoscopic techniques, which are bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, you can identify some purulent diseases, as well as to detect tumors. Also via bronchoscopy can remove foreign substances, which fall inside.

In addition, methods are used functional diagnosis, by which to determine the presence of respiratory failure. Moreover, sometimes it is determined even before the first symptoms appear. To this end, the lung volume is measured by a method called spirography. We study the intensity of pulmonary ventilation.

Use in diagnostics laboratory tests to determine the composition of the sputum, which, in turn, is informative for disease diagnosis. With acute bronchitis sputum viscous, colorless, has a slimy character. With pulmonary edema   frothy sputum, without color, has a serous character. With tuberculosis . chronic bronchitis   greenish sputum viscous and has a muco-purulent. With lung abscess   sputum purely purulent, greenish, semi-liquid. In severe lung disease in sputum observed admixture of blood.

During the microscopic examination of sputum is determined by its cellular structure. It is also practiced urine and blood. All of these methods allow the study to diagnose diseases that affect the respiratory system, and appropriate treatment.

Treatment

Given the fact that respiratory diseases are among the most common diseases in both children and adults, treatment and prevention should be as clear and adequate. If respiratory diseases are not diagnosed in a timely manner, then subsequently treat human respiratory system is necessary for much longer, and the system becomes more complex therapy.

As pharmacological therapies used a number of tools that are assigned to the complex. In this case practiced causal treatment   (drugs that eliminate the cause of the disease) symptomatic treatment   (eliminates the main symptoms) maintenance therapy   (funds for the restoration of the functions that have been violated in the course of the disease). However, any medication should be prescribed only after a comprehensive survey of a physician. In most cases, the practice of application antibiotics Effective against a particular pathogen.

In addition, in the treatment of diseases applies other methods: physiotherapy, inhalations, manual therapy, exercise therapy, reflexology, chest massage, breathing exercises, and others.

For the prevention of respiratory diseases, given their structure and characteristics of the transmission of pathogens, using respiratory protection. It is important to use personal protective equipment (cotton-gauze bandage), being in direct contact with a person diagnosed with a viral infection.

Let us consider in more detail some of the common respiratory diseases, treatment and prevention methods.

Bronchitis

With the development of this disease is an acute inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, in rarer cases, all the layers of inflamed bronchial walls. Development of the disease provoked adenoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza, a number of bacteria and mycoplasmas. Sometimes as bronchitis causes perform some physical factors. Bronchitis can develop on the background of acute respiratory disease, and in parallel with it. The development of acute bronchitis occurs when an impaired ability to filter the air upper respiratory tract. Furthermore, bronchitis often affects smokers, people with chronic inflammations of the nasopharynx, as well as the presence of the deformation of the chest.

Symptoms Acute Bronchitis Usually occur on the background laryngitis   or rhinitis . The patient complains of discomfort in the chest, he was concerned about attacks of dry or wet cough, weakness. Increases body temperature, and if the disease is very severe, the temperature is very high. Breathing is difficult, there is shortness of breath. In view of the DC voltage when coughing can manifest pain in the sternum and the abdominal wall. Some time later, the cough becomes wet and starts sputum. Typically, acute symptoms begin to subside by about the fourth day, and if the favorable course of the disease, the cure is possible by the 10th day. But if the ailment is attached to the bronchospasm Then bronchitis can pass away in chronic.

Tracheitis

With acute tracheitis the patient is mucosal inflammation of the trachea. It develops under the influence of bacterial, viral or viral-bacterial infections. Also, inflammation can develop under the influence of physical and chemical factors. The patient is observed swelling of the mucous membrane of the trachea, a dry cough, hoarse voice, difficulty breathing. Concerned about coughing fits, which develops as a result of a headache. Cough appears in the morning and at night, the temperature rises slightly, malaise is weak. Acute tracheitis sometimes becomes chronic.

Laryngitis

With laryngitis   inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and affects the vocal cords. Doctors are divided on laryngitis chronic catarrhal   and chronic hypertrophic . Depending on the intensity and extent of the pathological process appears certain clinical picture. Patients complain of hoarseness, sore and dry throat, a constant feeling of a foreign body in the throat, cough, in which phlegm is separated difficult.

Genyantritis

With sinusitis develops inflammation of the maxillary sinuses .  Usually it is seen as a complication of certain infectious diseases .  Sinusitis appears under the influence of viruses or bacteria that enter through blood or nasal cavity in the maxillary sinus .  When the sinus patient is constantly worried about the growing discomfort in the nose and the area around the nose .  The pain becomes more intense in the evening, gradually moving into a common headache .  Sometimes sinusitis develops on the one hand .  Nasal breathing is difficult, changing the voice becomes nasal .  Sometimes the patient notes that the nostrils laid alternately .  Nasal discharge may be either transparent and mucous or pus, having a greenish tint .  But if the nose is strongly laid, mucus can not stand .  Body temperature sometimes rises to 38 degrees, and sometimes even higher .  Furthermore, in humans there is a general malaise .

Rhinitis

Rhinitis , I.e. runny nose - is inflammation of mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, in which there is nasal congestion, excretion, nasal itching. Rhinitis is usually manifested as a consequence of strong undercooling by bacteria or viruses. Separately allocated nasal allergy Manifested in people who are prone to allergic reactions. The disease develops under the influence of a variety of allergens - pollen, mites, animal dander, and others. Provided acute   and chronic   form of the disease. Chronic rhinitis - a consequence of external factors that violate the power of the nasal mucosa. Also, the disease may become chronic with frequent inflammations occurring in the cavity. To treat this disease should be a doctor, because chronic rhinitis may go to genyantritis   or sinusitis .

Angina

Acute illness of an infectious nature, in which there is inflammation of the tonsils and lymph nodes , Regional to them. The pathogen multiplies in the tonsils, after which sometimes spreads to other organs, causing complications of the disease. After strep throat   a person does not develop immunity . The disease begins with a general feeling of weakness, chills, headache. There pain when swallowing , Aches in the joints. Body temperature may rise to 39C. Gradually, the pain in the throat become more intense. Submandibular lymph nodes are increased, there is their pain. There redness palatal handles, a uvula, tonsils. Also, there are sometimes on the tonsils ulcers   or the place where the accumulated pus.

Pneumonia

With pneumonia It occurs under the influence of pneumonia infection. Affects the alveoli, which are responsible for the blood oxygen saturation. The disease causes a wide spectrum of pathogens. Pneumonia is often manifested as a complication of other diseases of the respiratory system. The most common illness seen in children, the elderly and people with weakened protective forces of the body. Pathogens are disease in the lungs, getting there via the respiratory tract. Symptoms appear rapidly: the temperature rises to 39-40 degrees, developed chest pain and cough with purulent sputum. At night, the patient worried about heavy sweating, and in the afternoon - a weakness. If you do not take timely treatment of the disease, likely fatal.

Tuberculosis

Infectious disease that causes tuberculosis mycobacteria. With tuberculosis   the patient develops an allergy cell specific granulomas in various organs and tissues. Gradually affects the lungs, bones, joints, lymph nodes, skin and other organs and systems. If you do not practice proper treatment, the disease ends lethally. It should be noted Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to various influences. Infection occurs through airborne droplets. If a person has TB infection detected, then it is assigned a full course of therapy with tuberculosis. Treatment long, it takes up to eight months. In severe cases, surgery is practiced - removes part of the lung.

Prevention of respiratory diseases

The most simple, but very important method of prevention of diseases of this type is considered to increase the time that a person spends outdoors. Equally important are often aired.

It should give up smoking, as well as regular use of alcohol as well as the respiratory system, especially those habits affect negatively. Indeed, harmful substances which are present in tobacco, as well as in alcohol, into the lungs and injure them, and also adversely affect the mucous membranes. In hard-core smokers more often diagnosed lung cancer , and emphysema light . chronic bronchitis .

As other methods of prevention practice special breathing exercises, preventive inhalation of herbs, as well as using essential oils . People who are prone to respiratory diseases, it is recommended to grow in the home as many indoor plants, which produce oxygen .